Stages Stages of of

Human Human GrowthGrowth

Stages of

Human Growth

GROWTHGROWTH

- increase in quantity

- multiplication of cells

- anatomical & physiological changes

generallygenerally refers to refers to

changes in changes in sizesize

DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT - increase in quality

- expansion of cells

- emergence of psychological attributes, ideas, & acquisition of motor and sensory skills

Occurs Occurs through through

maturationmaturation of physical of physical and mental and mental capacities, capacities,

and learningand learning

As individuals pass through the various stages of life, FOUR MAIN TYPES FOUR MAIN TYPES of growth and development occur :

PHYSICALPHYSICAL

Refers to body growth; includes height and weight changes, muscle and nerve development, and changes in body organs.

MENTALMENTAL

Refers to development of the mind; includes learning how to solve problems, make judgements and deal with situations.

EMOTIONALEMOTIONAL

Refers to feelings; includes dealing with love, hate, joy, fear, excitement, and other similar feelings.

SOCIALSOCIAL

Refers to interactions and relationship with others.

STAGES OF GROWTHSTAGES OF GROWTH

I) PRENATAL STAGEI) PRENATAL STAGE

- Embryonic stage / 1st Trimester (conception - 8th week)- Early Foetal stage / 2nd Trimester (9th - 24th week)- Late Foetal stage / 3rd Trimester (25th week - birth)

~ TRANSITION PERIOD ~~ TRANSITION PERIOD ~

II) POST-NATAL STAGEPOST-NATAL STAGE

- INFANCY- Neo-natal stage (birth - 1st month)- Infancy Proper (1st month – 1 year)- Late Infancy (entire 2nd year)

- CHILDHOOD- Early Childhood (2 – 6 years)- Middle Childhood (7 – 10 years)- Late Childhood (10th year - puberty)

- ADOLESCENCE (varies with gender)

- ADULTHOOD (F: 20 – 50 years; M: 22 – 60 years)

- SENESCENCE

PRENATALPRENATAL DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

CHANGES DURING GESTATION PERIOD

Cleavage – after fertilization, it is the first cell division

Implantation of ovum – growing zygote attaches to the mother's uterine; mother starts giving nutrition to zygote; many fold of growth occur and growth of cells is very fast

Formation of germ layers

Formation of embryonic organs – limbs, heart

Foetal organ formation – development from one chamber heart to 4 chamber heart

Foetal development – every main part or organ

EARLY FOETAL STAGE

- organs are distinguished

- increase in length of foetus (by the end of 6th month, foetus attains 70% of its birth length & 20% of its birth weight

- the most stable period

LATE FOETAL STAGE

- increase in mass / weight

- very less increase in linear dimension (since 70% already attained)

- the weight-gaining period, hence diet of mother should be proper

Prenatal BRAIN DEVELOPMENTPrenatal BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

INFANCYINFANCY

- very fast changing phase

- rate of growth is very fast, but not as much as in Prenatal stage

- a nutrition-dependent phase

- high velocity of growth declines after year 1

- nervous system develops faster

- birth weight and length increases (usually doubles weight by 9 months)

- uncoordinated movements

- responds to human touch & voice

- poor vision (focusing range = 8 to 12 inches)

- Reflexes: sucking, grasping, stepping, rooting, startle

3 months3 months Infants can sit with their head held steady for a few seconds, if supportedInfants can sit with their head held steady for a few seconds, if supported

6 months 6 months Infants have more strength and muscle control. They can lift their heads , sit without support, and turn their head Infants have more strength and muscle control. They can lift their heads , sit without support, and turn their head to look around. to look around.

They can pull themselves up when their hands are graspedThey can pull themselves up when their hands are grasped

9 months9 months Infants can sit unsupported for ten minutes.Infants can sit unsupported for ten minutes.

They are starting to move independently by rolling or squirming.They are starting to move independently by rolling or squirming.

They can pull themselves to stand, and can stand holding onto soemthing for a few moments They can pull themselves to stand, and can stand holding onto soemthing for a few moments

12 months 12 months Infants can get from a lying to a sitting position without help.Infants can get from a lying to a sitting position without help.

They crawl rapidly.They crawl rapidly.

They can walk by holding onto furniture and stand alone for a few monments.They can walk by holding onto furniture and stand alone for a few monments.

15 months15 months Infants can get on their feet alone.Infants can get on their feet alone.

They can walk and crawl upstairs. They can walk and crawl upstairs.

18 months18 months Infants can run, walk upstairs and crawl downstairs .Infants can run, walk upstairs and crawl downstairs .

2 years 2 years Infants can walk downstairs.Infants can walk downstairs.

3 years 3 years Infants can climb on play equipment, ride a tricycle and throw and catch a ball. Infants can climb on play equipment, ride a tricycle and throw and catch a ball.

INFANCY – PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTINFANCY – PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Infancy – Brain Development

CHILDHOODCHILDHOODEARLY CHILDHOOD (2 – 6 YEARS)

- rate of growth decreases or slows down; growth is slowest by the 3rd year, but stable and consistently increasing

- learning ability which was launched in the 1st year becomes faster as the child is exposed to new environment

- all the psychomotor skills are enhancing; muscle coordination allows the child to run, climb, move freely

- speech is learned; child recognizes letters and some words

- teeth erupt

- short attention span

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (7-10 YEARS)

- most stable period of childhood

- all changes are consolidated because of differential rate of growth

- by the 9th year, body proportion of the growing child changes

- growth of brain is almost 95%

- replacement of milk teeth by permanent teeth is almost complete, with the exception of the 2nd molars.

LATE CHILDHOOD (10TH YEAR - PUBERTY)

- phase influenced by growth of sex hormones

- development of reproductive system and secondary sexual dimensions occur

- linear growth under the influence of these hormones / systems is fast

- there is a sudden increase in the linear dimension, which is known as ADOLESCENCE SPURT

- complex motor-sensory coordination

- understanding of abstract concepts, enhanced reading, writing and speech skills

- visual acuity is at its best

Stages of ChildhoodStages of ChildhoodPiaget's Stages of Piaget's Stages of

Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

ADOLESCENCEADOLESCENCE

- In this pubertal phase there is separation of body size, shape and form between males and females

- Males have broader shoulders, more muscles, while females have narrow shoulders, broad hips and more fat

- complete separation of physique; body is filled with subcutaneous fat

- onset of oogenesis and spermatogenesis

- change of voice is noticeable in males

- in females, MENARCHE follows within 6 weeks of spurt

Adolescence – Physical Development at Puberty

ADULTHOODADULTHOOD- stage reached in 18 years in females, and 20 years in males

- period of child-bearing age

- long bones stop growing; linear growth stops; terminal stage for linear dimension

- bones and muscular development completed in this stage

MIDDLE ADULTHOOD / MIDDLE-AGEMIDDLE ADULTHOOD / MIDDLE-AGE(40-65 years)

- muscle tone decreases

- hair greys, skin wrinkles

- hearing loss, visual acuity loss

- weight gain

SENESCENCESENESCENCEOr Late Adulthood (65 years and above)

- also known as declining stage (negative growth)

- at the age of 60+ there is a decrease in stature because of compression of vertebral disc

- memory loss can occur and reasoning ability can diminish

- mineralization increases; bones become brittle and more susceptible to fracture

- decrease in functional ability

- teeth loosen

- decrease in water content

- immune system becomes weaker

- muscles deteriorate

SUMMARYSUMMARY

Individual Differences to take into ConsiderationIndividual Differences to take into Consideration

Cultural & Subcultural

Rites of passageValue system

Rituals

Ethnic Features

Facial featuresSkin tones

Physical differences

AnomaliesDisabilities

Religiousdifferences Predisposition to

Personalities

Thank

you

~ ~ Bedashree ChoudhuryBedashree Choudhury

B.Sc(H) B.Sc(H) AnthropologyAnthropology

Part – III, Sem. - VPart – III, Sem. - V