ssk wintergraandag riversdal 2017 - blwk.co.za opbrengsresultate word opgesom in tabel 1. die...

Aangebied in samewerking met Joubert Boerdery en die Direktoraat

Plantwetenskappe, Wes-Kaapse Departement van Landbou

SSK Wintergraandag 2017Handleiding

Riversdal

RTDS: Plant Sciences

P Lombard, L Smorenburg & J Strauss ([email protected])

Canola kultivarevaluasie: Rûens en Suid-Kaap

Inleiding

In die 2015 seisoen was ‘n totaal van 15 kultivars in die kultivarevaluasieprogram getoets, naamlik

5 elk van die konvensioneel, CL (Imasamoks tolerante) en TT (Triasien tolerante) groepe. Die TT-

kultivars bestaan uit vier basterkultivars en een oopbestuifde (ATR Gem). Daar is geen adisionele

oopbestuifde kultivars getoets nie.

Resultate

Die opbrengsresultate word opgesom in Tabel 1. Die “Clearfield (CL)” en “Triasien tolerante (TT)” –

kultivars se data is geskei van die konvensionele kultivars, terwyl die oopbestuifde kultivar met ŉ #

aangedui word.

In die Rûens (Tabel 1) het die proefgemiddeldes gewissel tussen 1714 kg ha-1 op Witsand

(Witsandproef was ondersaai met lusern) en 2121 kg ha-1 op Napier. Die opbrengs van saaityd

1by Tygerhoek (22 April) was 5.1% hoër as saaityd 2 (8 Mei). Die konvensionele kultivar Belinda

(2278 kg ha-1) het soos in 2014 die hoogste gemiddelde opbrengste in die konvensionele groep

gelewer en is gevolg deur die kultivar Diamond (2155 kg ha-1). Die kultivars het nie betekenisvol

van mekaar verskil nie.

Die CL-kultivar 45Y88 (2346 kg ha-1) het soos in 2014 die hoogste opbrengs in die CL-groep

gelewer. Dit was ook die kultivar met die hoogste opbrengs in die Suid-Kaap. Die kultivar 44Y89

(2241 kg ha-1) was 2de binne die CL-groep maar sy opbrengs was nie betekenisvol laer as 45Y88

nie. In die TT-groep het CB Atomic HT (1800 kg ha-1) die hoogste opbrengs gelewer gevolg deur

Hyola 555 (1754 kg ha-1) en Granite (1697 kg ha-1). Beide het nie betekenisvol van CB Atomic HT

verskil nie.

Die gemiddelde opbrengs van TT- kultivars was 18.1% (8.1% in 2014, 11.2% in 2013 en 22.1% in 2010)

laer as die gemiddelde van die konvensionele kultivars. Die gemiddelde opbrengs van TT-

kultivars was 23.3% (11.3% in 2014) laer as die CL-kultivars. Die CL-kultivars het gemiddeld beter

gevaar as die konvensionele kultivars.

Resultate

Die opbrengsresultate word opgesom in Tabel 1. Die “Clearfield (CL)” en “Triasien tolerante (TT)” – kultivars se data is geskei van die konvensionele kultivars. In die Rûens (Tabel 1) het die proefgemiddeldes gewissel tussen 2378 kg ha-1 op Witsand (Witsandproef was ondersaai met lusern) en 3278 kg ha-1 op Swellendam. Die gemiddelde opbrengste was 2885 kg ha-1 teenoor 1320 kg ha-1 en 2468 kg ha-1 in 2015 en 2014, onderskeidelik.

Die konvensionele kultivar Diamond (3305 kg ha-

1) het die hoogste gemiddelde opbrengs in die konvensionele groep gelewer en is gevolg deur die kultivar Belinda (3207 kg ha-1). Dié kultivars se opbrengste het nie betekenisvol van mekaar verskil nie. In 2015 was Belinda 1ste , gevolg deur Diamond.

Die nuwe CL-kultivar 45Y91 (3368 kg ha-1) het die hoogste opbrengs in die CL-groep gelewer. Dit was ook die kultivar met die hoogste opbrengs in die Suid-Kaap. Die (nuwe) kultivar 44Y90 (3210 kg ha-1) was 2de binne die CL-groep, maar sy opbrengs was nie betekenisvol laer as 45Y91 nie. Die kommersiële kultivar 44Y89 (3156 kg ha-

1) was 3de binne die CL-groep gevolg deur 45Y88 (3100 kg ha-1).

In die TT-groep het CB Atomic HT (2592 kg ha-

1) die hoogste opbrengs gelewer, gevolg deur Hyola 555 (2517 kg ha-1) en Hyola 559 (2489 kg ha-1). Beide laasgenoemde kultivars het nie betekenisvol van CB Atomic HT verskil nie. Die gemiddelde opbrengs van TT- kultivars was 14.2% laer (18.1% in 2015, 8.1% in 2014, 11.2% in 2013 en 22.1% in 2010) as die gemiddelde van die konvensionele kultivars. Die gemiddelde opbrengs van TT- kultivars was 14.9% (23.3% in 2015, 11.3% in 2014) laer as die CL-kultivars. Die CL-en konvensionele kultivars het min verskil (0.9%) in opbrengs.

Inleiding

In die 2016 seisoen is ‘n totaal van 19 kultivars in die kultivarevaluasieprogram in die Suid-Kaap getoets. Die Wes-Kaapse Departement van Landbou het gedurende die 2016 seisoen agt proewe in die Suid-Kaap aangeplant waarvan vyf proewe se data ingesamel is (proef by Roodebloem het swak gevestig en by Tygerhoek het onkruiddoderskade voorgekom). Hoë aalwurmgetalle het in die Riversdalproef voorgekom en was waarskynlik verantwoordelik vir plante wat omgeval het by sommige persele. Die proef is geoes en die data is ingesluit.

NTOD: Plant wetenskappe

Canola kultivarevaluasie: Riversdal in die Suid-Kaap

PJA Lombard, L Smorenburg en J Strauss

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



3

Tab

el 1

: Rûe

ns sa

ad

opb

reng

ste

vir

2016

(kg

ha-1

)

Nap

ier

Klip

dale

Rive

rsda

lSw

elle

ndam

W

itsan

dSu

id-K

aap

Belin

da35

30a

b34

69a

b27

73a

bcd

e36

97a

2568

bcd

3207

abc

CB

Aga

max

3226

bcd

e32

74b

cd28

08a

bcd

2997

bcd

e24

36d

2948

de

CB

Tang

o29

08cd

efg

2506

fg25

11cd

ef28

99d

e24

66cd

2658

fgh

Hyol

a 50

2783

efg

2697

ef23

55d

efg

3420

abc

1922

h26

35fg

h

Diam

ond

3333

bc

3234

bcd

3242

a37

49a

2967

a33

05a

b

CHY

B264

432

62b

cd25

87cd

ef

Konv

.-gem

.31

7430

3627

1333

5324

7229

51

44Y8

430

36cd

ef30

01cd

e24

15cd

efg

2703

e21

82ef

g26

67fg

h

44Y8

729

58cd

ef32

16b

cd19

68g

3426

abc

2080

gh27

30fg

44Y8

929

50cd

efg

3276

bcd

3165

ab

3702

a26

85b

3156

bc

44Y9

035

21a

b32

53b

cd28

64a

bc37

53a

2660

bc

3210

abc

45Y8

832

91b

c35

32a

b25

92cd

ef37

02a

2383

de

3100

cd

45Y9

139

38a

3780

ab

2863

abc

3481

ab

2777

ab

3368

a

4

Hyol

a 57

5 C

l29

96cd

ef24

81fg

2730

bcd

e33

12a

bcd

2445

cd27

93ef

Hyol

a 57

7 C

l31

29b

cdef

2950

de

2358

def

g33

56a

bcd

2163

fg27

91ef

43Y8

527

74fg

2728

ef27

70e

2362

def

CL-

gem

.31

7731

3526

1933

5624

1529

77

CB

Ato

mic

HT

2838

def

g25

85fg

2311

efg

3084

bcd

e21

40g

2592

gh

Hyol

a 55

5 TT

2771

fg24

85fg

2391

cdef

g27

48e

2191

efg

2517

h

Hyol

a 55

9 TT

2803

efg

2348

fg23

68d

efg

2921

cde

2005

gh24

89h

Gra

nite

TT25

00g

2172

fg

TT-g

em.

2728

2473

2310

2918

2112

2533

Proe

f gem

.30

8129

8925

8232

7823

7828

85

kv8.

856.

5311

.04

0.38

5.48

180.

29

kbv

451.

6132

4.95

473.

1651

1.41

216.

99

Kulti

vars

gem

erk

met

die

selfd

e le

tter v

ersk

il nie

bet

eken

isvol

va

n m

eka

ar n

ie.

In F

iguu

r 1 w

ord

die

op

bre

ngs

per

kul

tivar

uitg

edru

k a

s pe

rsen

tasie

(%

) va

n p

roef

gem

idde

ldaa

nget

oon

vir 2

015

en 2

016

gesa

men

tlik.

Kul

tivar

s

wa

t nie

bei

de ja

re a

ang

epla

nt w

as n

ie,i

s nie

inge

sluit

nie.

5

Figuur 1: Rûens saadopbrengste vir 2016 (kg ha-1)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120117 115 111 108 105 104

98 96 94 94 92 92 89 89100.0

% v

an p

roef

gem

idde

ld

Aviator _d -AFR_SAGRAIN_03_17\p.indd 1 2017/03/24 2:16 PM




Inleiding





Resultate



aangedui word.












verskil nie.





Inleiding

Belangrik: Die seisoen bepaal die spoed van fisiologiese ontwikkeling. Die Swartland en Suid-Kaap verskil gevolglik ook jaarliks. Vinnige kultivars bly vinnig (kort seisoen) en stadige kultivars bly stadig (lang seisoen).

In Tabel 1 word die kultivareienskappe van al die plaaslik getoetsde kultivars opgesom. Wanneer produsente ‘n keuse maak is dit belangrik dat ‘n paar eienskappe in gedagte gehou word, nl:

1. Is die saad van die kultivar van u keuse beskikbaar?

2. Is dit ‘n beproefde kultivar? (reeds voorheen in die nasionale kultivarproewe getoets)

3. Oopbestuifde of basterkultivars: Basterkultivars is meer groeikragtig en het ‘n hoër opbrengspotensiaal.

4. Produsente moet vooraf deeglike beplanning doen en onkruid geskiedenis in ag neem alvorens op ‘n kultivar besluit word. Die chemiese onkruiddoder-program word bepaal deur die tipe kultivar (konvensioneel, TT en CL).

5. Oordrag v an SU’s en ander onkruiddoders is moontlik in seisoene met baie droë somers. Bestuur die keuse van lande so dat die risiko van onkruiddoder oordragskade tot die minimum beperk word.

6. Fisiologiese ontwikkelingstempo en veral die aantal dae tot blom en tydperk van blom is belangrik. In die Rûens is daar soms vroeg vog beskikbaar en vinnige kultivars kan te vroeg gesaai word.

7. Siektes:

a. Dit word aanbeveel dat produsente in gebiede met ‘n hoë Swartstamrisiko kultivars aanplant met goeie Swartstamweerstand (Canolafokus 51). Dit word aanbeveel om kultivars met verskillende weerstands-gene af te wissel (Tabel 1).

b. Sclerotinia is ‘n siekte wat algemeen in die Rûens voorkom en geen kultivar het weerstand nie. Die siekte moet dus bestuur word (Canolafokus 63).


Aspekte wat die keuse van canola kultivars vir 2018 kan beïnvloed









Inleiding





Resultate



aangedui word.












verskil nie.





8

Tab

el 1

: Kul

tiva

r eie

nska

ppe

Kulti

var

Tipe

Jaar

1ste

toet

s

Dae

tot

blom

Rûen

s

Dae

tot

blom

Swar

tland

Gro

ei-

perio

de

Dae

tot

blom

Dae

tot

eind

blom

(Lan

g.)

Fisio

lo-

gies

ryp

Swar

tl.

Swar

tsta

m

inde

ks #

Swar

tst.

Inde

ks +

Jock

ey #

Swar

tsta

m

wee

rsta

nds-

groe

p #

CB

Aga

ma

xBa

ster

Konv

Agr

icol

2008

9396

med

. vro

egvr

oeg

vroe

gm

v*m

w*

AB

Hyo

la 5

0Ba

ster

Konv

K2 S

eed

2009

9999

med

. la

at

laa

tm

ed.

ww

$A

D

CB

Tang

o Ba

ster

Konv

Agr

icol

2013

8689

vroe

gvr

oeg

vroe

gm

v*m

w*

B

Belin

daBa

ster

Konv

Baye

r20

1494

96m

ed. v

roeg

med

.m

ed.

?w

$?

Dia

mon

dBa

ster

Konv

Agr

icol

2015

8385

vroe

gvr

oeg

vroe

gw

-mw

w-m

w@

ABF

Hyo

la 5

75 C

LBa

ster

CL

K2 S

eed

2011

9093

med

. vro

egvr

oeg

med

.w

w@

BF

44Y8

7 C

lBa

ster

CL

Pion

eer

2013

9910

2la

at

laa

tla

at

mw

@w

-mw

@A

45Y8

8 C

lBa

ster

CL

Pion

eer

2013

100

103

laa

tla

at

laa

tm

ww

A

44Y8

9 C

lBa

ster

CL

Pion

eer

2014

9397

med

. vro

egm

ed.

med

.w

-mw

wBC

Hyo

la 5

77C

LBa

ster

CL

Bare

nbr.

2014

102

103

laa

tla

at

laa

tw

w@

B

9

44Y9

0 C

lBa

ster

CL

Pion

eer

2016

9794

med

.vr

oeg

med

.w

-mw

wB

45Y9

1 C

lBa

ster

CL

Pion

eer

2016

9999

med

. la

at

laa

tla

at

w-m

ww

B

Gra

nite

TT

Bast

erTT

Agr

icol

2015

9610

0m

ed.

med

.m

ed.

mw

-mv

w-m

wA

B

ATR

Gem

TT

Oop

b.

TTA

gric

ol20

13m

ed.@

laa

t@m

ed.@

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-mv

w-m

w@

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mic

HT

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erTT

Agr

icol

2013

9796

med

med

.m

ed.

mv@

mw

@A

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Hyo

la 5

55 T

TBa

ster

TTK2

See

d20

1192

95m

ed. v

roeg

vroe

gvr

oeg

mw

*w

w*

D

Hyo

la 5

59TT

Bast

erTT

Bare

nbr.

2014

9598

med

.m

ed.

med

.w

w@

ABD

w =

wee

rsta

nd; m

w =

ma

tige

wee

rsta

nd; m

v =

ma

tig v

atb

aar

; v =

va

tbaa

r. #

Da

ta v

erkr

y va

nuit

Aus

tralië

in “

Blac

kleg

Ma

nage

men

t Gui

de F

act

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t -W

este

rn a

nd S

outh

ern

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ons”

(201

4, 2

015

& 2

016)

. Sw

artl

and

Sw

arts

tam

da

ta ($

) is g

ebru

ik w

aa

r gee

n a

nder

da

ta b

eski

kbaa

r is n

ie.

Kulti

vars

wa

t kom

mer

sieël

bes

kikb

aar

is in

Aus

tralië

is g

roen

gem

erk.

Wa

ar d

ata

ont

bre

ek is

*20

14, @

2015

of $

Swa

rtla

ndd

ata

geb

ruik

.




Inleiding





Resultate



aangedui word.












verskil nie.





Inleiding

In die 2015 en 2016 seisoene is verskeie produkte getoets om die beheereffek op Sclerotinia-besmetting (navorsing uitgevoer deur Lizette Nowers) en invloed op opbrengs te bepaal. Sclerotinia-besmetting in die Suid-Kaap het die afgelope paar seisoene toegeneem tot op ‘n vlak waar ‘n swambespuiting onafwendbaar is.

Die swamprodukte wat op canola geregistreer is, is ingesluit tesame met biologiese- (2016), mikro-element (2015) en nie geregistreerde middels. Die middels is op twee kultivars getoets nl. ‘n Clearfield (CL) en Triasien tolerante (TT) kultivar en opbrengs is uitgedruk as persentasie (%) van die kontrole (geen behandeling) (Figuur 1 en 2). Daar was drie herhalings geplant en op 30% blomstadium gespuit. Dit is die stadium wat aanbeveel word vir die beheer van Sclerotinia.


Effek van swammiddels op die opbrengs van canola tydens 30% blomstadium

P Lombard, L Nowers, L Smorenburg & J Strauss

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

RTDSDirectorate: Plant Science

Private Bag X1, Elsenburg, 7607 tel: +27 21 808 fax: +27 21 808 [email protected] www.westerncape.gov.zawww.elsenburg.com

Effek van swammiddels op die opbrengs van canola tydens 30% blomstadium

P Lombard, L Nowers, L Smorenburg & J Strauss

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

In die 2015 en 2016 seisoene is verskeie produkte getoets om die beheereffek op

Sclerotinia-besmetting (navorsing uitgevoer deur Lizette Nowers) en invloed op opbrengs

te bepaal. Sclerotinia-besmetting in die Suid-Kaap het die afgelope paar seisoene

toegeneem tot op ‘n vlak waar ‘n swambespuiting onafwendbaar is.

Die swamprodukte wat op canola geregistreer is, is ingesluit tesame met biologiese-

(2016), mikro-element (2015) en nie geregistreerde middels. Die middels is op twee

kultivars getoets nl. ‘n Clearfield (CL) en Triasien tolerante (TT) kultivar en opbrengs is

uitgedruk as persentasie (%) van die kontrole (geen behandeling) (Figuur 1 en 2). Daar

was drie herhalings geplant en op 30% blomstadium gespuit. Dit is die stadium wat

aanbeveel word vir die beheer van Sclerotinia.

Figuur 1: Persentasie (%) effek wat elke middel op die opbrengs van die Cl-kultivar gehad

het in 2016 na ‘n bespuiting tydens 30% blomstadium.

121 118 114 113 112 109 105 103 100

5060708090

100110120130140

% v

an

kont

role

(Cl-k

ultiv

ar)

Figuur 1: Persentasie (%) effek wat elke middel op die opbrengs van die Cl-kultivar gehad het in 2016 na ‘n bespuiting tydens 30% blom-stadium.

Die geregistreerde produkte wat getoets is was Prosaro, Amistar Exa, Amistar en Score. In Figuur 3 word die effek van die middels oor twee

seisoene saamgevoeg. Prosaro se opbrengs was gemiddeld 23% meer as die kontrole, gevolg deur Amistar extra (8%), Score en Amistar 4% elk.

of 41

Die geregistreerde produkte wat getoets is was Prosaro, Amistar Exa, Amistar en Score. In

Figuur 3 word die effek van die middels oor twee seisoene saamgevoeg. Prosaro se

opbrengs was gemiddeld 23% meer as die kontrole, gevolg deur Amistar extra (8%), Score

en Amistar 4% elk.

Figuur 2: Persentasie (%) effek wat elke middel op die opbrengs van die TT-kultivar gehad

het in 2016 na ‘n bespuiting tydens 30% blomstadium.

118 118 116 115 114 107 106 103 100

5060708090

100110120130140

% v

an

kont

role

(TT-

kulti

var)

of 41

Figuur 3: Gemiddelde persentasie (%) effek wat elke middel op die opbrengs in 2015 &

2016 gehad het na ‘n bespuiting tydens 30% blomstadium.

Gevolgtrekking:

Die produkte het meestal ‘n opbrengsverhoging tot gevolg gehad. Dit is belangrik om te

besef dat kultivar/middel interaksie voorkom. Hierdie proewe is gedoen in ‘n omgewing

met hoë siektedruk (Swartstam en Sclerotinia; verwys na L Nowers se artikel) hoewel

normaal vir baie areas in die Suid-Kaap. Koste effektiwiteit moet bepaal word alvorens

daar vir Sclerotinia gespuit word.

020406080

100120140 123

113 112 108 104 104 100 98

% v

an g

emid

deld

Figuur 2: Persentasie (%) effek wat elke middel op die opbrengs van die TT-kultivar gehad het in 2016 na ‘n bespuiting tydens 30% blomstadium.

Figuur 3: Gemiddelde persentasie (%) effek wat elke middel op die opbrengs in 2015 & 2016 gehad het na ‘n bespuiting tydens 30% blomstadium.

Gevolgtrekking:

Die produkte het meestal ‘n opbrengsverhoging tot gevolg gehad. Dit is belangrik om te besef dat kultivar/middel interaksie voorkom. Hierdie proewe is gedoen in ‘n omgewing met hoë

siektedruk (Swartstam en Sclerotinia; verwys na L Nowers se artikel) hoewel normaal vir baie areas in die Suid-Kaap. Koste effektiwiteit moet bepaal word alvorens daar vir Sclerotinia gespuit word.




Inleiding





Resultate



aangedui word.












verskil nie.





Inleiding

In die 2015 en 2016 seisoene is verskeie produkte getoets om die beheereffek van Swartstambesmetting op opbrengs te bepaal. Swartstam was en is steeds ‘n baie ernstige siekte. Dit vorm kankeragtige groeisels in die stam en beperk die beweeg van voedingstowwe in die plant. In erge gevalle val plante om en kan tot 100% oesverlies voorkom. Saailinge kan ook afsterf agv van die siekte en gevolglik word die saad met fluquinconazole behandel om saailinge te beskerm.

Die swamprodukte wat op canola geregistreer is, is ingesluit tesame met biologiese- (2016), mikro-element (2015) en nie geregistreerde middels. Die middels is jaarliks op twee kultivars getoets nl. ‘n meer vatbare en minder vatbare kultivar vir Swartstam. Die opbrengs is uitgedruk as persentasie (%) van die kontrole wat geen bespuiting ontvang het nie.


Effek van swammiddels op die opbrengs van canola tydens 4-6 blaarstadium



Page 14 of 41

Figuur 1: Persentasie (%) effek wat elke middel op die opbrengs in 2015 gehad het na ‘n

bespuiting tydens 4-6 blaarstadium.

Die geregistreede produkte wat getoets is was Prosaro, Amistar Exa, Amistar en Score. In

Figuur 2 word die effek van die middels oor twee seisoene saamgevoeg. Amistar extra en

Prosaro se opbrengs was gemiddeld 11% meer as die kontrole, gevolg deur Amistar (8%)

en Score (7%).

0

20

40

60

80

100

120 110 110 109 108 107 105 103 100

% v

an g

emid

deld

Figuur 1: Persentasie (%) effek wat elke middel op die opbrengs in 2015 gehad het na ‘n bespuiting tydens 4-6 blaarstadium.




of 41

Figuur 2: Gemiddelde persentasie (%) effek wat elke middel op die opbrengs in 2015 en

2016 gehad het na ‘n bespuiting tydens 4-6 blaarstadium.

Gevolgtrekking:

Die bespuiting van ‘n swammiddel tydens 4-6 blaarstadium het ‘n opbrengsverhoging tot

gevolg gehad. Daar was wel jaarliks ‘n meer vatbare kultivar ingesluit. Indien minder

vatbare kultivars geplant word waarvan die saad reeds met fluquinconazole behandel is,

is ‘n bespuiting slegs nodig in ‘n omgewing met hoë Swartstamdruk (sien ook: Aspekte wat

die keuse van canola kultivars vir 2018 kan beïnvloed).

90

95

100

105

110

115 111 111109 109 109 108 107

100

% v

an g

emid

deld

Figuur 2: Gemiddelde persentasie (%) effek wat elke middel op die opbrengs in 2015 en 2016 gehad het na ‘n bespuiting tydens 4-6 blaarstadium.

Gevolgtrekking:

Die bespuiting van ‘n swammiddel tydens 4-6 blaarstadium het ‘n opbrengsverhoging tot gevolg gehad. Daar was wel jaarliks ‘n meer vatbare kultivar ingesluit. Indien minder vat-bare kultivars geplant word waarvan die saad

reeds met fluquinconazole behandel is, is ‘n bespuiting slegs nodig in ‘n omgewing met hoë Swartstamdruk (sien ook: Aspekte wat die keuse van canola kultivars vir 2018 kan beïnvloed).

Die geregistreede produkte wat getoets is was Prosaro, Amistar Exa, Amistar en Score. In Figuur 2 word die effek van die middels oor twee

seisoene saamgevoeg. Amistar extra en Prosaro se opbrengs was gemiddeld 11% meer as die kontrole, gevolg deur Amistar (8%) en Score (7%).




Inleiding





Resultate



aangedui word.












verskil nie.





In 2016 six different winter cover crop mixture were planted at four locations in the Western Cape, namely Riversdale, Riviersonderend, Caledon and on the research farm Langgewens in the Swartland. Wheat and barley were also

planted over the 2015 winter cover crop strips at Riversdale, Caledon and Riviersonderend. At the Riversdale site wheat and barley was also planted across the summer cover crop strips (summer 2015/2016).


Cover crop results 2016

L Smorenburg, J Strauss en P Lombard


Winter cover crop mixtures

The winter cover crops performed well in all four locations. Biomass data from Riviersonderend showed an average of 4.78 t/ha following the termination of the covers. This was done before seed set. At the Caledon site the average biomass production was 4.09 t/ha (rainfall at the site was less than the long term average of the area). Both the Riversdale and Langgewens sites recorded averages of over 7 t/ha. At Langgewens the average was 7.65 t/ha and at Riversdale 7.2 t/ha. It must be remembered that these cover crops were planted without any fertiliser and received no additional topdressings. One of the advantages of doing it this way is that excess nitrogen in the system is recycled and is re-released during the following season.

One of the possible advantages of using cover crops is weed suppression. Samples cut at the time of termination were separated to determine the percentage weeds within the different cover crop mixtures. The weed percentage at termination across the 4 trial sites in 2016 ranged between 0% and 3.9%. The fact that cover crops are terminated before seed set helps to lower the weed seedbank in the soil and gives producers another tool in the toolbox to manage their weed seedbanks. The Riversdale trial included a fallow plot where weeds were left to germinate and a biomass determination was done at the same time as the cover crops to compare the effectiveness of the weed suppression. The fallow plot yielded a weed biomass of 2.8 t/ha (Figure 1).

of 41

time as the cover crops to compare the effectiveness of the weed suppression. The fallow

plot yielded a weed biomass of 2.8 t/ha (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Cover crop biomass yield at the Riversdale trial site during 2016. Each column in

the graph represents a different mixture and indicates the average biomass in kg/ha for

that specific mixture (3 replicates). The table at the bottom of the graph gives an

indication of the biomass of each of the species that formed each mixture.

0.01000.02000.03000.04000.05000.06000.07000.08000.09000.0

10000.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7Forage peas 1491.0 1581.1 1685.4Medics 15.5 1.1 12.3 5.7 78.3Forage Barley 6734.7Weeds 106.5 190.9 261.8 44.7 111.4 13.2 2801.8Faba 606.9Mustard 3061.2 710.2 3088.3Black Oats 6054.4B- Lupien 253.9Fetch 398.5 489.8 366.2 322.7 306.0Rye 7619.0 4726.6 5034.0 2226.4

Kg/ha

Riversdale winter cover crops 2016

Figure 1. Cover crop biomass yield at the Riversdale trial site during 2016. Each column in the graph represents a different mixture and indicates the average biomass in kg/ha for that specific mixture (3 replicates). The table at the bottom of the graph gives an indication of the biomass of each of the species that formed each mixture.

Summer cover crop mixtures

During the summer of 2015/2016 the Riversdale site received in access of 200mm of rain which resulted in excellent summer cover crop stands. Sunflowers, Teff and Sunhemp were planted as single crops. Three mixtures were also planted and was differentiated by the cost of the mixture per ha. There was a R 200, R 300 and R 500/ha mixture. Interesting results were obtained in moisture availability within these cover crops when compared to plots where residue from the previous winter crop was left, as well as bare soil.

The 2016 summer covers were planted following the 2016 winter season at Riversdale, Tygerhoek and Caledon. Unfortunately the 2016/2017 summer season at all three sites were very dry. Only babala germinated at Riversdale and Tygerhoek following a 20mm rainfall event at the end of January. No meaningful results could be gathered from these summer trials. It must be noted that summer cover

crops is only a possibility in the Southern Cape and the success of these will depend on early summer rain for proper germination.

Wheat and Barley yield response following cover crops

Wheat and barley was planted in 2016 across the 2015 winter and summer cover crops trails at Riversdale and Riviersonderend. At Caledon only wheat was planted. All three these sites were planted with a starter fertilser (23N 8P and 4 S), but no topdressing was given. These areas were harvested in November. At the Riversdale site issues with ryegrass infestation and poor weed control within the wheat and barley blocks, planted across the summer covers, resulted in a decision to terminate the crops to prevent the ryegrass to set seed. It was decided to cut samples to determine yield. Unfortunately these samples were still too green and became mouldy and no results could be obtained from these. The dry start to

the 2016 planting season at the site prevented the success of the pre-plant herbicides.The results in yield of the wheat and barley following the 2015 cover crops were as follows:

Riversdale

• Barley averaged 3.712 t/ha, with mixtures 5 (rye, vetch and mustard) giving the best yield at 4 t/ha, which left a bio-mass of 8.4 t/ha cover on the ground the previous season, followed closely by mixture 2 (Rye and peas) (9.6 t/ha bio-mass) at 3.8 t/ha and mixture 3 (Rye, vetch and bitter lupins) (9 t/ha bio-mass) at 3.6 t/ha.

• Wheat averaged 4.537 t/ha, with mixture 5 (rye, vetch and mustard) giving the best yield at 5 t/ha, which left a bio-mass of 8.4t/ha cover on the ground the previous season, followed closely by mixture 4(peas, black oats and serredella) (8.3t/ha bio-mass) at 4.8t/ha and mixture 3(Rye, vetch and bitter lupine’s) (9t/ha bio-mass) at 4.5t/ha.

Unfortunately because of a misunderstanding at the SSK silo the Rievrsdale samples were not graded.

Tygerhoek

• Barley averaged 3.5t/ha, with mixtures 1(rye, vetch) giving the best yield at 4t/ha, which left a bio-mass of 4.4t/ha cover on the ground the previous season, followed closely by mixture 2(Rye and peas) (5t/ha bio-mass) at 3.6t/ha and mixture 4(peas, black oats and serradella) (2.8t/ha bio-mass) at 3.2t/ha.

• Wheat averaged 3.859t/ha, with mixtures 5(rye, vetch and mustard) giving the best yield at 4.5t/ha, which left a bio-mass of 3.7t/ha cover on the ground the previous season, followed closely by mixture 2(Rye and peas) (5t/ha bio-mass) at 4.4t/ha and mixture 3 (Rye, vetch and bitter lupins) (4.8 t/ha bio-mass) at 3.8 t/ha.

At Tygerhoek none of the mixtures stood out, as was the case at Riversdale. This might be attributed to some extent to the very high winds that were experienced before planting of the wheat and barley. This wind blew all the ground cover away, therefore leaving no bio-mass to protect the soil moisture and soil organisms during the summer months. As a result of this, all wheat was graded B3 and B4. The barley graded malt quality (GAH), although mixture 5 was downgraded because the nitrogen content was above 2.05.

Caledon

• Wheat averaged 3.142 t/ha, with mixture 2 (Rye and peas) giving the best yield at 3.3 t/ha, followed closely by mixture 5 (rye, vetch and mustard) at 3.2 t/ha and mixture 4 (peas, black oats and serradella) at 3.1 t/ha.

The grading was good, with the exception of mixtures 2 and 5 which was a result of a low HLM, as can be seen in table 1.

Table 1. Grading of the wheat following different cover crop mixtures at the Caledon site in 2016. (H1 to H6 = reps.; 1 to 5 = different mixtures).




Inleiding





Resultate



aangedui word.












verskil nie.






Riversdale crop rotation results 2016

J Strauss & W Langenhoven

[email protected], [email protected]

2016 was the 5th year of production for the new trial. Six cash crop systems were tested, including shortened canola rotations and cover crops. A total of 60 plots were planted. The 6 systems tested are replicated 3 times and all crops within each system are represented on the field each year.

All protocols developed during the annual technical committee meeting in February 2016 were followed and the integrity of the trial layout was upheld. The protocols are available from Dr Johann Strauss.

Riversdale received excellent summer rainfall of just over 200mm during the pre-season which resulted in enough available moisture to plant at the end of April. Unfortunately there were issues with the rainfall data generated by the

ARC weather stations and we could not get an accurate description of the rainfall though out the production season. The general indication was that the rainfall during the 2016 production season was less than the long term average. The farmers’ day associated with the trial grew from 320 in 2015 to 413 attendees during 2016.

Canola production – Hyola 555 was planted at Riversdale at 3.9 kg/ha. A total of 45 kg N/ha was applied to each plot (24 kg N/ha at planting and 21 kg N/ha top-dressing). Canola yields at Riversdale averaged 2275 kg/ha with all plots showing oil yields above 43%.

Canola yields ranged from 1324 kg/ha to 2833 kg/ha. This was on average 855 kg/ha more than the 2015 season (1420 kg/ha) and 845 kg/ha more than the 2014 season (1430 kg/ha).

Page 22 of 41

Figure 1. Snapshot of the production of canola in the 2016 season, as well as canola

yields following different crops (W = wheat, C = canola, L= lupin, B = barley, c = legume

cover crop).

2206 23532775

1863 1961

2833

2108

1324

27652373 2382 2363

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

9 12 15 21 23 30 33 34 36 43 44 51

kg/h

a

Plots

Canola Yield at Riversdale in 2016

Figure 1. Snapshot of the production of canola in the 2016 season, as well as canola yields following different crops (W = wheat, C = canola, L= lupin, B = barley, c = legume cover crop).

of 41

Figure 2. Canola yields following different preceding crops (C = canola; W = wheat).

The canola following the legume cover crop in the system cover crop – canola – wheat

has outperformed the canola in other systems every year since the inception of the new

rotation systems at the Riversdale site, as can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Canola performance in different rotation systems over a 3 year period. (B =

barley, L = lupin, W = wheat, c = cover crop and C = canola)

22272791

18562275

0

1000

2000

3000

C after W C afterlegumecover

C afterbarley

AVE

kg/h

a

Canola Yield following different preceding crops in 2016

Page 23 of 41


The canola following the legume cover crop in the system cover crop – canola – wheat

has outperformed the canola in other systems every year since the inception of the new

rotation systems at the Riversdale site, as can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Canola performance in different rotation systems over a 3 year period. (B =

barley, L = lupin, W = wheat, c = cover crop and C = canola)

22272791

18562275

0

1000

2000

3000

C after W C afterlegumecover

C afterbarley

AVE

kg/h

a

Canola Yield following different preceding crops in 2016


The canola following the legume cover crop in the system cover crop – canola – wheat has outperformed the canola in other systems every

year since the inception of the new rotation systems at the Riversdale site, as can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Canola performance in different rotation systems over a 3 year period. (B = barley, L = lupin, W = wheat, c = cover crop and C = canola)

Wheat production – SST056 was planted at Riversdale at 70 kg/ha. A total of 52 kg N/ha was applied to each plot (23 kg N/ha at planting and 29 kg N/ha top-dressing). Wheat yields at Riversdale averaged 4387 kg/ha. This was 789 kg/ha more than in 2015.

The wheat yield ranged from 3284 kg/ha to 5108 kg/ha during the 2016 production year. In figure

3 the effect of the previous crop on wheat yields is shown. It is again clear to see the importance of legumes and a brassica in the system, as well as the effect of wheat following wheat. The response of wheat in the different systems and crop sequences within these systems are illustrated in Table 3.

of 41

Wheat production – SST056 was planted at Riversdale at 70 kg/ha. A total of 52 kg N/ha

was applied to each plot (23 kg N/ha at planting and 29 kg N/ha top-dressing). Wheat

yields at Riversdale averaged 4387 kg/ha. This was 789 kg/ha more than in 2015.

The wheat yield ranged from 3284 kg/ha to 5108 kg/ha during the 2016 production year.

In figure 3 the effect of the previous crop on wheat yields is shown. It is again clear to see

the importance of legumes and a brassica in the system, as well as the effect of wheat

following wheat. The response of wheat in the different systems and crop sequences

within these systems are illustrated in Table 3.

Figure 3. Snapshot of the production of wheat following different preceding crops in the

2016 season (L= lupin; W = wheat, C = canola, S = Saia oats).

4983

35684459 4617 4387

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

W afterL

W afterW

W afterC

W afterS

Ave

kg/h

a

Wheat yield following different crops in 2016

Page 25 of 41

Table 3. Wheat yields in different systems and crop sequences over a three year period

(W = wheat, C = canola, B = barley; L= lupin, d = cover crop (Saia oats)).

2013 2014 2015 2016 Gemiddeld

wcblw 3493 3095 3944 5039 3893

cwlw 3879 2706 4258 4928 3943

cw 3314 3046 3824 4647 3708

lwcw 2958 2212 3693 2954

bcw 3565 2660 3748 3954 3482

dcw 3520 2637 3853 4778 3697

cblww 3412 2944 2905 3729 3248

dww 3866 1908 2846 3408 3007

wdw 3680 2703 3310 4618 3578

Barley production – Erica was planted at Riversdale at 65 kg/ha. Barley yields at Riversdale

averaged 4144 kg/ha. This average yield was 534 kg/ha more than in 2016. Yields varied

between 3735 kg/ha and 4618 kg/ha.

Figure 3. Snapshot of the production of wheat following different preceding crops in the 2016 season (L= lupin; W = wheat, C = canola, S = Saia oats).

Table 3. Wheat yields in different systems and crop sequences over a three year period (W = wheat, C = canola, B = barley; L= lupin, d = cover crop (Saia oats)).

Barley production – Erica was planted at Riversdale at 65 kg/ha. Barley yields at Riversdale averaged 4144 kg/ha. This average yield was 534

kg/ha more than in 2016. Yields varied between 3735 kg/ha and 4618 kg/ha.

of 41

Figure 4. Barley yields following different preceding crops during the 2016 season (B =

barley, C = canola, W = wheat,).

Lupin production – Mandelup was available and was planted at Riversdale at 100 kg/ha.

Lupin yields at Riversdale averaged 2268 kg/ha.

Cover crops – Saia oats and a legume mixture was planted at Riversdale at 29 kg/ha and

80kg/ha, respectively. No other input cost was incurred during the season except the

herbicide cost to terminate the cover crop before seed set.

4039

4248

4144

390039504000405041004150420042504300

B after C B after W Ave

kg/h

a

Barley yield following different preceding crops in 2016

Figure 4. Barley yields following different preceding crops during the 2016 season (B = barley, C = canola, W = wheat,).

Lupin production – Mandelup was available and was planted at Riversdale at 100 kg/ha. Lupin yields at Riversdale averaged 2268 kg/ha.

Cover crops – Saia oats and a legume mixture was planted at Riversdale at 29 kg/ha and 80kg/ha, respectively. No other input cost was incurred during the season except the herbicide cost to terminate the cover crop before seed set.




Inleiding





Resultate



aangedui word.












verskil nie.






SCLEROTINIA STAMVROT MONITERING – 2016 VERSLAG

– Riversdal

Lizette Nowers

[email protected]

RTDS : Plant Wetenskappe

SCLEROTINIA STAMVROT MONITERING – 2016 VERSLAG

– Riversdal

Agtergrond

Sclerotinia-besmetting van canola in Departementele proewe te Uitkyk word sedert 2013 jaarliks aan die einde van die seisoen gemoniteer. Die teenwoordigheid van Sclerotinia-sklerosiums in of op ‘n canola-stok word as ‘n besmetting beskou.

In 2016 is die canola in 3 verskillende proewe geëvalueer, naamlik :

Wisselboustelselsproef Sclerotinia Beheermiddelsproef Saaidigtheids- en Bespuitingstydproef

Metodiek

Ongeveer een maand na oes, word die stokke en hul wortels op die land visueel ondersoek vir die teenwoordigheid van sklerosiums aan die binne- en buitekant (Figuur 1 en Figuur 2)

Fig. 1. Sklerosiums vorm op wortels en op/in stamme

2 Die aantal stokke wat per perseel ondersoek word, voldoen aan statistiese metodiek standaarde.

Fig. 2 Sklerosiums lê dikwels in die basis van die hol canola stok

Data loggers word aan die begin van die seisoen in die canola, verteenwoordigend van elke proef en kultivar, geplaas. Hierdie loggers meet uurliks die relatiewe humiditeit (RH) en temperatuur (T) onder die blaredak van die canola-aanplantings. Net voor oes word die loggers verwyder en die data daarop word gestoor vir latere verwysing.

Resultate

Altesaam 14 400 stokke (4500 stokke van die Wisselboustelselproef, 5400 stokke van die Sclerotinia Beheermiddelsproef en 4500 van die Saaidigtheidsproef) is ondersoek. In totaal was slegs 3.7% van die stokke besmet met Sclerotinia-sklerosiums. Dit is 25% minder as die totale besmetting in 2015 (28.6%).

WISSELBOUSTELSELSPROEF Die stelsels wat gemoniteer word, kan gelys word in terme van die teenwoordigheid van Sclerotinia-gashere : Kort rotasiestelsels (Een jaar gasheervry) Canola1-Koring (CW) Canola1-Koring-Lupien1- Koring (CWLW) Canola1-Koring-Wieke1 (CWGm) Medium rotasiestelsels Canola1-Gars-Lupien1-Koring-Koring (CBLWW) 1 Gasheer

3 Langer rotasiestelsels (Twee jaar gasheervry) Canola12-Koring-Gars (CWB)

Die 5 onderskeie stelsels se besmettingsyfers vir 2016 word in Grafiek 1 aangetoon.

Grafiek 1. Sclerotinia-besmetting in Wisselboustelselsproef vir 2016

Dit word verwag dat die korter rotasiestelsels meer besmetting sal hê, omdat daar meer gereeld van die gasheerplante beskikbaar is vir die swam. Dit was wel in 2016 die geval in twee van die kort rotasiestelsels, naamlik CW en CWLW, asook in die medium lengte stelsel (CBLWW). Die ander kort rotasiestelsel (CWGm), waarin beide canola en wieke ‘n gasheerplant is, het egter ‘n baie lae besmetting gehad.

Die langer rotasiestelsel (CWB) waar sklerosiums in die grond en stoppels vir 2 jaar geen gasheerplant beskikbaar gehad het nie, het wel, soos verwag, die laagste besmetting getoon. Die kort en medium rotasiestelsels het bo gemiddelde besmetting gehad, maar hierdie is slegs een jaar (2016) se data. Voorts sal al vyf hierdie stelsels gemoniteer word.

1 Gasheer

5.11

4.00

1.33

3.56

1.33

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

% S

cler

otin

ia

Wisselboustelsels

CW CWLW CWGm CBLWW CWB

In 2016 het die kort en medium rotasiestelsels statisties betekenisvol meer Sclerotinia-besmetting gehad as die langste rotasiestelsel (met die uitsondering van die kort rotasiestelsel met canola, koring en wieke, wat net so goed soos die lang rotasie gevaar het).

Gemiddeld

Kort Medium rotasies

Langer

a

a a

b b

4 Die oesverlies a.g.v. Sclerotinia-besmetting word bereken as die helfte van die persentasie besmetting. M.a.w., in bv. stelsel CWLW, waar die besmetting 4% was, het Sclerotinia-stamvrot die opbrengs met 2% verlaag. In grafiek 2 word hierdie formule gebruik om die stelsels te rangskik van die meeste na minste oesverlies gely.

Grafiek 2. Die opbrengs en oesverlies a.g.v. Sclerotinia-besmetting in verskillende wisselboustelsels (2016)

Wat opbrengs aanbetref, wod verwag dat die hoogste opbrengs verkry word uit die aanplanting met die laagste besmetting en omgekeerd. Dit was wel die geval in stelsel CWGm, maar die stelsel met die laagste opbrengs het egter ook ‘n baie lae besmetting gehad. Sien grafiek 3. Hier moet in gedagte gehou word dat ander faktore, soos bv. die wisselbou met ander gewasse, ‘n effek op die opbrengs kan hê en dat hierdie proef nie uitsluitlik ‘n Sclerotinia-proef is nie.

In 2016 het die meeste oesverlies plaasgevind in CW, terwyl CWB die beste gevaar het wat oesverlies aanbetref.

5

Grafiek 3. Korrelasie tussen opbrengs en besmetting (2016)

Aanvanklik was slegs stelsels CW, CWLW en CWB gemoniteer vir Sclerotinia Stamvrot. CWG en CBLWW is eers vanaf 2016 ondersoek. Die drie stelsels wat sedert 2013 gemoniteer is, word in Grafiek 4 met mekaar vergelyk oor die afgelope 4 jaar.

Grafiek 4. Geskiedenis van Sclerotinia-besmetting vir die Wisselboustelselsproef

Totale Sclerotinia-besmetting (2013 - 2016) in Wisselboustelsels

CW

CWLW

CWB

Anders as in 2015, was daar nie weer in 2016 ‘n inverse korrelasie tussen opbrengs en besmetting nie

Opbrengs vs Sclerotinia

15.0 % 14.0 %

12.4 %

6 Oor die lang termyn, het die kort rotasiestelsel (CW) die hoogste besmettingsyfer getoon. Al die data vir die 4 jare is egter statisties ontleed (ANOVA) en die uitslag is dat daar geen betekenisvolle verskille tussen die stelsels was nie.

Uit grafiek 5 is dit duidelik dat die stelsels almal dieselfde tendens volg wat Sclerotinia-besmetting aanbetref. Statistiese ontledings toon dat daar betekenisvolle verskille was tussen die 4 jare. Een moontlike verklaring hiervoor, is die verskille in die klimaat oor díe jare. Al die jare se klimaatsdata is beskikbaar, maar sal eers statisties verwerk sodra die langste rotasiestelsel teen die einde van 2018 volledig gemoniteer is.

Grafiek 5. Sclerotinia-besmettings vir 4 jare

SCLEROTINIA BEHEERMIDDELSPROEF In hierdie proef word geëksperimenteer met verskillende beheermiddels. Daar word gepoog om die nuutste beheermiddels wat beskikbaar is in te sluit, maar ook om jaarliks dieselfde produkte met mekaar te vergelyk. Spasie vir proefpersele en mannekrag is egter beperk en die insluiting of weglating van ‘n beheermiddel word deeglik in oënskou geneem. Deeglikheidshalwe word twee verskillende kultivars, naamlik ‘n Clearfield-tipe (CL) en ‘n triazien-tolerante kultivar (TT), gebruik.

Klimaat is een van die belangrikste rolspelers in Sclerotinia-besmetting –belangriker as die afwisseling van gasheerplante.

Oor 4 jare het die verskillende rotasiestelsels nie betekenisvol verskil in Sclerotinia-besmetting nie.

a

b

c c

7 Die beheermiddels is toegedien op die 30%-blomstadium. In Grafiek 6 word die geregistreerde produkte gelys teenoor die persentasie Sclerotinia-besmetting wat in die betrokke behandelde persele voorgekom het.

Grafiek 6. Sclerotinia-besmettings in Beheermiddelsproef (2016)

Statistiese ontleding (ANOVA) het getoon dat slegs PROSARO, in beide kultivars, betekenisvol verskil het van die ander middels. Hou in gedagte dat hierdie slegs een jaar se data is.

SAAIDIGTHEIDS- en BESPUITINGSTYDPROEF Hierdie proefperseel is aangewend om twee hoof-effekte op Sclerotinia-besmetting te evalueer.

Eerstens is dieselfde kultivar teen verskillende saaidigthede geplant, naamlik 35, 72 en 115 sade per m2. Aangesien die siekte ‘n vogtige klimaat benodig, sou dit te verwagte wees dat ‘n digter blaredak - wat moontlik ‘n uitvloeisel van ‘n digter plantestand is – meer besmette plante tot gevolg sou hê. In grafiek 7 word egter aangetoon dat in die kontrole persele, waar geen swamdoderbespuitings gedoen is nie, die medium digtheid (72 sade/m2) die minste infeksie gehad het. In die totale proef waar kontroles en bespuitings op verskillende stadiums in ag geneem is, was daar egter geen konstante tendens nie.

In 2016 het PROSARO die beste gevaar m.b.t. Sclerotinia-beheer.

8

Grafiek 7. Sclerotinia-besmettings in verskillende saaidigthede (2016)

Tweedens is elk van die saaidigthede op verskillende tye bespuit met PROSARO teen die aanbevole dosis. Die hele proef was baie min besmet en daar was statisties geen betekenisvolle verskille nie. Die resultate word in grafiek 8 aangetoon.

Saaidigtheid het in 2016 nie ‘n betekenisvolle effek op die persentasie Sclerotinia-besmetting gehad nie.

% Blom-stadium

abb ab

b

a

9 Grafiek 8. Sclerotinia-besmettings met bespuitings op verskillende blomtye (2016)

Vooruitskouing

Al hierdie proewe word in 2017 herhaal, met enkele aanpassings. Aangesien die 2017 canolastand nie na verwagting is nie, is dit ten tye van hierdie artikel nog onseker of al die proewe tot oestyd in stand gehou gaan word.

Die relatiewe humiditeits- en temperatuurdatastelle wat met die data loggers verkry is sedert 2013, sal teen die einde van 2017 verwerk word en vroeg in 2018 statisties ontleed word.

Lizette Nowers Plantpatologie Tel. 021-808 5269 [email protected]

Alhoewel dit nie statisties betekenisvol bevind is nie, het die tweemalige bespuiting met PROSARO baie beter gevaar as die ander tye van bespuiting.


Vooruitskouing






Vooruitskouing





RTDS

Directorate: Plant Sciences

Reference:Enquiries: A Swanepoel

ROUTE FORM FOR APPROVAL OF PUBLICATIONS

A. Details on Project leader and PublicationName of project leader

Dr Johann Strauss

Institute Plant SciencesTitle of publication

Multiple

Name of journal/popular magazine to be published in

Request to publish in Riversdal Boeredag Handleiding

B. Approval by Institute Head

I have scrutinised this publication and approve/not approve the publication to be submitted to above popular magazine

Signature Scientific Manager: Plant Sciences (Annelene Swanepoel)

Date:

C. Approval by Chief Director

I have scrutinised this publication against the objectives of the Department and the Programme: Research and Technology Development Services and hereby approve/not approve the publication.

Dr. Ilse Trautmann

RTDS: Plant SciencesMohamed MN., Lombard P. en Strauss J.

Forage Grain Cultivars 2017(Summary of Forage grain trial in December 2016)

In the 2016 season a total of 20 cultivars were planted and tested as part of a cultivar evaluation program. There were 11 oats cultivars, 6 rye, 3 triticale and a barley cultivars. The aim of the trial was to evaluate biomass yield production at 30cm height and across two developmental stages at Langgewens. The trial at Riversdale was harvest at 30cm height and was harvest again during middle September. The remaining part of the plot wat harvest only once during middle September.

Results

The list of cultivars incorporated in the study is listed in Table 1. The Biomass yield and data is summarised in Table 2 and Table 3 for Langgewens and Riversdale respectively.

The cultivars germinated early in May in both Langgewens and Riversdale. The average yield at the first harvest (30cm) was 556kg ha-1 and 505kg ha-1 at Langgewens and Riversdale respectively. There were no significant differences. The average bio-mass yield of the soft dough harvest at Langgewens was less than the flowering stage. The occurrence of leaf rust may be the reason for the lower bio-mass yield at the soft dough stage.

The yield of the single harvest at Riversdale was 2267kg ha-1 more than the plots that was harvest at 30cm and middle September. The total yield of the 30cm and second harvest was less than the bio-mass yield of the single harvest.

Table 1: List of cultivar entries used in the study

Page 40 of 41

Table 2 : Results of LanggewensLanggewens

Harvest at 30cm

Flowering stage Soft dough stage

kg/ha kg/ha kg/haSSH 491 590 5601 6018SSH 421 674 1817 4135Sorum 471 7242 6586PAN263 343 6707 4841Moby 665 5061 4182William 543 8067 8050Barpower 524 7446 5177Majoris 543 6841 6532Drakensberg 549 1796 2205Simonsberg 394 6349 5015ARG R1 759 7617 7604

Table 1: List of cultivar entries used in the study

of 41

Table 2 : Results of LanggewensLanggewens

Harvest at 30cm

Flowering stage Soft dough stage

kg/ha kg/ha kg/haSSH 491 590 5601 6018SSH 421 674 1817 4135Sorum 471 7242 6586PAN263 343 6707 4841Moby 665 5061 4182William 543 8067 8050Barpower 524 7446 5177Majoris 543 6841 6532Drakensberg 549 1796 2205Simonsberg 394 6349 5015ARG R1 759 7617 7604

Page 41 of 41

Pallinup 563 7862 6503Mitika 433 7283 4698Mac Blue 573 7533 5462US 2014 604 4535 8087Macnifico 660 5971 4558Dunnet 557 5614 7421Snel 459 9059 7838AGBeacon 595 8237 8858Average 556 6079 5710

Table 3: Results of Riversdale

Harvest at 30cm

2nd Harvest after 30cm

(Sept. 2016).

Single harvestSeptember 2016

kg/ha kg/ha kg/haSSH 491 610 12663 10895SSH 421 512 10178 10993Sorum 287 7431 9431PAN263 358 7509 9983Moby 726 7507 10245William 554 11242 13508Barpower 438 7745 11221Majoris 608 11146 16123Drakensberg 506 9478 11468Simonsberg 416 10204 12466ARG R1 449 10348 13533Pallinup 559 7429 11784Mitika 566 9317 10515Mac Blue 437 6469 7671US 2014 473 10733 14611Macnifico 568 9048 13057Dunnet 577 9570 12083Saia 443 10257 9497Average 505 9349 11616

Page 41 of 41

Pallinup 563 7862 6503Mitika 433 7283 4698Mac Blue 573 7533 5462US 2014 604 4535 8087Macnifico 660 5971 4558Dunnet 557 5614 7421Snel 459 9059 7838AGBeacon 595 8237 8858Average 556 6079 5710

Table 3: Results of Riversdale

Harvest at 30cm

2nd Harvest after 30cm

(Sept. 2016).

Single harvestSeptember 2016

kg/ha kg/ha kg/haSSH 491 610 12663 10895SSH 421 512 10178 10993Sorum 287 7431 9431PAN263 358 7509 9983Moby 726 7507 10245William 554 11242 13508Barpower 438 7745 11221Majoris 608 11146 16123Drakensberg 506 9478 11468Simonsberg 416 10204 12466ARG R1 449 10348 13533Pallinup 559 7429 11784Mitika 566 9317 10515Mac Blue 437 6469 7671US 2014 473 10733 14611Macnifico 568 9048 13057Dunnet 577 9570 12083Saia 443 10257 9497Average 505 9349 11616

Developing nitrogen fertiliser management strategies for canola (Brassica

napus) under conservation agriculture practices within the Western Cape

J Labuschagne,1 E du Toit1,2 and P Swanepoel2

1Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607 2Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602

1. Introduction

The main objective of this study is the same as described for the wheat study also

included in this information pack. Only crop responses to fertiliser N treatments will

be included in this information pack.

Canola, cultivar Hyola 575, was planted on 27 April, 2016 at a rate of 4.3 kg ha-1

using a disc planter. A total of 25 kg N ha-1 (5 kg ha-1 with seed and rest

broadcasted by hand), 15 P and 15 kg K ha-1 were also applied at planting.

Gypsum at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 was applied before seeding.

The fertiliser N rates and sources tested were identical to those described for the

wheat study published in this information pack. The only difference is that top-

dressed N sources were applied at 45 kg N ha-1 for canola.

2. Top-dressed N rate study

Figure 1 summarises the effect of increasing fertiliser top-dressed N rate on canola

yield and oil content at Uitkyk during the 2016 growing season.

Figure 1 The influence of top-dress N rate (kg ha-1) on canola yield (kg ha-1) and oil

content (%) at Uitkyk 2016. C = control, 0N, 25N, 50N, 75N, 105N, 135N and 165N = N

rate top-dressed in kg N ha-1. Bars with different letters indicate significant

differences between mean yield or oil content at the 5% significance level.

Nitrogen use efficiency decreased as fertiliser top-dressed N rate was increased (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of canola as influenced by N top-dress rate

at Uitkyk 2016.

3. Fertiliser N sources

The study also included an investigation to evaluate the use of different sources of

top-dressed N (Figure 3) on canola. Top-dressed sources were applied at a rate of

45 kg N ha-1.

Figure 3 Influence of top-dressed N source on canola yield (kg ha-1) and oil content

(%) at Uitkyk during 2016. Bars with different letters indicate significant differences

between mean yield or oil content at the 5% significance level.

4. Conclusion The study is planned to continue until 2018. On completion of the study final recommendations will be formulated.

For more information contact Dr Johan Labuschagne

E-mail: [email protected]

AGRICOL SWELLENDAM open sy deure…..

Die Swellendam-tak van Agricol is Desember 2016 geopen en bedien vanaf Botrivier (Westekant ) tot Albertinia (Oostekant ), Kaap Agulhas (Suid ) en Montagu/Barrydale/Robertson (Noordelike grens).

Die volledige reeks Agricol droëland gewasse soos canola, lusern, medics, eenjarige klawers en kleingrane word vanaf Swellendam versprei. Onder besproeiing word mielies, weidings, sojabone, ensovoorts verbou , wat deur Agricol versprei word. Sien ons webtuiste vir die volledige produkreeks www.agricol.co.za.

Swellendam Depot : Gordon Bedwell Telefoon 087 359 3236Swellendam Verkoopsbestuurder : Jan Botes 083 277 5893

GPS Coordinates: 34°03’07.5″S 20°25’30.1″E

Developing nitrogen fertiliser management strategies for wheat (Triticum

aestivum) under conservation agriculture practices within the Western Cape

J Labuschagne,1 PJ Neethling1,2 and P Swanepoel2

1Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 76072Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602

1. Introduction

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the potential to improve wheat yield,

quality and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by developing optimal N management

strategies under conservation agricultural practices in the grain production regions

of the Western Cape. This objective will be achieved by: 1) establishing soil

inorganic N threshold values in a period of maximum crop N uptake; 2) calibration

of a soil response curve to N applications; 3) evaluating efficiencies of different

sources of top-dressed N; 4) evaluating the effect of foliar N applications at

different growth stages on crop yield and quality, and 5) after completion of at

least 3 years of field studies adapting, if necessary, fertiliser N programmes as

dictated by results obtained in 1, 2, 3 and 4. Only crop responses to fertiliser N

treatments will be included in this information pack.

One of the localities is the farm Uitkyk situated about 12 km south-west of Riversdale,

Western Cape (34° 9’ 38.70” S, 21° 9’ 6.12” E). Bokkeveld shale underlies the

predominant shallow, duplex soils of the Riversdale flats with high coarse fragment

content (Schloms 2008). Soil forms dominant at this site are Klapmuts, Glenrosa and

Swartland forms. The long-term average rainfall for this region is 430 mm of which ±

70% occurs from April to October.

Wheat, cultivar SST 056, was planted on April 27, 2016 at a rate of 80 kg ha-1 using a

disc planter. A total of 25 kg N ha-1 (5 kg ha-1 with seed and rest broadcasted by

hand), 15 P and 15 kg K ha-1 were also applied at planting. Gypsum at a rate of 300

kg ha-1 was applied before seeding.

Developing nitrogen fertiliser management strategies for wheat (Triticum

aestivum) under conservation agriculture practices within the Western Cape

J Labuschagne,1 PJ Neethling1,2 and P Swanepoel2

1Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 76072Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602

1. Introduction

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the potential to improve wheat yield,

quality and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by developing optimal N management

strategies under conservation agricultural practices in the grain production regions

of the Western Cape. This objective will be achieved by: 1) establishing soil

inorganic N threshold values in a period of maximum crop N uptake; 2) calibration

of a soil response curve to N applications; 3) evaluating efficiencies of different

sources of top-dressed N; 4) evaluating the effect of foliar N applications at

different growth stages on crop yield and quality, and 5) after completion of at

least 3 years of field studies adapting, if necessary, fertiliser N programmes as

dictated by results obtained in 1, 2, 3 and 4. Only crop responses to fertiliser N

treatments will be included in this information pack.

One of the localities is the farm Uitkyk situated about 12 km south-west of Riversdale,

Western Cape (34° 9’ 38.70” S, 21° 9’ 6.12” E). Bokkeveld shale underlies the

predominant shallow, duplex soils of the Riversdale flats with high coarse fragment

content (Schloms 2008). Soil forms dominant at this site are Klapmuts, Glenrosa and

Swartland forms. The long-term average rainfall for this region is 430 mm of which ±

70% occurs from April to October.

Wheat, cultivar SST 056, was planted on April 27, 2016 at a rate of 80 kg ha-1 using a

disc planter. A total of 25 kg N ha-1 (5 kg ha-1 with seed and rest broadcasted by

hand), 15 P and 15 kg K ha-1 were also applied at planting. Gypsum at a rate of 300

kg ha-1 was applied before seeding.

2. Top-dressed N rate study

As the focus of the study is N top-dress management, N rates applied as top-

dressings varied between 0 and 165 kg N ha-1 (see Table 1).

Table 1: Top-dressed N rates, total fertiliser N input (kg N ha-1) and foliar N (UAN)

application on wheat at Uitkyk, 2016.

N input at plant Top-dressed Total fertiliser Foliar N*(kg ha-1) rate (kg ha-1) N input (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)

0 0 0 0 and 925 0 25 0 and 925 25 50 0 and 925 50 75 0 and 925 75 100 0 and 925 105 130 0 and 925 135 160 0 and 925 165 190 0 and 9

*Wheat applied at late booting stage and canola at stem elongation

Grain yield (kg ha-1) as influenced by top-dressed N rate is presented in Figure 1.

The control treatment resulted in the lowest (P = 0.05) grain yield. Yield increased as

N top-dress rate was increased from 0 (C) to 25 kg ha-1. However, no differences in

grain yield were recorded for N rates between 50 and 165 kg N ha-1.

Figure 1 Grain yield (kg ha-1) as influenced by top-dressed N rate (kg ha-1) at Uitkyk

(2016). Bars with different letters indicate significant differences at the 5%

significance level.

Nitrogen use efficiency (grain produced per kg N applied) is shown in Figure 2. As

expected nitrogen use efficiency decreased as fertiliser N rate was increased.

Figure 2 N use efficiencies per corresponding top-dress N rate (kg ha-1) at Uitkyk

(2016).

Grain protein content increased as N top-dressed rates were increased, however

not always significantly so. Foliar application of UAN also resulted in higher grain

protein content although not always significant (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Grain protein (%) as influenced by top-dress N rate (kg ha-1) with and

without foliar N application at Uitkyk (2016). Means without a common letter

differed significantly (P = 0.05).

3. Fertiliser N sources

The study also includes an investigation on using different sources of top-dressed N

(Table 2). However with top-dressed sources only one rate (area and cropping

system specific) per source was tested. The top-dressed N rate used for wheat after

canola at Uitkyk was 30 kg N ha-1.

Table 2: Fertiliser N sources applied at Uitkyk 2016 on wheat after canola and

canola after wheat.

N input at Top dressing rate plant (kg ha-1)

(kg N/ha)Limestone ammonium nitrate (LAN) Wheat Ammonium sulphate (AMS) 30 kg ha-1

25 Limestone ammonium nitrate sulphate CanolaUrea 45 kg ha-1

Urea + urease inhibitor

Fertiliser source at top-dress

Figure 4 summarises the effect of top-dressed N sources on wheat grain yield at

Uitkyk (2016).

Figure 4 Grain yield (kg ha-1) as influenced by fertiliser source at Uitkyk (2016).

Means without a common letter above bars differed (P = 0.05).

4. Conclusion

No conclusions or recommendations can be made before completion of the study

after at least 3 years of data capturing.

For more information contact Dr Johan Labuschagne

E-mail: [email protected]

Developing nitrogen fertiliser management strategies for canola (Brassica

napus) under conservation agriculture practices within the Western Cape

DROOGTE IN ‘N STELSEL VAN BEWARINGSLANDBOU?

Roelie Steyn, Omnia

“Is dit moontlik dat hierdie “tema “ ‘n gesprek regverdig in 2017? Watter bydrae lewer bewaringsboerdery in vanjaar se praktyke? Is dit volhoubaar om voort te gaan met my bestaande praktyke?”

WAT IS DROOGTE IN BEWARINGSLANDBOU?

Na my mening moet ons 3 definisies op die tafel plaas. Vogbewaring en of grondlewe kan nie uitgeskakel word om ons te pas terwyl die jaar aanloop nie! :

• Somerdroogte – watter voordeel bied die stelsel teenoor konvensionele praktyke? • Droogte in planttyd – hoe word ontkieming geraak? • Droogte in groeiseisoen – hoe word plantprestasie geraak?

Waar ookal ons in die “seisoen” van droogte is, moet ons senitief wees vir:

• Groeistadium van die plant; • Siekte/infeksie; • Blaaroppervlakte, en • Omgewingstoestande.

DROË SOMER

Indien die vorige jaar goeie oeste opgelewer het, word meer oesreste op die lande verwag wat direk ‘n invloed het op die C:N verhouding. Meer materiaal gaan veroorsaak dat ‘n groter stikstof behoefte gaan ontstaan wanneer van die stoppel ingewerk word.

Goeie oeste in die vorige seisoen bring ook mee dat meer voedingstowwe onttrek word en aanpassings moet hiervoor gemaak word.

As gevolg van die hoë verdamping vanag die grondoppervlakte word sterker konsentrasies van soute in die bogrond verwag.

Laer vogreserwes kan veroorsaak dat onkruide ook nie betyds voor plant opkom nie. Groen materiaal kan die oorlewing van peste en plae laat oorleef.

DROË PLANTTYD

Daar kan verwag word dat saadbrand kan voorkom end it sal dus raadsaam wees om die “band so koel” as moontlik te hou deur kunsmis met ‘n hoë soutindeks te probeer vermy in die band.

Laer aktiwteit van arbiskulêre michoriza kan verwag word wat ‘n invloed het op die opname van veral P, Zn en Cu ( Rayment, 2016).

Wees bedag op jong plante wat ontkiem het wat betref aanslae van siekte en peste vroeg in die seisoen. Siekte en pesbeheer behoort ‘n prioriteit te wees.

Hoër grondtemperature kan meebring dat die plante neig om “een-beeentjie” te raak en dit kan raadsaam wees om die plante te rol sodra die omgewingstoestande verbeter. Verwag hoër nitrate in grond omdat die toestande baie gunstig is vir omskakeling.loging (Rayment, 2016)

Bobemes slegs indien grondstoetande gestabilsieer is en volgens vorige jare se opbrengs en praktyke soos bv. beweiding van stoppel en baal van oesreste.

Sodra daar ‘n geskikte blaardak (“canopy”) is, moet daar sterk oorweeg word om ‘n vroeë bladbespuiting te maak. Moniteer deur die groeiseisoen die weefsel se opname deur bv die SPAD meter.

DROOGTE IN DIE SEISOEN.

Vermy grondtoedienings van veral kunsmis want akkumulasie van reserwes voor blom, gaan opbrengs en kwaliteit beinvloed tydens stress (Saini & Aspinall, 1981). Wanneer plante onder stress kom, gaan fotosintese verswak en respirasie verhoog watdruk op substrate in plant plaas. Oorweeg bladbespuitings. Onthou: bladbespuitings kan nie droogte ophef nie. In droogte tydens bestuiwing kan 35-75% verlies in opbrengs voorkom a.g.v. steriele stuifmeel (Saini & Aspinall, 1981). Oorweeg middels wat P, K en Mg insluit as bladbespuiting. DIE WAARDE VAN BEWARINGSLANDBOU.

In die onderstaande tabel is die feite wat in die literatuur verskyn verwerk om te kyk hoeveel die voghouvermoë van gronde verbeter met ‘n verhoging in die organise inhoud van die grond. Die digtheid hierin sluit ook die klippe in en is onder veldtoestande.

Merkwaardig is die hoveelheid vog, nl 208 mm addisionele vog wanneer ons 1% organiese materiaal (0.59% C) in die grond het. Op 50% klip groter as 2 mm, is dit in praktyk 104 mm.

OPSOMMEND

Die enigste moontlike waarde van droogte is die feit dat ‘n mens krities kyk na ‘n stelsel. Bewarings landbou is na my mening die grootste vordering in landbou in die Wes-Kaap. Gesien teen die lig van reeds bestaande wisselbou met peulgewasse en ook die nuutste benadering van dekgewasse, skep groter geleenthede vir aanpassings binne of na ‘n plantseisoen.

Bronne:

https://www.nrdc.org/. Natural Resources Defense Council. RAYMENT, G.E., 2016. Strategies Regarding Approaches to Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility, Post

Drought. FERTASA Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Symposium, 27 July 2016, Pretoria, South Africa.

SAINI,H.S., ASPINALL, D., 1981. Effect of water deficit on sporogenesis in wheat (Triticum

aestivum L). Ann. Bot., 48 (1981), pp. 623-633.

ssk wintergraandag riversdal 2017 - blwk.co.za opbrengsresultate word opgesom in tabel 1. die...

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