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Z g MAY I99I
A sru,y or r*o*of,ffifi1,ffiE IN spo,.EN rAI soNG
SUREE PENGSOMBAT
t
THES I S
THE
SUBMITTED IN PART I AL
RESUIREMENTS FOR THE
MASTER OF ARTS
(LINGUISTICS)
FULF I LLUENT
DEGREE OF
OF
IN
FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUD I ES
MAH I DOL UNIVERS ITY
1990
"in*Ary*i, r.dqf^
16641)
Copyright by Mahidol University
The.6 i s
ent it led
A STUDY OF PRONOMINAL USAGE IN SPOKEN TAI SOX6
Suree PengfsombaL
Cand i dete
. /*::sv..Q+b'ilnZ-.Sun i ya RaLenakul ' Ph.D.
Iila jor Adv i sor
Sujsn i t Iak
Co-edvisor
e.::/{.S omsonEle
Co-advisorBurusphat r Ph. D.
/q. AJ^"^^Chulasemaya' M. D. tMonthree
Ph.D.
De an LanEfuagle Bnd
Rural D€ve I opmeDt
Institute ofculture fon
Poonp itD i rector
FacuIt y of Gr s duat e Stud i es
Copyright by Mahidol University
Thes i s
entitled
A STUDY OF PRONOIT{INAL USAGE rN SPOXEN TAI SONG
wBs submitted to the Facult,y of Gneduate Studiesl Mahidol
llniversiLy f or the deElree of Master of Arts ( LinEluist'ics)
on
27 June' 1990
Auo* Pon*orlol. i.... .n,...Sunee Peng:sombat
Cand i date
trRuenEldet
Membe r.
llont hree
Ph.D.
De en
Pankhuenkhat t
Memb e r
<^.)tn)t-u,t,......,/.
S omsongie
Memb e r
Poonpit AmataYaku l 'D i r.ectorI nst I tuLe of Langiuag:e and
cu l t,ur e fon Rural DeveloPment
Chu I es arnaya ,
Faculty of Graduete Stud i es
Copyright by Mahidol University
o
t
NAI,tE
DATE OF BIRTH
PLACE OF BIRTH
INSTITUTIONS ATTENDED
RESEARCH GRANT
POSITION HELD & OFF I CE
B I OGRAPHY
Mi ss suree PenEsombBt
JuIy B. E. 250g (1960)
An8fLhongf ' Tha I Iand
Pnince of Songkhle University' 19?9-1982s
Bache l or of Educatlon (PsycholoEfy
end Gui dancs )
lrahidol Univensityr 1987-199O3
Masten of Ant s (LinEl'uistics)
Peculf,y of Greduate Stud i es r
Mahidol University
Secondany School Teaeher
Pamok Withayaphum School ' AnBfthonEl
,
JCopyright by Mahidol University
a
a
ACTNOWL E DGEMENTS
For the successful completetion of this suudyr I
Etreat dept of gnstitude to many people.
I 6m extnemely grat,eful to Associate ProfeEsor Dr.
Khunyingl SuniyE Betanakul, my principal sdvisonr for her helpful
sugEfestions Bnd for her patience in cornectin8l the drsft.
I em a I so deep ly indepted t,o my conmiLtee membens I
AssistBnt Professor Dr.Sujaritlak DaepadunElr Assistant Pnofessor
Dr.Somsonge Bunusphet, and Associete Pnofesson Dr.Ruengdet,
Pankhuenkhat! who Sfeve useful advice end cornectin€l errors Lo
impnove Lhi s work .
Uy speciel thanks are Eliven to the Tai Song speakers who
were my informants snd to friends fon iheir encouraEiement and
paiient assistancer especially, Miss Pornpen Kitpanich end Miss
NittBya Tien8ltronElpinyo who solve.some problems in typinEl this
thesis. I wish t,o ihenk Mr.seree sri jannElEmr the educat'ion
officer of Amphoe Bangf Len who guided me to Ban Phai Hu ChanEl and
to the ThongkhonEfharns who Eave me the nesiden!.
In eddition, I wish t,o express my sincene appneciation to
Miss Maresri Sornman, t,he librsrian of the lnstitutB of Langfuage
and Culture for Rural Developmentr who helped me in f indingl books
and theses.
a
,
Copyright by Mahidol University
oLastly, my Elratituda is due to my family, especlally, my
panents, for thein cont lnual encounag:emen! througfhout, the sLudy et
Mahidol UnivensiLy.
Sunee PenEsombBt
u
?
I
Copyright by Mahidol University
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Copyright by Mahidol University
d ^ o u d ^r n-arx'rnuayn'tr r ludrr'rin lunra'unt? i? {r1 !tul,l2'l 'l a'l9 na t iailn uau
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Copyright by Mahidol University
N6me
Degf ree
Thes i s Superv i sory
(tt
Thes i s TiL le A Study of Pronominel UEeEle in Spoken
Te i S ongl
Suree Penglsombat
Mast,er of Ants (Linguist,ics)
Conm i tt ee
Suriya Ratanskul t Ph. D.
Sujarit lak Deepadungfr Ph. D.
SomsonEle Burusphat r Ph. D.
27 June B. E. 2533 ( 199O)Dste of Gneduet i on
ABSTRACT
This thesis is an sttenpt to present, t,hs pronominal usB8le
in spoken Tai SonEl which is spoken at Ban Phal Hu ChanEl (the
fourth and fifth villaEles) and Ban Xo Lek (the seventh villaEle)r
Tambon Phsi Hu Changlr Amphoe BanEl Lenr Nakhon Pathom province.
The puppose of this study is io describe lhe pronominal forms in
Tai SonEf includinEt the t inEiuisLic struciure of pronouns and social
and cultural factors influencinEl pnonominal usagie in Tai SonEl.
This thesis iE divided into 6 chapters. The first is the
int,roduct ion which consists of the Eieneral infonmaLion. The
second descnibes the importence of this sLudy and surveys of
nelevant I iterature. The third is the classification of pronouns
in Tai S on8f . The fourth is the deseription the I inEluistic
struciure of Tai Songf pronouns. The fifth is Lhe analysis of t,he
social and cultural factors underlying ths pronomirral usaEle in Tai
son8l. The last one is the irnpl icBt,ion and conclusion.
Copyright by Mahidol University
lv
Pronouns in Tei Songf are divided into 2 Efroupsr i.e.,
propen pronounsr and pronomine l ly used nouns which consist of
' k inship t erms 'per6onel nemesr t,i!lest occupet ion terms,
friendship termsr loan wordst words used to refer to spouse and
speciBl vocabulary enployed
l(inship Lenms ean be used in
convarsat ions fo aDd f rorn monks.
I inEl acf,ual kins and non-kins. It
1n
ca 1
is found that the use of pronouns in Tei SonEf er'e conditioned by
sociel and culturel factons which consist of sex; eE:er occupstionr
!ltle, religtion, kinship and fauri 1y relBtionship, Efenegloglcal
dist,encer ef,hnic Efroup snd friendship. Furthermoner Lhe
difference of the pronominal usBEfe may vany eccordinEi to other
social and cultural factorsr e.El.r solidarityr presence of child,
formal ityt int imecy end emotional manifest,etion of interlocutors.
Copyright by Mahidol University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AB S TRACT
TABLE OF
LIST OF
LIST OF
L I ST OF
CHAPTER
1.1
CONTENTS
TABLES
li,tAP ' DIAGRAIi{
ABBREVIATIONS
AND F I GURES
AND SYMBOLS
Pag:e
i
ix
x
xi
1.2
1.3
1.4
I s I NTRODUCT I ON
G6nanal I nfonmat i on
1.l.I Ident ificat,ion
1.1.2 Historical Background
1.1.3 GeoEfrephical Location
l.1.4 Lingfulstlc AffiliaLlon
I . 1 .5 Some Intenest inBf Trad it ions
Object i ve of the Study
Scope of the SLudy
Methodo I oEty
1.4.1 lnformaL ion CollectinEf
1
I
I
3
7.
10
13
16
16
16
t7
77
l7
18
1B
20
zo
20
2l
zt
Informants Forma I ly lntenviewed
- The Non-Monk I nformant s
- The monks
1.4.1.2 lnformants Informel ly Intenviewed
1.4.2 Field Technigues
1,4,2.1 Forma I I nterv i ew6
1.4.2.2 Informal I nterv i ews
1.4,2.3 Persona 1 0bservat i on
1.5 The Benefits of the Study
1.4.1.1
ICopyright by Mahidol University
vla
CHAPTER I I T THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
OF RELEVANT L I TERATURE
Z. f I nport ance
2.2 Previous Studies of Pronouns in
AND SURVEYS
Tha i
III i CLASSIPICATION OF PBONOUNS IN TAI SONG
Propsn Persone I Pronouns
3. 1. 1 First Penson
9.7.2 Second Person
3. 1 .3 Thind Person
Pronominal ly Used Nouns
3.2.1 I(inship Terms as Pronouns
3.2.2 Pseudo Kinship TerrDS as Pronouns
9,2.3 Teknonymy as Pnonoun
5.2.4 Tit les as Pronouns
e.2.5 Personal Names as Pronouns
3.2.6 Friendship Tenms as Pronouns
3.2.7 OccupBtion Terms as Pronouns
8,2.8 Loan Words as Pnonouns
3.2,9 Wonds Used to Refen to Spouse
A.2.lO Special Vocabulary Employed in ConversaLions
to and from Monks
page
30
30
3Z
CHAP TE R
9.1
3.2
50
54
54
55
56
57
57
69
7S
76
.44
a7
8B
90
92
96
)
a
4Copyright by Mahidol University
CHAPTER IV ! THE LIN6UISTIC STRUCTURE OF TAI SONG
PRONOUNS
4.1
pege
102
tzz
123
vl l
t25
125
4.
4, 3
Semsntic Featunes of PPonouns IOZ
4.1.1 Sementic Featurbs of Proper Psnsonal Pronouns IOZ
4.1.2 Semantlc Featunes of Pronomlnal ly Us€d Nouns 108
Syntact ic Struct,ure of Pronouns 1OB
Gnamnatical Pnocesses of Pronouns 1O9
4.3.1 Pronominalization 1O9
4.3.2 RestricLion of Pronominalizstion fog
4.3.3 Pluralization of Pronouns 111
4,A,4 Pronominal Apposition 115
4.3.5 Genitivization of Pronouns ll7
4.3.6 Reflexivization of Pronouns 12O
4,3.7 Positions of Pronouns in Inf,erroglative 721
4.
4.
3.8
3.9
ConsLruct i ons
Pnonoun I nvens i on
Pronoun Deletion
CHAPTER V ! SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FEATURES UNDERLYING
PRONO}dINAL USAGE IN TAI SONG
5.1 Social end Cultunal Features Underlyingf Social
Roles in Tai Songf
5. 1. I Sex
5. 1. ? Ade
5.1.3 Kinship and Fami ly RelaLionship
5. 1.4 GeneBlogical Distence
125
126
127
127
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5.1.5 TiLles
5.1.6 ReliEion
5.1.7 Occupation
5. 1.8 Ethnic Groups
5. 1.9 Friendship
Social and Cultunal Features Underlyingl
Relat,ionship in Tai Son8f
5.2.1 SolidariLy
5.2,2 Pnesence of Chi ld
5.2.3 Forma 1 i ty
5.2.4 I nt imacy
5,2.5 Ernot,lonal Menife6t,ations
Rules of Pnonominal Usagle
5, 3. 1 Base Rules
5.4.2 Var i Bnt Rules
Ro 1e
vi i i
pa ge
128
tza.
t29
t29
130
1flz5,2
5.3
CHAPTER Vt T IMPLICATION
6.1 tnpl icaiion
6,2 Conc lus i on
BIBLIOGRAPHY
132
t B3
133
134
134
ta7
ta7
139
AND CONCLUS ION 156
156
160
162
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a
LIST OF TABLES
page
Teble 1 ! DisLribuLion of Informations InLeFviewed 19
Accord ing to Sex and AEfs RanEle
Teble 2 s Distribution of Informants lnterviewed 19
Aceord in€l to occupat i on
. Table 3 s Phonemic Repnesentatlon of Tai SonElt
t-̂ UonsonanLs
Table 4 r Phonemic Representet ion of Tai SonElr
5l
52
Vowe I s
Teble 5 t List of Ninghip Terms Employed as Pronouns
Table 6 3 Feat,uresr Symbols and siElnif ication of
57
104
Propen Personal Pnonouns in Tai Son8i
Table 7 ! Distinctive Features 'of Propen Personel 106
Pronouns in Tai sonE
4
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Mep I
Disg'ram I !
F i Sfure
F i Etune
F i Eture 3
F i gune
F I gfur. e
FiEure 6
F i gfure 7
F i Eiure
FiEiure
l:
2t
4t
5!
8!
9:
LIST OF MAP, DIAGRAM AND FIGURES
Msp of the native land of the Tei SonEf
people in the Sip SonEl Chu Tai aFea
The classification of Lhe Tal I anEfuagfe
fan i ly
The Ta i .SonEl' hou6es in the present.
A Tai songt couple in the traditionel
cost,ume for auspicious ceremony.
The Tai Songf woman is weaving unden
her house.
A socerer in lhe /setn'h+en"/ ceremony.
The bridegfnoom and his friends ane payinEl
respect to the brideg'room's relaf,ives.
The bride end her friends Bre paying:
respect to relatives of the bride.
The bridegroom is weenin8f a Elold neeklace
to his bride in the weddingf ceremony.
A soceren in the weddinEl cepetnoDyr
Men and women Bre in process of caprying:
s corpse to the temple.
pe ge
25
26
t2,
22
2e
z4
26
27
2A
29
Copyright by Mahidol University
J
ABBREVIATIONS AND S YMBO LS
t
edv.
CRR
e.gf.
etc.
Ex
i.a.
Ibid
inter.
N.
p.
pBrt.
plu.
adverb
cond it i on of role
example
et c€terB
examp I €,
thet i s
Ibiden (in Lhe sema plBce)
i nten j ecL i on
noun
pa ge
particle
plural
prop. pron. proper personal pronoun
C
quss.
R
RT
s i nE:.
--------->
t]
quesL i on
receiver
referent
s i ngiu I sr
cons i sL of
phonemic transcription
the element within the iraces
must be chosen
occurrence
nonoccurr.ence
aCopyright by Mahidol University
CHAPTER I
I NTRODUCT I ON
1.1 Genena I I nformat i on
1.1.1 ldentificetion
,'The Tai SonEl,. or t,Leo SonEl,. people are en et,hnic
Efroup of the Bleck TBi people (n1QeU1 l,tUoh1: Z5ZA) thst
beEfan a senie6 of miElrations into Thsi lend fnom Nont"her.n
Viet,nam and Leos end set,t, led initlelly ln ietchbuni. The Tai
Songf people, according to the Thai Dictionery (2493)r ap€ B
g:noup of Phu Tai people who llke to we6r black trousers.
Some!imes, people cal I them Song' Dem (1.t5'1) .
We heve often heard sevenal names referningf to these
peopler such as, Lao SonEi, LBo SonEl Darn, Phu Tai Dam! Phu Tei
Songi Dam, Tai Song, TBI SonEi Dam on Tai Dam. etc.
Sathienkoset, ( r dig1tn t 66 stated the
derivation of the different name6,
2509 r 48 )
as fol lowst
The words /son/ (n7\r, 6Ol, ZslnZ (,ti.t),) "-- J
l +, A/sotl/ ( li{) or / swarl/ (u?r il-a d?i) in Tai
Songf have the sems meening: siElnifyinEi
'ftrousen" and /dam/ meaningi riblack,' so the
naDes mentioned abovs signifvtn6 the persons
who wesr black trousens or clothes.
Furt hermore r rrrost peop I e I i ke to use LheCopyright by Mahidol University
ebbreviated name' droppinEl the last part.
At present r theae fBmous people are known by
2 d i f f erent names t Lao Song or Ta i SonEl'.
The laiterl wlih t,he gfeneric "Tsi" statingi
thst f,hey er€, al I Thai people. is t,he
off icial name.
Simi lEnlyr Oednoy ( 1964)
stated that the name "Bleck Tal"
with black blouses or costumes.
explained t,haL someUimes they ane
they came from the Black River.
and Leban ( 1964) also
i6 used to refer to women
ln Bdditione Gedney aEla i n
called Black . Tei beceuse
wicilweihekann tianttffnftt 2504 ! 76-?8) who
intenesfed in the lan$uegs snd people of t,he Tai fBni
stated in his study thatt
As matter of fect ' the Bleck Tsi
people are the seme lfnoup of encient Tal as
the White Tei and the Red Tei. Sone of these
people ane mennied to Chlneseg thus, t,hey look
I i ke Chinese who hsve ryhite comp lex i ons so
they ane celled the White Tai. Generslly' the
Black Tei people usual ly wean dark blue
c I oUhes but, somg may wear red costumes I
therefoner people call t hen the Red Tai.
is
ly
Copyright by Mahidol University
. Niphon Senaphithsk tfluud raurfiiait zszttthat, the name I'Leo SonEl" is only enployed to refer
bel I ved
to the
Bleck Tei who miBret,ed to Peuehburl provincer Thailand. The
locEl p€ople who hev€ been in this aneE ang the Lewa on Lua
es well as ot,hen groups of Lsosl so. th6 Black Tai uho jusL
annived sr.e slso called "LBo SonEf" or,Lso Song Dam', in stead
of,Tai Dam" on,Tei SonEl Dam,. as in forrner times. Besides,
the wond "Lao SonElo may ba employed to nefen to the Black Tei
who live in other provinceg of Thailand, such BBr Lopbur.i;
Nakhonsawanr Nekhon Pathoml Batchbunl or Samuthsakhon. The
Black Tsi who llve in Leoi are still called Tsi Dsm (U.lninr
2521t as ln Laos and Viet,nam.
. Even thouEfh the BlBck Tal people hBve different
names' they ane often cal led 'rlao SonEf, or 'rlao SonEl DEm.'
which refers to their miElnetion fnom Leo. At, present, Lhe
offieial name of g:roup of people is "Tai SonEt" <1nldtl. The
reeson for this termlnolo8iy is to create solidanity among
every ethnlc group in Thai land iden!ifyinEf al1 of then as
Tha i s.
l, L.Z Hi stor i ca I Backgiround
It is belived that the home of tha Tai SonEl is in the
cheo KinEtdom ( o1$1{n1d'lutd1 )r once the cradle of sevepal
ethnic Elroups. AfLer the Mon8lol invasionl the Tei SonEi
Nan
Tai
Copyright by Mahidol University
mi Enat ed to live neer
( ll,a{un\t) r the capital^ I ^- I
( u1,ru6 rdu1l{ nrt 252I).( tOgUttlgut) ln Nonthern Vletnam. Hevin8f enJoyed a peaceful
t
independ€nc€ in the Sip Songl Chu Tai snee untl I 1920 B.E, th€
Black Tel anee wes occupied by the Leotlan anmy from Lu6ng
Phn6 bangf ( dll7ll0 [tltiflfi: 2524, .l!
General lyr the Black Tei people l ive in Kwan8: S i .
Yunnanr Tonkin, in t,he upland valleys of northern Vietnam,
and Leos includingl the eres between Lhe Red and Black Rlvens.
The chief center of the Bleck Tsi peoplE is Son La in
Nort,hern VieLnam. This town is called m+-sn' laa' in Blackl
Tal' and the people and lenguage ane called tay'damt or
t ay'l am' ( Gedney: 1 964 ) .
4
,cf,he 0u Biver (UIU1A) Bt Muang ThaenSfI
{of the Sip Songf Chu Tsi (Un?UdUdAne[il9)t
Muant ThBEng' is now Dien Bi€n Phu
Copyright by Mahidol University
j
,
,
leaBl1)
JtuitztXocWltulo)
aMapIt Map of the native land of the Tai SonEf
sip SonEl chu Tai are6
I'Remarks on the OriElins of Thao HunEl
people in the
Source 3 or Cheuangi" by
Janeg R. Chanhenlsln lr'l Papeng Fnonr q Confenence on
Tai Studies in Honor of Wtlliam J. Gedney, 1986, p.80
: .''---'\- : .--'\.- :
JU.2-Sip Song./.(,
tf.o
and €nilironfituzErllyoy,
,
Copyright by Mahidol University
Migretion to Tha i l and
Througlhout hlstoryt the Bleck
sev€n6l inva6ions from t he Chineser
Laoiien and the Thei of BenElkok. These
dnove them from Lheir n6iive lend and
pnesence in the nol.th of VietnEn' in
Thailend.
Tai people suffened
the Vietnanesar t he
pol iticel pres6ures
eccounted for the i r
Leos es wel I as in
About the yea" ZAZL B.E.' kingt Teksin of Thonbuni was
insult,ed by kingf of Vient iene so kin8l' Tak6in of Thonbuni
ordeped Somdej Chao Phraya !.{aha kasat suk to subdue VientianeI(unrt.)gneu U). Leten in the year ZOZZ Somdej Chao Phreyg
Meha l(eset6uk ordened Luan8' PhrebanEf troops to capf,ure [{uangf
Irlus i t rfiaorifgl Bnd li{uangf Than ( rfiatfiul which ere the eiLies
of the Tai SonEf in the Sip Son€t Chu Tsi (as "Sip Song Chau
Tei" by Lebar). The Lroops ceptured many TBi SonEf end also
Leo WienE| (Vientisne Lao). After thetr Lao WienE were sent
to sett le down in Sareburi ' Ratchburi and Chsnthaburi while
Tai SonEl wene ondered to move down to PeLchburi.
In the yesr 2935, in the reigin of kingi Rama Ir MuanEi
ThsenEl Bnd Muangf Phuen denied the sovereiEinty of VienLiane,
so the kinEi of Vientiane sent his lroop to subdue them end
lhen many Lao PhuBn snd Tei SonEl y{ere ordered to move down to
BanElkok. The Tei Songf wepe sent t,o sett, le down in PeLehbuni.
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
. ln the reiEln of kinEi Rana I I I , in the year ZA7 I B,E,
kingf Anuwon8l of Vientiane tried to free hirnself frorr Siamese
sovereigttty. So kinE Rama lll ordered Phreyg RBchsuphEwedi
to subdue hiur. After t,hat rlBny Tei SonEl 6nd other Lao
fani I ies were sent to Thai land end the othen Laos wene
ordered to I ive in many provincss, sueh BSr Sanaburi 1
Lopbunl, Suphanburil Nakhon Chaisni end Phanat Nikhon (Ufldfinl|)
of Chonburi pnovince whilB the Tal SonEl peopla were sent to
I set,t, le down in petehburi t8? $.rrntr zszgr.
About the yeer 2378 8.8.1 Chao Phraye Thamma (Sombun)
wss ondered by king Rama lll to subdu€ Luengi phpabeng' snd
liluenEf Thaen8l. HavinEf been defeated, ths Tai SonEt and other
Laos wene fonced t,o move down !o Tanbon Tha Raengf <fif UiOl ".,aAmphoe Ben Lsem tifUUf|all of Petchbur.i pnovinca (U.a$gtdns
2s t I ) .
1.1.3 Geogirephicel Loeation
Nakhon PaLhom Prov i nce
Nakhon PEthom is Bbout, 56 ki lometres fron BanElkok by
hi Efhvray end 64 ki lometres by railsey. Adjacenb to t,he north
of it i s Amphoe sonEf Phi Non8f (da.lfida{) of Suphenburi
province, the south is bounded by Amphoe l(ra Thum Baen (ntg?il-
lllju), Amphoe Ban Pheew t fjf UUfif l of Samuthsakhon pnovince ..O
Anphoe BenEf Phee (U'lnUU) of Ratchburi province' the east by
C
*
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s
Amphoe 5ai Xoi t1n:fiag), Ampho€ Bangt Ysi <Uf ,f'lur!t I Amphoe
BanEl t(ruei ('tl1.fflt2tl) of Nonlhaburl pnovinca and KheL Ta Lingfl-Chen ( t?nna\tiu) I Khet Nongf Kheem ( f ln Ua\f U I) of BanEtkok. In
the west is Amphoe Ben Pong <fjfUtil.:> and Amphoe Pho thB Rsn
tttorrll of Ratchbur.i (ru iagvt6t{ ouro*rr zszzr.t
This pnovinces is divlded
l. Amphoe Muangf
Z, Amphoe Nakhon Cha i
3. Amphoe S arn Phran
4. Amphoe l(am Phaeng
5. Amphoe Don Tum
6. Amphoe BanEi Len
Arnphoe Bengf Len lies in the northeEsL of Nakhon paihom
province. The nort,h of Amphoe BanEl Len is bounded by Amphoe
SonEt Phi Nong of Suphanburi and Amphoe Let Bua LuenEl
(a1of?IA2n) of Ayudhaya, the south is bounded by Amphoe
Nakhon Chai Srir Lhe easf, is connected to Amphoe Sei Noi (1IZ-
fiagl of Nonthaburi and the wes! is boundsd by Amphoe Xem
PhaenEf saen and Amphoe Don Tum cdrtaauftta[. zsgz).
Amphoe Bengf Len eompr i ses
1. Tambon Beng L€n
Z. Tambon Bangl LuanEf
3. Tarnbon Bang Ra l{em
4, Tambon Lam Pha Ya
into 6 Amphoes t
ta'rraarfialt
sni <drrnauarfisii)
t dr r nadrlu:rurSsen ( a1 ! flanlBlt!t!du)
( a'l r flaflaufi! )!
(a'ltta ldtau)
15 Tanbons es follows :
<ciruaurlraul
( n 1ualJ't \tIa? $ )
( n1UaU1\r?un'l )
r eiruadruryr >
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
a
5. Tambon Na Ra Phi Ron
6. Tambon XhlonEt Nok Kra Thung
.7. Tambon BanEf Pls
8. Tambon B6nlf Pha Si
9, Tambon Don Tum
10. Tambon BanEt Saj NEtam
11. Tambon Sai Ng:en
lZ. Tambon Hin Mun
13. Tembon Phai Hu ChBnEl
14. Tanbon Nin Phet
15. Tambon Bue Pak Tha
I( nl aut"lr7l|8 )
t riruaoaa lunnlun it )t
t ciruarr .rilnr I
(n1 a!'t {r1u)(nl aoaun!)
!rt(nl all't{ tYtT{t1 )
( n1 a tn7 \t1ll )
( n luarura )
a {r ,(n1 atGJ1ti1{r)!
(nluauaI i7)(nlua!? lnnl )
Arnphoe BanEf Len. Peop I e
l
A Bnief Infornai,ion ConcernirrEf the Anea in this SLudy
Tambon Pha.i Hu Chsng lies in the western peri of
Amphoe BanEf len, Nekhon Pathom provice. The norLh i s
eonnected to Tambon Bang LuanE: (U1\t a?\f ), the souLh is Tambon
Sem NEIBn (d1l\i1ll) of Anphoe Don Tum; the east is bounded by
Tanbon Hin Mun <fiUlal and ths west by Tambon 56 Si Mun (diud-I
lJlJ ) of Amphoe Xan Phaengi Seen.
Tarnbon
fourf,h' f ifth
thi s study t
villaEfes are
sevsnth is
vi I laEfes 1ie west ern psrt of
Phei Hu Changf comprises 7 villaBf€s of which the
and seventh are Tai Song ehosen as sampl iDEfs in
the others are Thai. The fourth and fifth
ealled BBn PhBi Hu chanEt <tjfu1ciyfi1.r) *hil" Lh€
Ban I(o Lek (ri1u!n'tyr5nl. These thneecalled
in theD
Copyright by Mahidol University
10
at Ben Phai
as f ol low!
Hu Chang: snd Ban Ko Lek eonsist of 224 fsm i I ies
i . e. , 662
i.e.' 854
The fourt h
people.
rnals t
femele 3
The fifth vi
people.
male :
femele I
The seventh
vl l leEie 4) comprise6 89 farni liesl
364
29a.l
I laEte (?tl|fl 5)I
compr i ses 93 families'
474
380
vi I I age
of mainland Southeast AsiE. TEi lanEluagies
vsrious counLries all over t,he wonldr but
( TI1I
( 1'[r7l
.e.1 238
?) compri ses 42 families;
peop 1e .
male r 111
femal.e a 127
Thers is a primary school vtitl: 267 st,udents 3 136
malBs and 131 fenalesr 15 teachers t 5 males and 1O females'
together with a Buddhist, temple that comprises 15 monks of
Tai SonEl end 4 Thei nonks.
1.1.4 Linguistic Affilietion
The TBi
feni ly in the aree
are spoken in the
they er.e ma in ly
Ieng'uaEe Fami ly is e signif icant lengfuaEie
referred t,o as the lan8fuaEles spoken in
Copyright by Mahidol University
a 11
j
countrieEt Indie (msinlyl Assam Stet,e)r Burme (Shsn Stete) r
China (Yunnenr NwBnEl Si, Kwaichour Canton and Hainan lsland),
Vietnanr Laos' Thei land 6nd four st,ates in the norUhern part
of uBlaysia <a?g1 inuna t z5z8r.
Lengfus8fss in the TBi fanily heve been clessified inlo
main subdivi6lons that vary in aceordance wlth geoSlnaphical
loce!ionr I iteracy end nonl itenscy by 6cholans Etudying thg
Tei lanEluaEfes. FanEt' I(uei Li ( 1960) | the f Bmous I inEiuist,
divided the TBi lanEtuaEtes into 3 ma jor Efroups es f ol lowt
1. The Southwest ern Efroup
2, The Centnel Efroup
3. The Northern (or Northeestern) Efroup.
His classification is based on thnee types of evidencet
a 1. The distribut ion of vocabulary
2. The distribut,ion of certain special phonoloEtical
features in the vocabu I ary.
3. Specific phonoloEficel development, charecterisfics
of a centa in Elroup.
The Black Tai or Tai Dam' accopding to Li's
clessificationr is in the southwBstern Elroup of Lhe Tai
I anElua Ele f ami ly which wi I I be shown in t,he fol lowinEl diaErams
,Copyright by Mahidol University
a12
I Southpesteraa
II Central
a
ffl Northern
DiaEnam I : The Classification of the Tai LanEfuaEte Fauri ly,
Copyright by Mahidol University
t3
1. 1.5 Some lnt eresfinE Tradition6
Hou6 i nE
General lyr the Tal SonEl people Iike to liva near ons
anothen. Today' it, is difficult to find tpaditional Tal Son,
houses becEuse they hav€ chenged into the locEl Thai housingf
style made of wood vit,h coppuElBtad zinc or cersmic roofing.
one of the neeSons fon chanlte is thsL the speciel kind of
bamboo fop naking roofE i6 very rane. Every house must have
e noom for spirit,B of Lhe ancestors which is called "/ka4.fnlf,: ht1 / st the uestern cornen of the hou66. ln this
room' there is s lit,tle hole in the well for EandinEl food Bnd
watBr to the Eplr.lts of the ancest,ons in t,he "/setnt hiEn'/"
cenemony. When TBi Sonf p€ople giet nanniedr thgy must eome
to pey nsBpect to ths €piritst after the weddinEl cenemony' a
bnidegfroom aill take his br.ide to introduce hen to the
spirits of his ancestors in this room.
Dres s i n8l
In the tnedltionBl Tsi Song dressinSlr e men wearE
black short s t,hat ane cal led /suaq" k ) m" / ( / suaq" / meBns)-)"t,rousers"r and /klm'/ means "short,'i) and e black blouse with
buttons alonE| the fnont side. A woman wegrs /sint,/r which is
a narrow skint' end a bl6ck closef it,t ingf blouEe wit,h tight
long sleeves and lO-2O silver butlons Blong the frorrt side.
Copyright by Mahidol University
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This blouee is called /eie" k2m
Sometlmes; she does not w€Er e
pert of her body in B lonEr piece
of a BlnE|le womBn is Eathergd Bt
-/ (/s*d/ mesns "a blouse").
merrisd womsn has hen top-knot st
h6in is called / Dan" kev" /,
blouse but wrEps the upper
of eolouned cloth. Th6 hein
the top of the head while a
the nepe. The top-knot ted
DuninEl ceremonial occasionsr both men and [omen weal'
black closefi!tingf blou6e wiLh lonEl sleeves cal led /s*e'
hi t' / < /hi 12 / means ,t lon$tt ) . This blouse is long about the
lower hip level end has 2O-3O silven buttons with sh6rp tops
on the front side. The I ininEl of the blouse is decorat€d
with coloun various threads end smEll mirror6. This blouse
can be worn on the 2 sldest the plain side for auspicious
cenemonles and the decorBted side for unfEvoursble
cenemonles. The mBn weans it wit,h the bleck nanr.ow-legfs
tnousens cBlled /suan" hitt/ and the woman with /sin6/ and a)
long piece of cloth around her neck.
AL pnesent, the old people at Tambon Phai Hu ChBnEl
still have their tradition style elof,hinEt but the younEl Tei
Song: peopl,6 dress like local Thai people and some. will dne6s
in the treditionsl Etyls whsn they Elo t,o B cep€lnoDV.
Copyright by Mahidol University
15
Fo od
In dai ly life, moEt
ChanEf is liks local Thai
speclel kinds of food, such
B 6euc€ of presenved fish
n i ce t f i sh or veElst,ab I es .
Tai SonEl food Bt Tambon Phsi Hu
food but t hey 6ti l l hava thein
as, "/c€u! ?+et t latn"/" which ts
and ehi l i r 6aten with Ellut inous
Occupet i on
MosL of the Tai Song p€ople et Tambon Phei Hu ChanEf
eann thein livingf in egnlcultune. Rice farminE ls their
majon occupation. 0ther occupat ions ers ElerdeninEli smBll
t r.ader pork rsisinEf snd rsisinEf En6ll animels. Some Tai SonE|
ara minor civi I senvent,s. Aft,er finlshinEi thein big jobs,
some may heve side jobs to earn extra mon€y. The prefenred
slde jobs are wBavingi (for the women) end ferm lebor and
Eeneral lBbor (for the men).
The occupat ion of the TEi SonEl
2531r g)can be shown ss followsr
f6rming rice
Elarden i nEf
prawn f6rn i nEl
commer c e
an ima I ra i s inEl
D {i ,( ll.lU t Al i'l \t,
7t z
?%
20
4X
3%
vduauulutn'lutan
Copyright by Mahidol University
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1.2 Objective of th€ Study
The object lve of th€ study iE to descrlbe the u6aSfe
of pronominal form6 in Epoksn TEi Sonf. This study pt'€6ent6
grarnrnaiical end 6ociel f €at,ures lncludinEl 6ocial and cultunal
espect,s that gfovsrn t he pronornine I usagles.
1.3 Scope of the Study
I . Thi s study i s an at,tempt t,o present t,he use of
pnonominal forms in Spoken TBi SonSf aL Ban Phai Hu Chsn$ and
Ban Ko Lek in Tanbon Phai Hu Ch6ng. Amphoe BanEllenr Nekhon
Pethom 3
2. In uhi6 t,hesisr pronouns are defined as pePsonal
pronouns that, are used t,o refer to the salfr to persons
spoken to end to pgrsons spoken ofr togeLher with various
iypes of nouns which are employed as pensonel pronouns.
1 .4 Uethodo I oEty
It ls t,rue that e speaker wiII not, use the satrle
pnonoun with his different conver6atlonal penuner6. The
choice of pronominel useEle tYi1l vany accondinSl to socislr
economlc end educstionel beckEfnound of communicators. So Lhe
daf,a gst,herinEl on pronouns employed by speakers in Tei Songl
must be mads frotrl various sociel Elnoups and differenL age
ranEles.
Copyright by Mahidol University
t'la
1.4.1
Tho
Epeskers as
Informat i on Collect inEl
daLa for this study were courpiled fnom t,he Tsi SonEf
folloYsr
I
1.4. l. I Informsnis FormBI ly Interviewed
The informents fonm6l ly interviewed compnised two
soclel Sfroups of Tai Song speakers in Tambon Phei Hu Chang,
Anphoe Ban6f lene Nakhon Pabhon provincer non-monks and monks.
- The Non-Monk I nfontrlents
lfe axpect t hat occupBtlon snd education may Eiovern
the choice of pronominal u6aEe in Tai SonEl. Therefor€r the
inforrnants were chosen as nepr3sent atlves of different
occupations and educational backgir.ounds. The infonmants vere
clessified into 3 gfpoupsr the non-professionaI, semi-pnofes-
sional end t,he professionel. The non-professionel Elpoup
consist,ed of uneducated people end people who hBve hed fornel
educat,ion in school up to grade 6 on ?. They wars menchBnts,
farmensr monksq Seneral workersl end people wonkingf on ponk
farrrsr duck ferm6 6nd pnewn ferms.
The semi-professionel Elroup was comprised of
studentsS the high-school student,s were fnom Karl Pheengf Saen
school' while other.B were sf,udylngi fop diplomes ln thee
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
18a
technical and comDeFciBl college on for bach€lonr6 de$r.ees in
Nakhon Pethon Teachers' Col leEle. Th6 profeeslonal Etroup
con6isted of +,eache!.st thein educaf,ional bEekgnound wes in B.A.
- The Monks
wet Phai Hu changt <in'ldrafirl> r a Buddhist t,ernpr6 inTambon Phai Hu Changf , has bean l,ritt, fo.86 ye6r.s. There are
19 pnlests in the tenplet only TBi Song monksr who erej low-rankingf Donks, uere choBen as samplindfE for t,hi8 study.
1.4,1.2 Informants Inforrnal ly Int,et.viewed
At Tambon Phai Hu ChBnE ther.E ene vsnious ethnic-
rsl iEfious gfroups. They ere thB Chinese. /b)tt cako/ and ths
Thei, /b)t" koz.i'/. Bot,h Tai SonEl and non-Tai SonEf people
were informal ly interviewed for their usagie of pponouns in
convsnsation with the speakers of Tai SonE.
a
tCopyright by Mahidol University
a
+Teble I ! Di€t,ribution of
Lo Sex and Ag:e
Informat ion6 lntervieved Accord i n!,
RanBa
Profess i ona I
OccupEt ion
Tesch€r
Number
3
t9
Sex \ AEte 10 - 20 2t-30 31 - 4() 4l 50 over 50 tote I
Male
Fena 1e
6
3
I
t2
5
3
3
4
17
t4
39
36
Sem i -Profess i ona I St ud ent
a Non-Profess i ons I
Pork ReisinEf
Duck RaiEinB
PPawn FBrm i nEf
Fsrmer
GenerBl WoPksr
Mer c hant
Monk
2
3
I
43
I
7
I
Distribulion of
to 0ccupat i on
a
Table 2 : Informant,s Interviewed Accond i ngf
Copyright by Mahidol University
20
1,4.2 Field Techniques
The rnet,hods thBt v6r.e employed for dete collect inlf
wsret formel end informsl int€rviewB Bnd dlrect recondirrgg
of ect ua I useges.
1.4.2.1 Fonmel I ntErv i ess
An inforrnEnt who wes lnterviewed ues ssksd in Th6i
which pnonouns he or she enployed in 6pe6kingt with his on her
conve'rEational pBrtner6 on dlffenent, occesions. A malB
wonkapr for example, wes finst asked t,o Eiive self-inf or.metion
of eElet plece of birth, soclo-€conomtc back8fround, I ingiulstic
beckgiround t oElBther vith fanl ly beckEtnound. Aft,en that, he
wBs asked which pronouns he gtenenElly used in speskinEf with
the membens of his family, frlends, teachers, non-sc quB i nt6nc6s
and monk6. His fnlends included Bcqu6int ancesr intimaLe and
very int, imat,e fr i end6.
1.4.2.2 Infonme I I nLerv i ews
lnfonmal lntervlews were uith non-Tel SonElt Chinese
and Thei people. They were EskEd in a cBsuel style about
some pnonominal usege ihat, they used to speek to TEi SonEf .
To examine some daia thBt came from t,hese non-Tsi SonEl
informsnt sl t,hus, inf,erviewingt Tai Songt informant,s elso ar€t
i nterv i ewed .oCopyright by Mahidol University
2t
1,4,2,3 Persona I Observat i on
Personal obsenvelion wes a cu€ to verify the data
thet occured in formal and informel interview6, dlrect tape
necordinEi of convenseLions was employed.
1.5 The Ben€fits of the Study
The i nve st i Elat, i on of pronouns
di6cuss the pnonominsl refepence in
deseription in this study eonsist,s oft
this thesis is toSonE. The date
in
Tai
1. A description of the charect€ristic6 and use of thepnonominal fonms, includinEl the t infuistlc slructune ofSpoken Tai SonE.
. Z, A El'uide for. further studies of pronomi.nal usBEles
the other dialects of Tai or the other minority lengluagtes
the provinces to manifest soclBl and culturel backEfnound
the people in thet society.
in
in
of
3.
bring out
Songi I i f e
forms.
It is hoped that Lhe anBlyEes in this study will
siEfnif icant socisl and cultunsl features in Tai
which 6r.e reflecied in the choice of pronominal
tCopyright by Mahidol University
FiElure 1 ! The Tei Sonf houses in the present
Copyright by Mahidol University
2Sa
a
t
Flgfure 2 t A Tai Songi couple ln the
for auspicious ceremony
trad it i ona I costume
aCopyright by Mahidol University
FiEfure 3 I The Tai Song roman is ueavinEl
t
unden her house.
Copyright by Mahidol University
F.iEure 5 r A socerer in the /setnth+an"/ ceremony
Copyright by Mahidol University
26
FiEfure 6 r The bn i deglroom 6nd
to the bn i deEfroom' s
his frieDds ane payingl nespect
relat,ives.
The bride and
relatives of
her friends are payingi respect to
the bride.
Fi Eune 7 3
Copyright by Mahidol University
27a
)
a
F i Eure I 3 The br i degroom is
hir bnide in t he
weaningi a EfoId necklace
wedding cePerlolry r
to
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
zaa
J
aI"I
\.dilb{^r\-.=-----c
j-g-
Figure I 3 A socerer in the weddingl ceremony
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
a 29
a
a
R>1
a
Men and women
eorpse to the
ene in process of
temple.
F i Eiure 10 s cennying a
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
j
CHAPTER I I
THE I Ii,IPORTANCE OP THE STUDY AND SURVEYS OF RELEVANT L I TERATURE
Z. I I mport,ence
Langtuage I s an impontant meBns of undgnstand ingi
infornation about the speaker, includin8f hou Lhe speaker
esteblishes snd maintains social neletionship with oLher
p6ople (Trudgi I l: 1974). It is a form of sociel behavion
which is used by hunBn b6in6' in a Bocial context to
connunicate their needsr idees and emot ions t,o one another
( Labov I 1971 ) .
Each lenEluege must have its oyn sy6t,en which people
unden6tend and cen conmunicate with sach oth6n within Uhe
apeech coDmunit,y. Hence' I inEluists attempt to work out the
rules of lenEfuBBies becauBe ihey bslieve thet fhe variat ion of
languaEfe u66Efe comes from the lanEluBge stnucture. Some
I inguists found t hef t,he different use of lan8luBgle not only
depends on l enElusEle structurer but elso is concerned with
social structure because they find vanietlon6
idiosyncrasie6 of the speech of individuBls conditioned by
Eociety. The latten is a sociolingulst'E point.of view.
Generallyr linguists discovar Lhe system of lsnguagfe
by usinEl data that, was Elat,hered fnom veny few individualst
while sociolinE:uists who hsve normal ly accept,ed the system in
a I snEluagle will derive e lin8luistic system from the date of
natunal speekln6t (or natural wnitingl) ralher than eliciLingl
a
or
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
31a
it fnom inforoants.
expands into soclal
sociel structune es
1971).
They bel i ave
cont,extua I
wel I es the
t hat the study of lanEtuage
units whleh cBn mEnifest
I BnEfuaEf6 syst,sm ( F i 6hrlans
The st udy of I angfuagie in a social context by
soclol inEluist6 is the study of t,he I inEfuistlc mateniel
produced within the structurB of the society. It DBv6
l, speclel attention to the lvsy in which panticulBn
charactenl6tics of t,he society affect the structures of
veriat ion and ehanfe of !he lBngfuagfe spoken, Bnd, conven6ely,
to t,he wey in which different u6es of languag:e and diffBrenu
att itudes Ebout it,6 verieties affect the int ernal dimensions
end foncas of the reciplent community ( Levanderat 1988).
It is aecepted th6t t,he difference of langfue8fe usE is
defined by socio-cultural faetors. msinly, aRgr s€x;
occupBt ionr education and social status. In lsnEuager the
variation of pronominal ussgfe, especially pBnsonal pronouns,
depends on these soc i a I fact,ors. The use of persona I
pronounsr which relet,es to people, veries accordlnEf to the
int erlocutor or referent which is cheracteri zed by a socio-
cultural context theL affects the choice of pronominel form
of a speaker. Each pnonoun vanience cgn reveel aggr sElXr
occupetion, social stBtus, kinship and fani ly relBt ionship,
iniimacyr respect r emotion, attitude and of,her soci6l factoFs
that reflect and indicate social and cultural faetures within
I
tCopyright by Mahidol University
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the speech comnunity. Thus, the investlBetion ofpronouns in thiE thesis will mske us saa
6ocio-cultural aspects of Tai SonEl ane showed in
speech and how eech ven i ence i s def ined
chareeferistlcs that govern the spe€ch behavion of the Tei
S onE.
2,2 Pnevious Studies of PnonounB in Thai
PnonounB have been studied and analyzed in aany
leng'ueg'es of various languagie farri lies for many yeers.
Before the pnesentet ion of the Tai Song pnonouns in this
thesisr a bniaf Eurvey of rvork concenninEf pronouns should be
discussed so that the investiElaLlon of pronouns in this study
will continue the effort of esnlier work. In Thei land. the
studies of pronouns by ElrammsriBns and scholars of l anEluaBfe
ane rest,ricLed io BanEkok Thai. To relate t,his study to thepreviou6 pronominal studiesl the discussion of Lhe Thai
pronouns should be offered.
Tei SonEl
how the
individuEl
by social
pronouns in itsGi lmsn ( 1960 ) .
An original and serious study
context wes studied by Brown
of
andsociEl
This
addness
study describes the semantics of pronouns of
in European langfuegfe, mainly Fnench, German and
Italian. The two address fonm6 in European languegieg are
tulvos in LBt,inr tu/vous in Frenchr tulvoi in ltelian, Lulvos
in Spanishr du/sie ln German or t,hou,/ye in Engf l ish, and these
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
sre nepnesentsd by a.o*r,:fflf Slt$*!t "= T/v. These two
,
addness form6 Bre conditioned by t,he "power. and "solidanity"
dltrl€nsionE whlch affect the choiee of pnonominal usaEfe Es
T or V. In s case of the power dimension siEfnifyinEl the
pronoun of addressl the fron of address will be nonrecipnocal
T-V between per6on6 of unBquBl powen (the superior' uEingi T
and receivingf v). The vaPious sociel compon€nts t hBt effect
Dower are phyEicBl 6t rBngfthr wealthr 6RBr 58)(r and an
lnstitutional ized role in the church, the stater the ermy' or
Lhe fanily. On the ot hsr handr tf the solidarity dimension
has won over t,hs power dln€nsionr the addrsss form will be
mutuel V or T betrreen persons of equivelent, powen. The social
sementic compon€nt s of soderit,y come from I ik€-mindedness or
simllar behevion disposltlons in political membership' family,
nel iEion. pnofessionr sex on birthplece.
In Letin ant,iquity there was only "tu" in the
sinElular. The plural "vos" as e form of sddress io one person
was finst n€fenned to the emperor. The use of the plurel t,o
the empenor begen in the fourt h centuny. By that, iimer there
wene two empenonBt one had hls seet ln Constantinopler and
the other sat in Romel thusr t,he vos form implies plunaliLy.
By medievel timesr the nonneciprocel T/V usaEle ceme f,o show
poweF relationshipt t,he uppen classes used T with the lower
classes buf, received v. such BSr converEBtiorlE between
cusf,omer and wsiterr parent and sonr employer and employse or
officer and soldier. The firsL will addnass the other with T
16649 l&c43+X
a
a
tlCopyright by Mahidol University
?4a
buL neceive V. Laterr t,he use of t,he non-reclprocal T/V Lo
expness pow€,r decneased end nutual T and v wene employed
insteadi bhe Dutual T shows 60lidarit,y while the muiual V is
nonsol idarit,y. For exampler in EpeakinEl between parent and
sorr maEten to feithful sErvent on elder bnother to youngfer
brother, peopl€ will recipnocate Ti while between customer
and waiterr officen and soldien, on employet' end amployeet
t,hey wi1l reclpnocete V. LloreovePr the choice may also vary
irt the oLher sociel charectenistics. The interlocutorB' for
ex6mple' usuelly necipFocBte V but, if both are emotlonal one
may addness the other with T.
After Brown and Gilman's study' Lhe investigation of
pronouns oecured in of,her langfuagles, such asr Fishen's sludy
pnonomina I useEl'e in Japanesee on the study by Friedrich in
the Rus6ien pronominBl useg:e (Patakornkul: 1972>, In
Thailand, pronouns have been described by many ElPammariarrst
the fol lowinEi is a brief discussion of Thal pronouns3
The sLudy of pronouns by si lBpasarn ( u?Yg'l Qtlfinaaild'|z
2514 t 32-38' 13l-l3z) investiEfated the whole itr.lrtt'"r"tr
feetures of St andend Thai. In Silapasarn's morphologicsl
sectionr "pnonoun6 are words that nepresent rldrlgsr To
escape nepeat ingfr s noun or noun phrase menL i oned or
understood B pronoun is employed to replace it"'
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35a
Pronouns! accor.dinEf io S i lapsgBrrr, ape
into 6 caf,eElorlest per6onal pronouns ( 1t?'lid?11,lll'llj ) r
cle6sified
nelative!
pronouns (thufiuoditl,tu1!) r dis!ribut,ive pnonouns tiatnd:tuurll,
demonst,rative pronouns <flald??uu1l). indefinit,e pronounB
( aflgxdT1uu'ut) end lntennoEfative pronouns (:lqc$1d1Tlu1l, ) .
As fon pensona I pronouns r th€y ane words whi ch
repr66ent personE in 6 conv€rsstion or discus6ionl they may
* replBce a sendenr neceiver or neferent of the f irst,i second
or third penson. Each pensonEl pponoun covor6 sGlxr numben
and csse. Whan usinEl pronounsr a speaker essent iBl ly
considens t,he qu6 l ity of ihs sntecedent thet e pronoun
, replaces. lf Uhe noun an+,ecedentr fon exemplEr is malet
slnEiulanr he mu6t select the pnonoun which is proper for a
singile malei furLhar; a pronoun which showa cB€ie t hat' modifies t,he noun entecedenf,r can reveal t,he status of the
addressee or referent as in
av
/narj si:
Mr. neme
"lrlr. Sil he
v/na, j s i r
Mr. name
"Mr. Si ' he
t"l:r, rlrr ""Jnzhe tell I
told me"
ktgw bl ! k
he tel l
told ne ?"
c flrl/
I
aCopyright by Mahidol University
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v\/nasj sis men bxtk /
It{r. nBme it tell
"Mr. Si' it, told (me)".
It i6 appBrent, thet the pronouns /Lharr./, /khaw/ "he"
and /mer./ " it," which come sfter Uhe titl€ /r.sti/ "Mr." endV
the nsme /si./ 'Si" siElnify the different ststus of the
ref6ren! eccordingf to the spsskeP's feel inEl. It shows lheLi
the refen€nt who is referred by /t"atn/ recelves respectv
rst,hen than that refeFred by /khaw/ arrd /man/.
/man/ menifesf,s the least respeef,.
The term
To reBard
speaken express es
singnificant fsctor
ihe social ststus and respect thab
towerd his irtterlocutor or referent is
in us inEr pensonal proncruns in Thai.
a
e
Like the sLudy by Si lBpasannr Phenthumetha (u77QU
fiuorlOir 2514) wrote about pronouns in her bookr The
Characteristics of Thei. She defined pronouns as words that
replace nouns. To avoid repeet inEl rlounB many timesr pronouns
will be enployed in their pleces. Pnonouns in Phant,humetha's
work ane classified liks those in the work of Silapasern'
Phanthumet,hB elso explained lhBt the use of personal pronoung
musf, vary accord ing' to s€x r numben and stetus of
int,erloeutors. l{hen referring to self' person spoken lo or
person spoken of, Thai speekens often uGe kinship termst
!iiles, occupational Lerms as wel l as personal nBmes as
Copyright by Mahidol University
37t
t
pronounsr instead of personal ppoDourtsr ln Thair the kinship
tepms ars employed in order to express Effec!ion and create
fami I ienity Bmon$ relatives and non-kins. Only the terns
/Ler/ "(meternal) Efrandfet,er"i /JatJ/ "(matennal ) Eirand-
mot her"r /lu/ "older brothen of perents", /par/ "older sistar
of penents" , /rrst / "mother's younEler brother on sister" or
/pni't/ "older bnother or sistsn" are employed in calling
non-kln6 on non-acgua i ntencas but pat,grnal kinship t,erm6 such
as /pur/ "(petennsl) Efnandfstsr'r, /jea/ r'(peternal) gpand-
mot hen" o? /?a, / "fetherIs younger brother or Eistenrr 6re not
u6ed in addressinEi non-kins or non-acqua i ntBnce6.
In 1969r Cempbal I sUudied pronouns by reElBrdin€t
distribut ion and function whieh occur in cleuses on
sentences. Pronouns, accordinEl to Campbel l1 are words whieh
stand for nounsl thus, they are defined as "noun substitutes.
"Both nouns end pronouns share simi lerity of funcLions.
In "Noun Subst it,utes in Modern The i t. A St,udy of
Pnonominal ityr " Campbel l enployed I inEfuistic mat,enial thaL
comprised eiEfht hours end forty five minutes of tape recorded
t,elevision and rsdio panel discussions and interviews which
vrere recorded in BBngikok in 196O and 1961. This sLudy
concenns funet,ion and distnibution of the verious types of
Thai pronouns in their rols as noun substitutes. In spite of
f,he fsct thaL nouns and pronouns ere similBr in funct ion,
there ane some rest r i cL i ons that separet e nouns from
a paonouns. one rBstniction is that attnibute fonrns such as
Copyright by Mahidol University
38a
v\/suaj/ "pretty", /3ei/ "bigf" end /dil/ ngood, csn modify
nouns but, they csnnot nodify pronoun6. The of,h€r
re6triction6 are thBt one chBrectEnistic of interroEfetivesr
nelat ivss and demonEtratives 6hare cleuse funct,ion with nouns
and in lhe ot her chanacteristic. t hev have Lhe Bdditional
funciions. The lnt errogfetiver for exemple t /khrg i/ "who"t
when it functlons ss an indefinlLe pronounr is similar f,o e
IrouDr but when it iE an interrofative PFortounr which may
a funct ion as subi€ctr obieci' obJect of preposition or
glenit ive rel6t ion t,o B noun in B clause' it wi I I slSnal
qussi i on.
As demonstnative Dl.oDouDBr the words /'ri,/tAl ^l/,farr/, /nan/ ) /rf,oa,f,/ Brrd /rroiIr/
funct,ion es objects of verbsr obiects of pnepositions or
followers of t,he word /kwar/ "more". These words wiII share
funct,ions with Thei nouns. but when they ere demonstrative
adjectives tha! nodify nouns on noun phnases to indicate
spetiel or temporal location of the nouns in relation t,o the
speekerr they Bre a secondary framrnatical function. The
nelativ€s eonsis! of relat ive pronouns and forms which ane
not rglatlve pronouns. Only the PelBtive pronouns thet
function es the subiect or obieet of the pnedicate cleuse are
defined as noun substitutesi the othen neletivesrfor example,
/L"i,/ may function as a nounr clBssifierr pnspositionr or
relaf,ive conjunct,ion bu! is not, used as noun substitute. The
distnibution end function of personaI pronouns differs from
/,iit/
i
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
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relat,iver interroElBtive' and demonstrative pronounsl thBy may
funct ion as the subject of a clauser object of e venbr obiect
of a preposltionr apposiLion f,o a nounsr apposition t"o oiher
personal pronounsr or in Efenit ival reletion to nouns.
Personal pronouns in Thei have various forms to nefer Lo
selfl to ihe p€)r6on spoken to or the person spoken of. The
choice wi I I vary accordinEf t,o LhB real or imegiined social
ststus of t,he speaken and his audienc€.
64-66) of The Inten-sentence RalaLions in Modenn ConversB-
tionBl Thai involved B description of the whole system of
Thai. A part of this work is explained in The The i
St,ruciure 3 Grammauieal Systam. In thi s study, pronouns sre
. They can subst it ute
w if,h nouns " .
Even thouElh pponouns csn be put, in t,he position of
nouns, there are differences between themt the fonmer cannot,
be nodified by edjecLives but the latter cart. she explained
tha€ 'the choice of pronominel usag'e in Thai must considen 3
siglnif icant socisl cateElonies s intimacyr social status, end
seniority of inLerlocutor and referent. In Thair there are
fonms of pnonouns to tsxpress t,he deEiree of inLimacyr for
examplel if the nelationship between speech participBnts is
inLimater types of pnonouns which ane employed will be
distinguished the pronominel forms used by partcipants who
tlAn interestinEl study by Panupon€l (a6Un[ ,11$un91 2522 |
descnibed as "a sub-class of nouns
nouns or occur in the same posiLion
Copyright by Mahidol University
40
are nou intimat,e. FurLhBrr socisl stetus cen charecLerize
papt icipBnts ar lower, upperr or equal class wiLh the
speeken; end it effect s the choice of pronorninal fonm6.
Participants who Bre in the Esme cla66 will us€, pronounE
differently from persons who come fron different clasaes. The
choica mu6t dapand upon the eEl€ of th€ addnessee. Fon
exanple; when speakin8l t'o e seniorr Thai speBkers vill not
use the pronouns /lue/ or /nstj/ 'youn and in refenring to
themselvesr the terms tk"itt "I" or /?ew/ " I. we" will not
be emp I oyBd.
Of these
tell which is
depend on tha
spsaker csnnot
pronoun may be
firdf, pnonouns
pronouns such
/k"wn/ "you",
thr€e socisl cateEiories' it i6 difficult to
the most importent social cat,eEoryl it muet
situauion duringi discussion. Perhaps, if a
decide which pronoun he should selectr the
omiLf,ed in speekingf. It is Bpperent Lhet the
wi I I be paired with their second personv ,./
as /chan/ "l' I /Lb '/ xyou" t /di .^nen/
or zr), "
"Jrrz\\
"l" | /fat bett/ "you" i when
usinEf pronounsr they nust be seleeted correctly. ln
t,ionr kin Uerms in Thai can be employed pronominal ly.
addi-
ln 1968r a study by Cooke ebout Pnonominsl Reference
in Thai, Burmese, end Vietnamese dlscussed fonms, meening end
usagle soncernin8i personal pronouns snd other types oi nounE;3
kintyDe nouns ( i.e. kin terms and staLus terms) and name
nouns. Pansonal pronounsr accondingf t,o Cooker are considerad
Copyright by Mahidol University
41a
in usindi with ell three persons but pronominal ly used forms
are eoncentrBted in first on second person conLexts. The
d6ta f or a I I tht'ee langluaSles wes den ived f nom inf onmant,s
Logethen with sone written meteriels end I itereny works.
,
forms
denote
us ed
person
In Thair F€rsonBl pronouns sre defined semBntical ly as
which heve differentation of person. They usuelly
only firstr secondr or thind pgr6on but pronominBl ly
forms may denote themselves as Uh€ finst or 56cond
dependinEf on the context.
I
Thene ere severBl fonms of personal pronouns in Thai.
Some forr6 may be restricted to sex on BEie. such aE the term
/Lua/ "ybu", which is only used by women and chi ldren| somel
heve ambiguity in personr for exemple lkts/ arrd /L"itn/ cen
be employed either the second or third person. ReEfBrding
pairsr t,he first person personal pnonouns are paired uiLh the
second person such es /gnom/ "Irme" with /khun/ "you", /kul /
"lr me" wtth /rnirj/ "you". Personal pnonouns are plurelized byl
meens of Lhe prsposed word lp"iak/ "8fnoup" .
l(int,ype nouns which comprise kin t,enms end status
terms are often used ss pronominal references. Whsn kintype
nouns are emphasized as numerat,ive expresslonsr the wondA
/p'iak/ "gfroup, will precede Lhem or occesionally they mBy be
reduplicated. The kinLype nouns may be used fol lowingi tit les
a Lo indicat,e propsr respecLr and both kin t,erms and stetus
Copyright by Mahidol University
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term6 can be used as titles prscedinEl name nouns. General ly,
nsme nounsr which Bne derived from giiven names end nicknBmasr
Bre u6ed pronominal ly in Thei. and in speakinEi' kintype noun6
and nBrtle nounEi Br€r paired with personal pponouns such ssV^
/phom/ "Ir rnE'r paired with /phftl "you (fBthen)" . used by 6
son speakinEl to his fether.
In Thair ihe social factors such as ager sexr renk,
kin nelation6hip, lntimacy end nonrestneint aff ect, the use of
pronounB. The differencss of the ident,ificst ion of
interlocutons t hat ene conditioned by ihe6e factors will
determine .t he choice of pronominal forms which reflects some
important aspecis of ThBi culture. IL is found thet if a
speaker cannot deuermine the choice of pronominBl forms,
pronouns may be omit,ted in speakinEl.
In Burmeser pensonal pronouns are defined semgn-
iicelly as disUincL from pronominal ly used nouns. The former
unambiEluously denoie firstp second; or third person; but Lhe
latter msy denot e fir6tt secondl or third person dependinB: on
f,he context. There ere special plural mankerg which
dist,ingluish pronominel fnom nomimel usagie. Pensonal pronouns
and pronominal ly used nouns ane plureliz€d only by mesns of
the postposed pronominsl plural fo?m /dov{q/ r but in nominal
use they teke ths nominal plurel ize"s /-Lweyv/ "gl'roup" or
/myax/ "many".
Copyright by Mahidol University
There are many fonms of personal pronounsl some ere
nestnict,ed to women and children end the attnibutive /-rl.eq/
is modified to sigfnify female sex in some Burmese per.sonel
pnonouns. ln the spoken langfuagfer there is only /euv/ "he,
she" for the third penson which cen ba used by both mBle and
femele.
l(intype nounst kin terms snd status term6 at.e
fnequently used in Burmese, and they mey function as t,it les
pnecedingi names nouni two titles which precade name nouns ane
called pr imery and secondary. Primany tiLles will be put
before neme nouns Bnd t hey imply Mr., Mps., Mssterr. on Miss
in EnEtl ish' but seeondsry titles occur before primary tii,les
thBt have ordin6ry nominal meeninEfs such es kintype nouns
have elsewhere. Most Kin terms may be redupl icated Lo show
endearmenL or respect end ere nodified by /Lyix/ "bigi, gfreet"
to indica€e added nespect by the speakerr or by /-leyx./
Lo express added intimacy or Iess stetus differEnce
between speaker snd eddressee. Funther, neme nouns, Eiiven
nanes end ni cknames; may be redup I i csLed but the
unredupl icef,ed given names are Elenersl ly preceded by titlest
while nieknames ane not usually preceded by Litles, they are
frequent ly redup I i cated.
K i nt erms
Burmesa, and f,hey
in
be
and
ane
status terms ere Elenera I ly used
also used is titles, l{in ierms csn
Copyright by Mahidol University
44
employed as t,itles
numorativeE thst, ane
precedinE numena l s
often found in this
ln the forms
I enEluage.
of kin
The pronominel usegf€
deEfPss of aBer sexr nank and
ehoice of pnonominal forDs.
know infoPmation ebout sEie, or
of inf,inecy to eB6ume with his
omitt€d.
in Burmese is eonditionad by
lntimacy which ref lectE the
PerhaDs if e sDeaker doeEn't
he is doubtful to the de8fnee
interlocut,orr pronouns msy be
preposed
abro I ut e
ln VietnBmese, t,her€ ane speclal pronominal plural
markers that distinguish personel pponouns fnom pnonominel ly
used nouns. Persongl pronouns can be divided into two
subclasses. The f inst, is plunaliz6d by meens of a
,t cnurrd / "Efroup' but tha second cBn st,and a lone as
pluneI personal pronouns. Pronominel ly used nouns aneIplunelized by e preposed /cecl "Eiroup". Some plunalized
first pensonal pronouns may include the eddressee; such as
/chunEl t6tl 'you and 1", and some includo other persons (but
exclude ths addresse€) | such "r U "
"rlrrEt +.ao/ "I / he, she or
they".
The pronominel usaEe in Vietnamese is det ermined by
facLors of sbetus and inf,imBcy. The main fecLors affeci inEf
sLBt,us are aEler social rank. and kin nank; the chief faetors
affecting intimacy are kinship, friendship, stetus Bnd sex
which result in the choise of pnonominal forms.
Copyright by Mahidol University
45
In f,he three lengiueE:es ' the principal 6ociaI factorE
that affect the use of pronounG are w€althr egfer kin rankt
and soclal nankt including int imecy which depends on factors
of fsrni ly on fniendship associatlon' sex' and nelative aEfs.
Each lenElua$e has tenms which express intimacy end
non-int imecy. If a speaker snd sddnessBe are non-intimBte,
the form of pronoun will revesl respecLful bshavior. ln
Bunmeas and The i r som€r forms of penEona I pronouns sre
restnicted to women and chi ldnen. It is found that kin rank
is t,he most important in Vietnemese. Both kin tenms and
stetuB terms sne often used as titles in these languaEfes. In
cont,nastr Thsi does not have speciel pronominal plural
msnkens like Burmsse end Vietnanesei kintype noun6 in Thai
ere used fol lowinEl titles fo expness pnoper regpect. In
Bunmese r t hene are personB I pronouns whi ch make sex
distinctionr and in the spoken lenguagfe there is one term of
e third person personal pronoun which can be used by e men or
woman. Many kintype nouns are nedupl icated to express edded
fniendliness on intimacy. BoLh Burmese and Vistnamese have
speciBl pronominal plural mankensr but Vistnamese hes
inclusive and exclusive first person plural meaninEls' and
titles Bre ElenerBl ly omiLted in ths pronominel usaEle.
In a study
descr i bed pronom i nB I
socio-1 in8luist lc point
compi led from direct
of pronouns by Palakornkul (1972)
usaEfe in spoken Ban8fkok Thai fnom a
of view. The data on f,his study were
obsenvations of verbal interaction of
Copyright by Mahidol University
46
BanEfkok Tha i speaker s
wl'itten ThBi end in I
Pnonouns, aecordingf to
are def ined as follow3
and pronominal forms whish are used in
itenBny txorks by cont emporany writ,ers.
Pal6kornkul tdlnru a,a..|ntna lg72 , 34)
Pronouns are terrrs t,hat are used to
refer to a senderr receiven of a mssseEle or a
referenL referred t,o in a massaEle in speech
commun i caL i on. They may be ce I I ed f i rst ,
second end third person.
The use of pronouns in Thai can be classified into 2
Efroups3 pensonal pronouns proper toEiether with noun or noun
phnase employed pronominal ly. The first Elroup consists of
words that are generel ly monosyllabic and have different
forms in first, second and ihird penson. The second gfroup is
comprised of kin terms, pseudo kin termsr teknonymy, personal
nBtllpsr friendship termsr occupaLion termsr titlesr foreigfn
loan words, words end phrases specially employed to refer io
spouser and special vocabulary used in speakinEl to or by monks.
Whi le us ingi pronouns, parLicipants are siEfnif icent
componenis in the interpersonal csmmunicat ion processes. The
speech role of panticipants may be as sender, receiver on
referent who may on may nol be in the convensstion. In
addition, communicat in8f participants ane marked by social
nole(s) that each of them occupies. Each sociBI role is
Copyright by Mahidol University
47t
a
determined by underlying sociBl and eultursl charactenistics
thaL indicale Thei cultune snd its social st ructure. When e
speaker employs pnonounsr he eEsentially selects a pronoun
which is appropri6t,e to the condition of Lhe role
nelationship of hiE interlocutor or nefsnsnf.
The stratBEly employed in pronominal useg:e consists of
I ingfuist,ic rules and socio-l inEfuist ic rules. The formen er€t
the nules which siEfnify the gnammar of pronounsl t,he latter
are the rules t,haL indicaie social epproprietensss of usaEfe
det,ermined by Eociel and culturel fectorsl these trro rules
which underl ie the native communicstive cornpetence of a
speeken indicat,e the real istic 6tructural descniption of
pronominal stretegy in Thai. The pronominel systems used in
intenpensonal communicat lon comprise Z processes
pronominel izat ion end social marking:. Pronominalization is
employed to manifest a lineuistic process of e noun on noun
phrsse referringf to a sendenr receiverr or refereni into an
abst,ract t ingluistic E+PROl. Sociel merkinEl is used to chsnga
Lhe abstract t+PRol into a socially marked fonn l+pnonounl.
This sociel and I inEuist ic [*pronoun] has many vsnients in
the pnonominal systemE in Thai. Each van i ant is deterrnined
by the social role(s) and the role relationship of speech
pertieipants. The varlous social categiories affectingi social
roles of BanS:kok Thai people are povren and steLusr kin6hip
and f Bmi ly relationshipt BR€r fniendshipr ethnic groups
occupationr s€xr and ElenealoEfical distence. The sociel
a
)Copyright by Mahidol University
48
cateTon i es determiningi role relet ionshi ps are i.ntimBcyl
respectr sol idariLy, formel ity, presence of chi Id, pnesence
of non-acqua i nt ence or a penson with power and stetus, led8fth
of time of acquaintance, condescension, and emotional
nanifesLat,ions. ALl these sociel features differentiaf,e the
social role and role releLionship of BanElkok Thai speakers
f,hat are showed in the choice of pronominal form.
Furtherr there are 2 dimensions of pronominal usaEfe.
One is a pronominal form that, is employed in normal usagfei
the other is switehin8l of one pponominal form to BnoLher Lo
express emotionel disposition. In this study, Pslakornkul
tdtnrU OAlnTnA lgT}r l?l-lZZ) coneluded thBt
The present st,udy clearly indicaf,es thei
a simple l inEluistic description of pronouns
would give only half of the pictupe ofpronominal usagie, and thaL it would omit a
Elreat part, of ghe social and cultural
background manifested in the I ingfuisLicr
social, and verbal behavior of the Thal people
concerningi their choice of pronouns.
The stud i es of pronouns
Phanthumethal Phenuphon8i end Cambe I
distribution of pronouns which oecur
As shown by the st,ud i es of the
in Thai by Silapasann,
I ind i cate function and
in c I auses on sentences.
others, pnonouns are
Copyright by Mahidol University
f 49
concentraued on personal pnonouns in a society where. sociEl
fectot 6 withln the society affect end diEcniminate the choice
of pnononlnel forns. Eaeh v6niBnt r.ef lects t,he social
structure snd neveels the socio-cult,unal feeture in thBt
societ,y. lt is hoped thau the investiglat,ion of pronouns inthe' social context in this study will nake us 6e€, Tei SonEt
society end its stnucture which is reflEcted in the diffenent
spBsch pattenn6 on pronominal usag:e.
a
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
Kent ina V{attanBprasent and Suwattena Liemprewet t dlfifff infU:l:u-
u,audjflll'r durjf.lZvlfi r 198? ) wh i ch covers f,he same area of
study in thi s thesis.
CHAPTER I I I
CLASSIFICATION OF PRONOUNS IN TAI SONG
Pnonouns in this Lhesis exclude relat ive pnonouns,
disiributive pronounsr demonstrative pronounsr indefinite
pronouns and lnterrogBttve pronouns. The use of pronouns in
Tai Songf is not only rest,rict,ed to proper personel pronouns
but also includes various types of rrouDsr such asr personal
nsmesr kinship termsr pseudo kinship tEr.msr feknonymy,
titlesr fniend6hip t,erosr occupBt ion termsr Ioen wordsr words
used to refer to spouse, end special vocabulany ernployed in
conversat ions to and . fnom monks.
pronouns end various-lypes of nouns
real life Bmongf commoners and monks
Both propen persona l
ene employed everyday in
in t,he area of this study.
t, he
is
the
the
Befone pnesentin8l the fopms of pronouns in Tai SonSf t
phonemic repnesentaLion should be offered. As this study
nestricted to the invesiigetion of Lhe Tai Song pnonouns,
phonemic representation will be taken fnom the study of
"PhonoloEly of Lao Dialec!s in Thachin River Besin" by
r dlcthe
Copyright by Mahidol University
5t
. citro
(r)(\,r')N
Olbfrt
Fa
-!l.
r)a)-)Dlz
traI'F11
F
a)a-(-e
OF).-
o,1>'o(!,
o- .c
t6o
-aFr
6.,6ql.L
o r\
Ldo@ 4,
J- .D
o6.- -r)..crtr6o)J'o
da6
la
B r, € E'
I!6traO),-o,
tr
r)d
oL -.>OLtr<Fdq-
=o
r>L
ooo.Eo
q(,)dtr
riod
.o
A(,,6tr
T' E
tD.0)croLt,).DOO
A
o,6ot
ao>r)d()
r-.&-
u)
da6z
dLo,oJ
U,
(I)-oI
Eo
bioat
-dlFj
otr'Oi,,,tr'6d{, tr.tro,ol,)ur troo's. a-iaoEuEotrotL.
.Dlol
EI
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
g2.
(>F
o)Ntt,N
ot2pDF
=EI-!Gi
('=_e
Dlz
FI(FE
-=dtc-C-
n=a)c
lotro'tn
!tF1
oio+)6O{)}troo>IDoL,ProlEIoE@troEo
6l
sgoatql
roD1'co*
,
)
o
c,
r)
,o
to,
!-AC(,t,,D
T'@!ttroL
D
.{.
.+
o
o
d
6
d
o
C
tr.
-c,o!,5oLtr=
o
o
-o)
G)
a6
co
4.r
ui
0-
.t,u6trtr
-.-r
m
n-
o,
boaoF
,EbobooF-
b:E
bo
I!
=
'I.6
==oJ
tboto{)
o
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53
1. low-r'isinE (24'
Tone s
as tn
(354) 2 as in
es ln
/k9 te /
/ kwat j2 /
/ k8 J." /
/batt /
/ kop" /
/nat jn /
./1ieta
"neck"
" buffa lo"
"mad "
" face "
" wat, e r,
" hundred "
/ lam' /
/ hwa' /
/+,at ^ /
,/ ba t" /
/nat' /
'eye "
2. Tnid-risinE-fBl l ing
3. mid-risingf ( 35)
4. hlElh level < 441
5. mid level (33)
6. hiSth-fallinEf ( 43 )
4 as in
"hen"
"shoulder"
"easy"
as 1n
BS ln /nalm" /
/h). j6 /
r aflrtltulcluac dlslu1 2529 | S3-87 ,
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54
Pronouns in 'Tsi
cateEfor i es es follows t
S onEl cen be divided into meln
3.1 Proper Per6onel Pronouns
Pnoper personal pronouns are words that represent
senderr neceiver end referent in a conversation which ere
referred to BS the firstr sacond and third persons. Personal
pronouns have different forms for 6ach personr The forms of
Tai SonEi pronounB are Efenerally monosyllebic words.
3.1.1 Finst Person
Pensonel pronouns in the f inst, persons comprise I
/?i: "phu:
/?estEf,a'
/ ?us" //enan'/
/:net'/
/ hsw" /
/kaIr /
/kvto /
/ kni j6 /
/nut'
/pnom^ /
^^1" /
'we '
'l or we'
't'
't''t'
1Copyright by Mahidol University
55
The wond /?wz" / -
/ ?s t t "t,s trna t e/, /rinom'/ ,
borrowed f orrn Tha i
male speekePs .
The
borrowed form Chi nese i
well os /nvt'/ 'l' ane
'I' is oftgn employed by
I' hBs been
/c'at'/ as
term,/kent/
3,1.2 Second Person
The Eecond persone I pnonouns cons i Et, of!
/?t"sut
/ cawt /
/knur." /
/ritu/
tm+r3; t/m)t ' /
/se mal
/sa me:
/ sua /
j"/-EJ nc3
'we '
'sinEtular you'i singular you '
'sin8'ulsn you I
'sinEfular you'
'sinElulsr You'
'plune I you'
j"/ 'plural you'
'sinEiular You'
'sinEiulat. You'/Ln arnn /
/1+t"/ 'singluler you' is fron Chlnese.
/?it"phvt'/ 'we' refer's to oneselfl in cellinEt the
lbcutonr B speaker will use /?it"sut*/ 'plural you'.
seme timer /kh3j-/ 'I' is paired wil,h /caw6/ 'sinEiular Vou',
/kuzo / - l' t / ^+r1"
/. 'sinEtular vou 'r end /har" / 'l'i /svl.*/
's i nElul ar yout .
The word
i nter-
At the
Copyright by Mahidol University
56a
/?iz"9nvzt/
/ kd) j'/
/ k,tt n /
/hazt /
/?it'awz'/
/ caw" /
/mint /I
/srttn/
3.1.3 Third Person
Personal pronounE in the third persons sre a6 follow6t
]/?itssawa/
/k€ts /
/mer," /
/mxt' /
/ pna n* /
/satmat.l-l
/satma! j"nlt j"/
/saw /
'he, shs on they'
'he on she'
'he or sha'
'he'
'he on she'
'they'
'they'
'her she or they'
a/?it"sawn/ and /sew*/ 'her she or they' hsve t,hs seme
neferencer but Uhe letter form is usual ly used whi le Uhe
ot her is only spoken amonBf some old Tei Song speskers.
* Perhapsl the term /saw* / 'her she or they' may be
pronounced as / saw" /,3
Copyright by Mahidol University
57]
a
3.2 Pronominel ly Used Nouns
The various types of nouns Lhet are
personel pronouns Bre as followst
rBEferded I i k€
3.2.1 Kinship Tenms as Pnonouns
In Tai SonEl societyl fami ly reletionship is a
s iElnif icent cultural aspect. Parents and sdults axpress
their effection to t,he chi ldnen by u6inEt kinship tenms a6
pnonouns. Both common kinship f,erms and kinship by msnniegie
term6 eBn be employed es pronouns in sll per6on6 and all of
Lhem can be u6ed alone.
Table 5
List, of kinship Terms Employed es Pronouns
a/?at,i6 /
/?emt /
/?ez 3' ?wt " /
/ ? emz ?uta /
"fef,her/ faLhen- in- law (wif€'s fat her
or husband's father ) "
'rmother/ moLhen-in-1aw (wife 's mot her
or husband ' s mother) "
"paternaI girandfather/ older or younSfer
bnother of peternal Ef rBnd f at her "
"patennaI gfrandmothen/ oIden on youDg'er
s i ster of patennal Efnandmother"
"mBt,erna 1 grandfather "/ ?et 3"1,'a.w" /
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/ ?em" Ln av" //?attr"t-at'/
/?em"nar jt /
/ lw1" /
/rat" /
/?at ^ /
/?atw'/
/na r" /
/9itn?+a3"/
/larn'/
/?azw'kn+e5'/
/?at'lua" /_ 6_ h- -rllral R +aJ /
/nat" pa+" //?at j"k^+a3^ // ?at j' pai" /
/n:r;"ktiaj'/. 6 -B _/n)\ pe+ /
"meterna I girendmothsr
"older or youngfen bnother of matennal
gf randf at,her"
"older or youngier sister of mat€nnal
gneDdmother'l
"older bnother of parent.s/ husband of
older s i ster of psrents"
"older 6 i ster of parent,s,/ wi f e of
older brother of parent sl
"fBt her ' s youngeP sisLer"
"father 's younger broL her "
"mouher 's younEier brot,her or sister"
"o lder brother or sister"
"glrBndchi ldl niece or nephew"
"husbend of fether 's younSfsr sister'
"wife of the father's younEten bnothen"
"husband of mother 's youngier sisten"
"wife of mother 's youngfer brot hern
"husband of one's older sister"
"Bn older brot her 's wife"
'ryoun8ler s ister 's husbend"
"youngisr brother 's wife"
Acfual lyr in cel I ingi acguel kins' if t,he addressee
who is Bn older relBtive of a speBker's parent i i.e. r / lvlt t
"older bnother of parents/husbBnd of older brother ofparents" , /paz" / "older sister of perent s,/wif e of older
Copyright by Mahidol University
59
brother of parentsr' 1 /?atj" ?ut'/ "paternal grandfether/older
on younEler brot her of paterna I grandfatherr'I / ?er'2 ?vt a /
"paternal gnendmothen/older or youDger sisten of patennal
gfrendmother" r /?at.SBthaw-/ "maternal Elrendfather" r /?em'
Lnewt/ "materDel g'rsndmother'| /?alj"tat'/ "older on youn6ler
brother of m6t ennal Elrandfeiher", or /?em' r.eaJe / "older or
youngfen sisier of nat erndl grandmother", is singller he or she
wiII be addressed /sslw'/ "female singf le" and /barw"/ "male
singtle" as in /lu4a batu" / o" /pe, " .st*t/t However'. ln s-)case ivhene the eddnessee is married and has chi ldrsn, the
Lerm of cal l ing wi I I be /1w12 /, /paz"/, /?eti'zvt"/,/?emz?wt" /, /?arj" !tew-/, /?em" t,taw- /, /?ar.1"Lat t/ or /?em"
natj2/ plu6 lhe personal namB of his on her oldes! child.
But, if he or she has no chi ldrenr t,ha word /uew"/ "childless"wi I I be employed instesd es in /lun'waw"/, /pa" twaw" /,
I
/?emtnar;'rvaw"/ or /?et.;-tat twaw"/. In conversstion, wonds
will often bB shortenedr such as
/?at 3"?wt tra*"/ Lo /?rrl "*a*-, /?em"?uEiwa"t / l,o /?vt6vew6/,
/?arjEtat twa*-/ Lo /i,a, t*a*"/ or /?emtnar 3"waw-/ to
/nat 3"waw" /.
* A few people mBy call
place of /satwt / or /baiwa / .
personal name of addressee in
Copyright by Mahidol University
60
On the ot,her handr fon the addressee who i6 a
younSler reletive of a sp€6ken's perentrl.e.r /nst6/ "mothen'syounEfer brother ot. sistenr'r /?at t/ "f"th""rs youngen sister"r
or /?atw' / "fat her's younE er brother", i s s inEfl€ or
childless. t,hese lerms will be fol lowed by personal n6me of
addnesseer. But if tha eddressee he6 chi ldrenr he on she
wi I I be cal led /nat " /, /?"rt / or /?atw'l plo" t,he pensonel
name of his or hen oldest child. In addition, in callingf theyoungfest, chi ]d of a f emi ly, the x/ond /lat o/ *i 1l b" employed
as in /?a3 '1"r" /, /?arwl lat"/ or /rlar"l"t-l.
ExltSpeBkerA
s i st,er of paternal
the house of 93
A r /?uz"
older sisLer chi ldless comfontable
of paterns I Eirandrnothen
is e niece of Speeken B. B is Bn oldep
Elrandmo+,her of A. A comes t,o f ind B at
watv.t- - !sem be! J IHow are you I
/ ?lt u waw" /?
What, are you
do i nEl? "di: t ?a" ?et'
good ques. do
rr.r, * let" /
what peri.
/barw" / "me Ie
persona I nBme
few peop le may
sinEll€" snd
of addressee.
A use / se,.w' / "femele sinEr1e.,,
/waw"/ "childless" in place of
Copyright by Mahidol University
61
: /t,am"hu? "
vreave
- I -EI( f,8 n c l
bef or.e wi I I
let t pej4
part. glo
pt"3 -hom" sek "n )j'
blenket a I ittle bit
n"t*t lEwB si"tla+-
co ld a I neady how
jut " mien'k:?a di t' ?e'/)
be BenSfkok Eiood ques.
't I 'm weBv ing
ket because
is com i ngt.
f ine whi le
Bangtkok ? "
a blan-
t, he winter
l{ere you
stByingf in
/waw"/ in lhis example shows t hat B is childless.
*"*" / eomes from /?em" ?wt - *"*-/; the f i rst/?u3
syl lable is
Ex2t
s i st,er 3
dropped in spaak in8f.
In the shopr a nephew spesks to faLher's younEler
"What are you doingf ,
todeyr Aunt Phai?"
'l'd like you to help
rne to se I I goods a
little bit,. Ane you
free?"
A | /?e? t pt"lt-----+
younEier name
aunL
ci " ?et,* ta'ha1*will do whei
-6-m{ ! nt !
Lod.ay
B t /m+1" *" r 1-you free
ma32 ca! j''
come help
sak"nfj-
I itt 1e bit
-a - -5cl he+
wi I I giive
ktctn')
Elood
na/
pant.
ftt " j"t'ques.
- h -1R A3J
se l l
n+1n ton€,
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
/ oh ai" /')addnEssae.
unmarnied or
sinEfle.
after / ?az' /
This csllinEt
chidless. In
i s t he persona I
is used when en
this exemple' the
neme of the
addressee i s
eddnessee i s
6Z
many
depo s iL
wit,h me. "
Ex3! A isanieceof B.
cremet i on canemony st Ban
B | /?gt4/
yes
A t /fe?a hll' ktaw-
deposiL packagfe rice
saktnc.i- ? Ll" /
a little bit, with
t o Eto to t,he
"Ars you ElolnEl t,o Ban
Ko Lek, Aunt Han?"
sYes. "
ike to depo-
sit s paekagfB of
rice with you."
whi le
Ko Lek r
is pnepan i ngl
shouts et Bt
B
A
a A : z3g1B len^elder name
auntItpe:
elder aunt
paJ
Efo
:nan' /
name
fs"la:n')
name of
e vi l laEle
?a:t
ques.
a paJ
Eio
B : /nila
have
taa "nan)
all
tg: t batkon
but person
ken
f oEiet her
t f"?'
depos it
let'/
parL.
"There ane
people to
packagies
aCopyright by Mahidol University
63a
/han' /
thi s examp I e.
addresaas has
is the first child of
Thi s cal l ingf wi I I
chi i d ren.
/par" /, tha addressee in
be employed when t he
the name of t,he sev€nth
oEx 4 t B is t,he \rif e of the oldar brot,her of A. Both sn6 in
the seme hous€. A and B sre talkingf about food to cook in
the even i n8ft
/f z" lat11" /
villa8le in Tambon
A t /kttnrsom5J
sour soup mede
of Lamarind pest'
b3rt ditt ?att
not good ques
msanE Ban I(o Lek t
Phai Hu Chang.
p"ak'bo1" k in
e species eat
of cl inber plant
?et j-pa+" /
older brothen's wif€
"Would you like to
havs /o nak" bont /'l
sour soup mede of
temer i nd pBste,
/?st japai.6 /?"
"lf you rf,ould like
to have it,, we can
cook it, because we
heve soms fish."
"Where did you giet,
lhese f ish?"
)B | /ker\' kc:" ke;r1'
make soup eft.erwerds make Eoup
pe3" hawt kcr- mltt/
f i sh we aftervrerds heve
kwua "
part.
A t /par'
fish
?aw* ka*Ia+- nat2 lets/
teke where come paPt.
aCopyright by Mahidol University
64
it
a
a
of
mi t olwa r
yesterdey
2-tE nl I
this
B t /koro k.rr'aftenwends I
paj* s gt nE
gfo eaptune e f ish
with e hend-net,
le lt /
part, .
m+ t" /hand
I'l went to cstch
yestenday. "
ExSt
who is
ln a shopl
a Eti r I .
a female shopkBepen speaks to the customer
aA t /?aw' netm"ktLn'
)
tBke ice
**Jhelf
"Give me onB
of e plece
half
of i ce.
a
BI
AI
/t, tem"rna.1'
why
le! " ?aw'
parf,. Lake_ 3-'/at /
ques.
/?awa t en"J
teke saL
up
bc?" wet +
tel I speak
k {n)
half
b5r
not
-2m+ I
hEnd
I - -6laJ
get
? aw'
teke-2m+ I
hand
t gr I
but
"+lone
-2_im+ I '!ea
hand youngler
a unt,_ E - Z-'lel lr9ft /
)many too
"Why do you tBke
half of a piece
i ce?"
"My aunL says t haf
one piece of ide is
too rnuch. "
la, -
youngf est,
)Copyright by Mahidol University
65
/?s.z'laz6/ in this exemple is in the third person.
/laze/ sigfnif ies thet the referenL is the younEies! child of
her femi 1y.
A couple of common kinship tarm6 in Tsi SonEf cBn nefer
t,o e msle or femele persont /nat" / can refer. to mother'syoungier brot her on sisterror /latn'/ may be Bfrandchild/ niece
or nephew. To sigrlify sex of eddressee, the titles /bx16 1,
/?ej6/ "male" end /?i,€/ "femele" mey precede them BS in
/bolEls:ntl , /?a1tlatnt / "Erandson/ nephew'.! /?it'latr.'/
"Elrandaugfhter./ niece", /bat"larn'/ "molhen's youngter bro-
th€r"r snd /?it"nat"/ "motherI s younEler sister". The t,ern
/?at'/ "fether'6 youngler sisten" elways m6ans fa!hen,syounEler sisterr but sometimes i! may be cel led /?it'?"t'/ Lo
smphes i ze being female person,
. The wonds /lur1a/ "oldsr brot her of pBrents". msy be
addressed /?at ja lunt/, /rtal" / "mot,her's younEfen brother as)
/?atJ-nat" /l Lhe words /?emtpat 6/ mey b€ put, in place of
/patt/ "olden sister of pBrents"I and /?em2na;6/ insteed of
/na-" / "rnot,her's youngier e ister" when a speeker rrould I i ke
to show reEpecf, io the addressee who is the older brot,her ofparenfs; mother's younger brother, older sisLer of psnent6,
or mother's young:en sister like his or her father or rnothep.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Ex 6r In the housep e wife speBks to
66
hen husbend as fol low6:
A t /raja na3a
8lo f i eld
n.1' le t" /what, pa rt .
pej ?et '
dfodo
',What do you do et
f,he f teld?t'
" I Efo to 6prey
insecticide. "
"The riee fields ane
good' sren't they? "
,,Not quii6 Etood. ,.
"Whose field isn't
quile gtood ? "
ema:
come
,*Jyou
BI
AI
/ pa;i' cn i rt"go sprey
/ktaw- ditr
r i ce glood
j"t t ,"t'
insect,icide como
Iatkua"/
part.
? et" tratt /ques.
Bt
A!
/ba" ktej-
not glnaduB I 1y
. 2 - -E/ Tt't, I ef
field whene
dir' lc?"/
Elood part.
ler'/
part.
B : /nas t ?g"field mothen
55pal put n
e l der t,here
eunt
/? gnz pat "/ in thi =
is used in initet, in€l his
kuat/
part,.
"My eunt's f ield. "
exemple refers t,o older sisteP of B.
chi ldren's usaEfe.
Copyright by Mahidol University
67
As a matt,er of fectt in the past, the relafive by
marriegfe was called /?otl'p)zn/ for fsthen-in-lsw (wife's)
father or husband 's felhsr and /nwt" / for mother-in-law
(wife's mother ot husband 's mothen) r but now Lhe TBi SonEl
people hsve ehenEled to employ the word /?aaie/ instead of
/?onnp)t'/ arrd /?em2 / for /nut'/, But these two old wordst-are still ernployed in the weddinEl ceremony.
lu?' mat
_ E- -^-5 9 - 'l -5 h E(nu3 ) ',aal nll K cJ p ut
,otn]]in-t"* ono,ar psrt. I who
lon' ktBw" tewt ? wt wsrjs)
gfo down knees catch wai6i pay respeet
f€p' ktaw- tlt4" EJtt penr tapt
model enter stomach beg be I iverltstEasrt pen k fJ pen sal * f?,
beg be servant be clump
p.nt lewt pen! kat" ktam" ktetn'
be a k ind be Einass hold arm
of t ree
/ ? ott pa t..------,-------
fethen-in-law
chi Id come
hawt ?aw'
salute take-ir 5 - ak aw tap
enter I i ver61
,r"! sl!
Erass beg
/E.az /
s emant i c- empt,y
of thi s phrase
"being: servant,.
from
Bux i
is on
/----- prrrt kti.," p"rr' ="r / is s
liBpy pBptiele for rhymingl Lhe semant ic
the finst and second words which meen
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
68a
)
wel
speak
P"'not
lsj'get,
pa3
fether
ktam" ba: t b r?'
hold Ehoulder teII
'r t - 1 -,t. et dut c6,h
hes itete I ook mind
pejt ?4rn" ktf,p'
Elo ot her t hank
(mer t) ktc j-
mothen I
dul t ,r"r -
look fBce-1 - -a 2pal kal P. t
Elo f ar not,
tgr, " I pen !
rnot her- be
in-law
t,o father-in-lew
"/ f o" mother-in-
The above commont
wi 1l becom€ a
2nal
not2nal
not.aca+
you
nBl
part.
-iJlm
revcrre. h- Et lm
steb
t/?on*/ iE from /?on*olt*/.) )-
/?ortnp)ztl in !his pas6aEfe rsfensl
(wife's fatler or husbeDd's father) and /nul
lew (wife's mot,her or husbend's moiher).
would be spoken by e men or a womBn who
son- in- lew or dauElhter-in-law.
)
?on-----+
father-
in-1Bw
Iaw. I denote nyself t,o be your son and servant. lf I become
a bad pensonr you can nemiird Bnd teBch me. Don't revene me or
t,hink thet I ern a person out,side youn femi ly. Mank vou
very muchl you're like my fether (moLher).'l
Copyright by Mahidol University
69a
3.2,2 Pseudo kinship Terms as Pronouns
I(inship tenms are usual ly employed in addnessinEi
ectual kinsr but in est,abl ishinEf and maint,aininEl' personel
relationships smon$ non-kins or non-acquB i nt,ances r the common
kinshlp Lerms can be used t,o sol idify interpersonel
re let ionships between inLerlocutors.
In cellinEf non-kins on non-Bcquaint,artcesr Lhs agie of)
Lhe addressees is the primary factor dBt erminingi the choice
of kinship terms to be used as pronouns. If Lhe agle ranEle of
eddressee is older t,han t,he aEe nenEle of a speaker; he or she
will be celled /pit*?+aj" / "olden brother or sister". But if
the aEle ranEle of addressee i s o I der t,han the ege ranEls of a
spesker's pBrent, he on she will bB celled tlwlz t
brother of parents/ husband of older sisten of parent's"t
/per"/ "older sister of pardnts /wife of olden bnother of
parent,s" t /2at,5"?rtz" / "pBternal Elrandf at,hen/older or youngfera
bnot her of paterna 1 Elnandfather" r
Eirandmother/older or younEfer sisten of
/ ? emt ?wz " / " pst srna I
pat,enna I gr andmot hen " I
/?a:5-ttew-/ "maternel Efrandfalher"r /?em"Lnaw"/ "ma!ernslgirandmothsr"r /?etj".-at'/ "older or youngien brother of
msternal Efrandfatherr" . or /?emanat j" / "older or youngler
sister of matet'nal Elrandmother". On the contnaryr he or she
will be called /ne!6/ "mother's younEler bnoUher or sister"t
/?az'/ "fef,her's younEler s i sier" r or /?atw' / "father'syoungfep bnother" whsn the aEfe of Lhe addressee is youngler
"older
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
70
than the sge of e speaken's parent. Sometimesr Eome Tai SonBl
people may use t,he common kinship tenms to non-kin pengons
by followinEf the exemples of their spouse. Fon exampler s
man from other vi llaEle married to e wom6n at Ban Phai Hu
chen!, and moved to settle dovn in this arear he will employ
pnonouns of address in tha w6y his wife used them. This is a
common way for hin to stnenElt hen snd solidify irtterpersonal
relationship to people in the anee he .lives. The pronouns of
address for cal I i nEr non-kin6 or non-acqug i nt ances wi I I be
smploysd I iks calling rEal kinb,
ExTtAmanspeaks
villaEle.
to an old woman who is from his
, t ?:^"_ -":j'
older or younBer
s i sLer of maternal
Efrandmot hen
matz let'/
come pBrL.
paj' ke' I a i-"
Efo where
"lfhere're
/?em'rral
you Eio I ngf ,
i- /?"
B t /luka
ar i se
A t /lE rw6
a l reBdy
malz /
come
kgtls+- let t/
where pant.
ka
at
h.i.en
house
"I have juEt left ny
house. "
.acl
wi I I
paJ
Eo
,'lYhene , re you Efoing?.'.
Copyright by Mahidol University
7t)
B!
A r /lerw6 ?s:jttar'
e lneady older on younSfsn
brother of meterne I
Einandfathen
pajt ketre+- let" /
go where pant.
,' I am Efo i nEl to buy
food for cook i nE* .
"Where is youp husband?o
"He stays at homer'.
Eto fi6hing?n
/ma r'come
tkap" /
to eat
rice
-6s+l
buy
c+an.)
t,h i nEts
with
2-5nmn han
house t,here
_tlet
part.
;
I /Jut
be
kwua " /
pBrt,.
A | /b)aa daj' pej'
not get gio
?ai" /
ques.
"Doesn'L hs
nst
k walTl)
t hrow
bLta
fishinEt
a
t /bcr'not
dej" paj' l5?a /
get Efo part."Nor he doesn't. "
/?em'
/ ?at j"+,at t /
/?em"nat j" /
na3
for
is
3" / is employed to addness the old women and
the old rnale person. ln this exempler
in the second penson ar.d /?e1.1-tal t/ is the
)
third person.
Copyright by Mahidol University
72
Ex8!Amsn
pass ing eBch
speaks to sn older femgle
other.
penson whi ls both ars
A t /pat" "-gj..:I'
elder 6inElle
aunt
B t /pa;14 pu: n"
gfo t hen€
su3 k wan
conso 1e
pajt katlai-t mat t lett/
Elo where eome part.
"Whene're you Efo i n8t,
/1at" satw'/?"
A t /ta t wa
come beck
lvej" kan'
qu i ck toBfBthen
,"!t I!?* paj'
come part. go
saw" /
t hey
" I Elo to console them.,.
"You cone back gui ck ly.
fhis
lez" /
part.
B r /tatwt kue" -3 eci iu! h.l "I'm hurry t,o come back
come baek pant. will be what homB because I don,t
haqt kent le:" j,rt " koi" have BnylhinEl to do.',)
for t,oElether pBrt. be efterwerds
a I ongi t ime
bci " hut "cakt ?eL" hen'/)
not, know do what
/setw'/ is pu! efter /pato/ Lo indicate thaL
older femele person is sinEf le.
Copyright by Mahidol University
73
Ex 9: A snd B are in the sBme villaEle. A is e neighboun of
B. A passes in fnont, of the house of B while he is weBving a
kind of fish container.s.
A t /rnir1" satnr
you weavc,
- 4 E .l'KB nuen ce+
e fish use
conte i rre r.
?er" jatt/ "Are you rf,€eving
ques. /ka'rnual'.2 touse?"
Br
A!
/sern
lr€, a v €|
k ta: j t kwua"/
se11 part.
katpurn- let" /
t,here part.
"l weeve ii for
sel I in8f . "
"Whene do you get
vrood to weav€?"
"At uncle Nongf' s
house. "
of Lhe
/man'
itmar3t /
wood
. - e ,zD'Jt ml :
not have
Bt /hiana l un'---J
house e l den
2non
name
/rro1r" / in this example is lhe personalI
oldest, child of the referent.
3.2.3 Teknonymy as Pnonoun
uncle
In e fami ly, if
chi ldrenl Lhe parent s
chi ldren to cal l a
relaLi onshi p with the
t,he members of the family consist of
and relat ives usuel ly teech their
person eccord inEl Lo hi s on her
achi1d. This pnectice stresses
Copyright by Mahidol University
74
consan8luineal t ies by emphesizing' ties to chi ldrent t,his is
know es "teknonymy". A womanr for exampler may caI her
husband "Father" iniLaLin8l hep children 's usaEte. Thi s
practice stnesses the kinship that is cneated by the birth of
the chi ld end by avoidinEl the word "husbsnd"t the
specificat ion of an affin6l tie. Comrnon kinEhip t,ermE and
kinship by marriaEfe terms ere teknonymical ly used as pnonouns
in the second snd third penson. lt is found that teknonymy
may or nay not, be used in front of chi ldr€n and it is used
until chi ldren ere Elrown-uD men and wontBrrr
In Tai Songl society, tgknonymy is widely done for,
exampls, the people of Tai SonEl likB to cell youngfsr si6ter'6
husbend /nattkn+a5'/ o? /?a,wtkt+a3t/, and younBfer bnothen.E
wife /nas "pai-l on /?at'lwat / when the farni ly of e speaken
consists of children but ths sddnessee still hes no children,
Laterr if the addressee hes childnenr the pnonoun of Bddress
will be chanEfed from /nel "kn+a.; '/, /aat"r a+t /, Lo /nat"/,
/?arw'ktia3'/ ro )?atwtl, and /?at^ lwa" / t,o / lwa" /. The terms
/rrat" /, /?atw'/ and /luaz / will be followed by pensonal name
of the oldest children of' addr'essee. These callingfs are
employed imitet,inEl the children of the speBker's usaBie.
Copyright by Mahidol University
75!
Ex lo r Mother speak6 to her dauElhter,
/kta r 1- ?ew'
nBme tBke
6. I -rlpB t,ol peJ
big knife Elo
6_ h- -r.nal k +aJ
matsrna I younSlar
si st en 's husbBnd
teke t,he biEl knife
cut, f i rewood. "
- _5 g- n-ha+ nel k +aJ
Efiv€ rnaternal younger
s i st en's husbartd
c i " ?awt fant lua t /
wlll take cut firewood
t,o your /ner"knia5'/; he
,+J
You
a ,4paJ
EO
awou 1d
" You
I i ke t o
/nazt kt+e3 t /
person proDoun.
I / ?en" ?ul-
patenns I
gr andmot he r
in thi s exemp I e ls used ss the ihir.d
Ex 1l ! A dauEtht er-ln-law speaks t,o her mot her- i n- I aw.
pu? nr 3
a
?em'?u ! "
Lomorrow peterna I
Eirendmothan
"Where will you Elo
tomonrowr Elrandmother?"
"l{hBt wi I I you do?"
pajt kat I ei-
Eo whePe
? tt" Jaz' /ques.
Bt _ -a/c1
wi I I
?et'
do
hai- I i e16
gfive feed
n.J' ler" /what part.
-- 5 -?'( 1t maJ
title neme
" I 'd I i ke
cere of my
you to t eke
deuE:hter' Mai.
. _a/c1
wi I I,
Ar
Copyright by Mahidol University
a76
sekrnrj' knlj- cit pa.;' na:t/ e little bitt I wtll
e lit,tle bit I will Eio field Bfo to the f ield',.
/?em'?uz'/ in Ex I 1 i s t,eknonymy in the second
person. SpeEker A imitaf,es hen child's usaEfe /?ilu ma7'/,
Ex 12 t A is e deuS:hter of B. She ask6 B where hen cilder
brothen isr
aA I /lur12 F)t11r psjt ketlgi" l"r'/ "Whers, s Uncle PonE:"-1
olden name Efo whene p6rL. EloinEi?rr
uncle
B t /pa.,* ?awt ptitt ktint h*en"/ ,,He Eloes to console
)
ln ihe above exaroplel teknonymy is in lhe third psnson.
-- 2 i -/ruq prrrl / refsrs t,o another offspring of Bl /r'ra\t /)))
is the personal name of the oldest child of her cjlder brother.
She calls him eccordinEt to her children's usaEle.
g:o take spiri! go up house the spiriL".
3.2,4. Titles as Pronouns
Titles in this theEis ane classified into iwo groups.
The firs! Eroup cannot be used aloner i.e., /b}aa /, /?8 j" /,,male,' and /?its / ',f emale',. These titles Eleneral ly eome.
Copyright by Mahidol University
77
befone personal nsmes in orden to siBnify 6ex. The second
Bfroup can occur by themselves Bnd they are used !o manifest s
person'E nsnk end stetus to honor the penson spoken t,o.
These titles consist of I
/kemt flsnt/
/Lnltt/
/siar1'/
Penhaps in calling /sia1" /,
/?aj6 / may precede in order to siglnify
and /?aj- sia1" t.
"t,he heedrnan of a vi I leEe"
"Bn sssistent of fh€ hesdmen of
a vi I legfe. "
"B kamnanr en alect€d official
who looks after the gieneral
w€lfare of the people in a
sub-d i str i ct, . "
"e man who has left the pniest,-
hood. lYhi le he was in Buddhist
ordination' he must be wlthin
a monestery for three months
dur ing Lhe rainy saasohr rr
"e younEl man who has left, Buddhist
novitiet,e. Whi le beingi a novice;
he must be ordained for three
mont hsr usuelly below the ege of
20..
titles /b)16/ or
as in /b9s" sierl't
/Dn-lr/9
g -a -u3 lrsr tE h -1 .ul c usJ /
Uhe
sex
Copyright by Mahidol University
7Aa
a
These eforement i oned
personel nsmeS.
Ex 13t A men speeks to a kEErnen who
ernands in the dist,rict.
tit, 1es may be f ol lowed by
is EoinEl out to run some
"Where ' re you E:o i n8f
/ kem* r.enn /?"
"l wiII Eto to the
di str ict,. "
A!
A : /kamanent pa i'
f it le gfo
B | /ci" p.it ?amapnglz I
wi 1l Eo dislrict
katla+t le! "/
where Dart.
ha*" rom'f,ti t "dint rnan
give Department of it
lBnds2tn?3 5t! satm
t iLle deed for a
piece of I and
4 - h 1 -- twat k l!n 'l 7,)
ques. of title
zsal'onden
"I Efive the deparf,ment
of LBndS to do t,he card
of title deed for a piece
of tand of Mrs. Thap '
I'd like Lo know when
it wi I1 be finished.lr 9-L Ltp /
neme
t
? eL" be i."
do cerd
lEiset I e8w
finish a I ready
B t /?a, t ci' pai' tnatm' barlt he+"2
yes wi I I Elo ask look Siive
"l will Bsk for you."
Ex 14,
vi I I aEte,
C hanEl.
Two mele
Bnd one
Both ane
persons ere teIkinEl. One is from anoihBr
l ives in the fiff,h vi I lage of Ban Phai Hu
talkinEr aboui the fifLh village that will bea
Copyright by Mahidol University
79a
divided inLo the e i Elhth vi I laEle.
a
A : /ltw6
B I reBdy
han')
whet
B : /mu: a
vi I leEte
ba j'
nam€,
hat-
five
kwua t /
part.
k 9r "
aftenwends
- a -aphul na+
-----i----title
l-at.rmul hel ne
villaEle five par.
let" /
part, .
s t,he name of the
the heBdmsn of the
fiflh vi I lage?x
"Be i is the head-
man of the fifth
vi I laEe. "
"0h, hs is the heEdmen
of thi s vi 11eEfe. "
?it" nan/ "t didn'i know he
part,. is the headman of
the vi I lage. "
A I /?oa " phut" p"+'
-.._f_--inten. t it 1e
pnu: na+" ?a" /--___t i t,1e ques.
, B : /kena bJ' he:'
I not yet,
?t3 " ler e
with par! .
kwua t men" ;na1'
part. it st i I I
je!kt kant bft "
divide to8:ether not,
lct t ken4 jrr: "
weit toEieLher be
baj t pen 1
name be
hu!
know
A r /bejt irrtp"!rr'
neme second name
tok " I ont ken'
agf ree t ogtet, her- -6 -6 2laJ ma3 J nanIJget they sti l l
"He's Bai Inparn.
They ean't dec i de
where the f ifth
villaEle will be
divided. "
)
tr
Copyright by Mahidol University
80a
hit na /
pant.
/ p'wt
personel I
A r /t"it,' jut "
t itle neme
t -3,na.+ / ln thls
it is fol lowgd by
exernple is used
ths p€rsonel neme
as t he third
of f,he neferent.
ThB rvord
it refens io the
Ex 15t A is
the front of
/mal j" / is Ehontened
people in the f ifth
from /saamar j6l "t hey" 1
vi I I egf e.
ta relBtive of B.
Lhe hous€ of A.
pa.lt katla+t l"t"/
g:o where pBrt.
lott pajt "ti tt t jat
cBn gfo .sprey insecticide3 6_hua setn /
)
of a vi I l6ge
t-epa3 b?t
fish wel I
A cBlls B while he is pas6inEl
"Where're you Efoin8lr
/tnit*/ Yut. "
B t /cit har'
will f ind
kB n 13n-)at name
A ! /m+t"nit" pa.it I,"tJt,oday Eto wash
- h -4 - 3k aJ le3
who part.
,'l will Efo to
e cen to
insectieide
Hue Chen8t. "
find
spPay
at NonEl,
"Whose wel I do you
.cet,ch the fish in
today?"
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
8t,
B z /paio le:11- bc:t
go wesh wel l
tnit,t witt/
t itle neme
comes efter the title
eddnesEe€ gnd /w7La /
" I gf o to catch
Bt the wel I of
wii. .
the f ish
/Ln i+,* /
/ jwi," / that
neme of t he
the neferent.
/tniLn/ is Lhe
i s the personalpsrsonB I
name of
Apent from lhe term /1," il,'/, if a men or woman
"/, /?at jB Lnaw" /, / ? etn" t.naw- /, /?atj" Lat'/ on
j-/ end et, the Eeme tine t'he gddpessee has chi ldnen
left the Buddhi6t pniesthoodr the pnonoun of addness
situation wi I I be fol lowed by the . word /t,on" /
plus personal neme of the oldest child of eddressee
lsa
lGine!5pal
ton- damt/
ion- hant/
ton'dtlj'// ru1"
a
called /nat"/, /?at'/, /?a,w^/, /iw1" /, /1ar"/, /?atjd ?ut'/,
/ ? emz ?wt
/?em'rtal
who have
in this
"firsf,'as iDt
ln eddition' in callinEl a male penson who has left
the Buddhist priest,hood' t,he pronoun of addr.ess may be
/tnit*/ or /LniL" / + personal neme of addressee and when he
is celled /tat"/, /?atw'/ o? / lunt/ by a younEler personi)
thereforer the pronouns of eddress may bel
Copyright by Mahidol University
) 8Z
/nat 6 / ,
/ rtat " / ,
addnessee.
/?atw'/ or
/?atw'/ or
/ lwrl
/ luJ
+
+
/tail,n /
/Ln il,t / + personal nBme
of
Ex 16r /lu1'/naa"
/?ar'tt
+,' il-' /
t'i+,t/
' t ti!'
ttit'/ I ur;'
- 2-JOm /
liz'/
.Ex 17 r Spegker A spesks to rpeaker B rvho ls her older unc I €.
A t /1ajt katla+- me! a le: " larnt Ln ii " /-----1
8lo where come pant. olden title
uncle
B t /ga1' t,tuule?* ,"! " :,ra*/
Efo errend cons part.
"V[h€re'r€ you goinE
t tu1" L" iL' t ?-
" I Efo out f,o nun
some errands? "
, A r /pu?'ni t " pagh 2um
up
?LraSara
gues.
"Do we have assembly
of Tembon tomorrow?"tomorrow round
I un" L' iLn /--Jolden title
uncle
4it2+tt2EllpacumpBcumround up round up
2- rlca! kem /
n i Etht
.tlrz4sa p at tam bon
assembly Tambon
"There wi I
essembly
t omonrow
1be the
of Tembon
nighi?"
)
Copyright by Mahidol University
83
/tnito/ that comes after / Lu42 / siTnifies that the)
addnessee hes left the Buddhist priesthood. Perheps it may
be followed with the pensonal name of the addr.€s6ee.
Ex t8t A snd B ane in the sama village. Both of t hem Eio tot,he consolst ion ceramonv (fi6ai!il-x). A is EfoinEl to the ceremony
to
but B is cominEi bgck homa. A finds B and sp€ak6 t,o henr
A , /?ot " g1r - tgrr- t,hint tstw"
inger. elden oldest neme come
aunL bEck
kano leSt pe3" tono
tosfether pant. "i0"" oI."aunt
B , /?)r t t"!.t let"/
yes come perf.
beck
"Heyr You hur.ny tocome back, /petE
t,on"ttint/."
"Yes r I rm eominEf
bsck homg. 'l
"We just arr ive. Then,
(we) must 8fo bsck.
Everyone hes work
(to do). Aft,er eetinE:t
( evenyone ) t, hen
must gfo back home
quickly. "
.awaJ
quick
. 't-
tt ln
name
A r /?itap
we
l?t
parL.
-aml !
have
,i rl h- 2 - 2 -5 aut p *J na! cl me!
just part. wi 1l come
t,atwt lEw6 pta*" kft-
come a lready who efterwards
bsck
wia?+ let " ,rat kin4 lew6
wonk pBrt. part. eat alneedy
Copyright by Mahidol University
a4a
ka r E
afterwBr.ds
JA 3 J
renE:e
ietw'
come bBck
JE3 J
range
h*gna ksn'
house toElether.
a
/t"lr."/ is t,he personal name of the oldes! chitd of Bl
/t,on6 / is put in front of iU because her child has left the
Buddhi Bt pr i esthood.
3.2.5 Pensonal Names as Pronouns
Pensonel names in T"i Son8f can be adopted fon
pronominal reference in all pensons. Psnsonal name6 mBy come
from first rrBrrBSl shontened finst names or nicknames. At
presente nieknames are often employed amongl t,he Tai sonEl
childnen and t,eeneElers to refen to themselves while having
venbel interact,ion wit,h panenis on friends. Ganeral lyr they
are preeeded wit,h litles and/or common kinship termsr for
exemple t
a
/b)ta
/?aj'
/?ita
/ Ln iLn.'r6/p ul
/na:"/pat'
dcl.\t /
dam'/
m tlwz /
3on" /-3 -).". o"J
tan' /
han t ,/
"Mr. DeanEl't
"Mr. Dam"
"Miss' Mrs. Mew'l
" /Lh il4 / Yom"
" 7ph11i " na+t/ Bai"
" / na r' / Ylan"
" /r at" / Har,"a
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85
Ex 19
shop r
A r /bo" ?ir"inter. f,itlenat 6 htw"
fsce shr ink
B t /ment I +am-
iL ent er
B is a fniend of A.
enters t he shop end A
lfhi 1e A is eauin8l noodles
speEks t,o B:
,oJ' I.tJ'
B
ln
t*an' "Heyr l{ns . Tuen r you're
walkinEl with a shrun-
ken face. "
"The sunl i 8:ht enters
in my eyes. "
ngme
emal
come
you
kan
each
othen
walk
let" /
pent.
a
te wen
sun
ne/
part.
Bx 20 t B iswhi le she is
a neiEihbour of At A is
havinEi lunch t
older than B. A calls
A I /k i n' *"rr"
eat lunch-x 6 2k aw nam
r.ice with
?aj- qgq'
iitle name
kut ' /
I
"WouId you
have I uneh
Mr. Dem?"
I i ke to
with me,
kln
eet
,
B | /?at kin'
adv. eat
Itu"/
e I ready
"I had it alr€ady."
name s
/?irr/
/L+er,r /of Lhe
'rfema1e"
in Ex l9
addressees.
end / ?ot" /
end /dem^ / in Ex 2o
They are preceded by
"ms1e".
sre per sona I
the titles
ICopyright by Mahidol University
86
Ex 21 r A is veny
fr i end as follow6
close f rierrd
I
Both ane speak i ngi ofof B.
A t /?)tr.' wat ' bgr g
t-hink Lit.le
I ar1"
neme
a- h- -- lt -2k r3 k uJ
exBEl€ler.at i on
-3but
not kDow
.a,t!
,Bn" ktit"mot
he Ef i ven to
D"t " tet'
fece eye
l,'+?" /t i 8ihf,
"Whet do you thinkabout, how lrr. Lueng
i s, On?r
"I think he gfives
to exeggenBt i on i
when l6ee him,
I can't tel I any-
thinEi sbout hirn. rr
nams you
B t ./kut wat
I speak
,r" t hen '
part. see
bc?a bcrt
tel l noL
t _ a_ -E ^ Epen s+ 3 - 1a+- lea - /
be how p6nL.
/?crr.' / is
spoken w i t, hout the
the personal nsme
tit, 1e before it.
of tha addressee; iL ls
/bl t'
refenent who
" / "M", Luengf "
fr i end of A and
is the pensonal name
B.
ofletn
is a
the
Ex 22 t A husband speaks'to his wife.
--2-Z/nr I mlnJ
name you
"Did you have
kin' -2
J"t', I tw" wet /
que s.eet breakfast elreedy
breekfast alreedy, Nee?"
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s7
/nit"/ is lhe shorten first neme of the addresseeS in
this exemplel /ni ."/ is from /su?5nitt/ "Mrs. Suneg".
3.2.6 Friendship Terms as Pronouns
Among close end very close friendsr lhe wor.d /siawa /
rney be used es pronominsl references Uo indicet,e Lhis special
neletionship between them. ln Tai Song'' it is found that the
tern /sie.w'/ "friend" is employed in calltngf the frlend who
may be e nonintim6te' intimste' or veny intimatB friend.
Sometines it may be pneceded with e tit, le /bt r"/, /?aj'/
"male{ o? /?ira / "feme1e".
Ex 2? , SpeBker A and B ere
fr iend of B!
in the sBme vi I lage. ls
A r /haj"
i nten.
.9slaw
friend Efo
katla+- le: "/
where part.
pa "Hey; where'ne you
going. / siawt /?"
B | /b)r t hu, "cskt ?ett ha4t pait "l don't know wheneI
noi know do what Elo will Elot I'm EloinEl
1*aj' l*aj' ..rr" la?/ cont inuously. "
conL inuous Iy cont inuously part. pert.
friend.
/sisw'/ in this exemple is used in celling msle
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88
3.2,7 Occupation Terms es pronouns
Liks many other lBnguaEles. s penson rnaiy call acquain-
tances or non-acqua i nf,anees by their professional titles.Occupstion terms in Tsi Songf r are employed pronominal ly inell persons which consist ofr
Only t,he term /knrttt / can be used es the first,second or third persons, the oLhars witl be in t,he second end
third pensons. ln speskinEf, personal nemes can come aft,ertha occupet.ion tenms as in /knuz!niU+/ .'Tescher Nit,' or /?Ba3
""3nt t,?t.win"/ ,,TeacheF Thawin,,. The fol lowingf is an
example of the term /knwt" / thai is used as ths first end
second person Dronoun.
Ex 24 I A t,eacher speeks to e pupil.
/khvtz /
/2aztcaann /
t cazl' // plt'kat" /
/mtl'kat" /
_12hen ma II
rxhet come
"teachen "
"t eacher "
" cnaftman"
"menchant "
"fema 1e s hopkeepsr "
A t /pej' str s
Eio buY
IeB " knur" /
part. teacher
"What do you come to
buyr t eacher ? rt
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J
B : /khu:' me ! 2 thu?a ls?t hi-en"
89
?elj" "I come t,o run some
A I /mita ma
have
n o! t som-
preserved
younEl
bamboo shoot
B t /roitt Lan")
have all
I )?' cit
part,. will5
k33
afLerward s
" ?g:"5"r' l9w"
ques. a I ready
?tr ajar' gr1-]a.i",ques. femele
shopkeeper
enrands at Lhe house
of Mrs.SinEl's fsther.
Where'ne you Elo I nEl? 't
"l will Efo Lo pick
some Java wesd for
mothan. "
"Do you hsve any
squash and preserved
younBi bamboo shoof, r
lmtt oke r " /?"
"Which kind of preserved
younEf bsmboo shooL do
you want r chopped or
s heet, ? "
t, eacher
?i r "
tit le
come
.tstn
name
errand.t .r!cr peJ
wi I I Elo
hous e
- rl- -ftka le+
whene
father
let'/
part.
ha*E
Efive
up
my
a
A r /ci"
wi I I
? em"
mot hen
-4 _ SpeJ kep
gfo pick up
kwua " /
part,.
rl -9 ep al( pJSn)
Jevs *eed
Ex25!
Sf nocsry
A customer
stor'e.
speeks t,o e female shopkeeper in the
elik werll)
squash-2m1!
have
t
nLw" fakt n Lw" sej'
kind chop kind sheet_ 1 2 _ -6?ew nLw la+
f,ake k ind what
ta j" /
get
)
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90
3.2,4 Loan Wonds as Pronouns
Losn words smp I oyed as pronouns cen
followst
/p om /
/enan'/
/nul' /
./ kn un" /
/Lnaznt /
/ ?wa" /
/ l+re /
(Thei )
(Thei )
" 1" (Thai )
"You" (Thei )
"You" (Thai )
'1" (Chinese)
"You" (Chinese)
be cited es
Ta i 'S onEi
These two
TBi Song
Loan Pronouns
Losn words /phorn^ /, /cne;tt/ snd /nutt/.1" "n" used
to nefep to sElf when spBakinEl t,o leachers or rDonks. Only
Lhe terms /k'un" / and /l,netnn / ,you, ane employed by
connonens in ce I I ing: monks. Loan words us€d in intenact, i on
with monks wi I I be further discussed in secLion 3.2. lO.
/?!a" / " 1" Bnd /1+s6 / are employed by
people in intereciion with lhe Chinese speakersi
Elroups of speakens rnay sonet ines reciprocats t,he
pronouns of addPsss.
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91
Chinese Ninship Terms
/ cer" /
/:niat /
/LiE '/
/?at tnil
/?a I t korl
/?g t rme t
/?at tsgt
"oIder sister"
"oIden bnother"
"fBther"
"older sister'E husband'l
" pat 6r.nB I on maternBl gfrandfetenrt
"paternaI or met ernBl Efrandmother'
" d 6ught er- in- 1aw"
ln interact, lon
speeksns wi l1 use the
descendants's uEagle such
/t ie^ / 'fathen".
The
s hopkeeper
ulth Chinese people; t,he Tei SonEl
eddness fonms fol lowinEl Chine6e
as /?as^s a'/ "dauElhter-in-law" on
term ,/cer "/ is used in cellinSf e Chine6e female
as in the fol lowingl examplet
Ex 26 , A customer speeks to Chinesa fernele shopkeeper.
A t /9g1"
olden
s i ster
B t /mitz
have
kiswo
neme
?aw'. L),
take how
me"ptglnt mitt ?tttjatt/ '.Do you heve any
squash have ques. squa s h? "
le+
muc h
le t" /
part.
"I do. How much do
you want . "
a
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)
/ ki aw" /
addnessee.
3.2.9 Words Used to Befen Lo Spouse
ln eddress inEf onB.s ovn spouse or e
some l anEiusEles have spec i a I t,erms Lo svo i d
"wife" snd "husband". Sini lar1y, most Tai
specisl words to replace these two terms.
are employed es pronouns in ths second and
can be divided into the following:
By Spouse in Refersnce to Spouse
/ jat jt t'aw- /
/t az' Ln aw- /
92
"How much does it cosi?,'
"Six baht pen klIo."
"Give me a half of kilo.
fniend's spouse,
us i ngf words fon
S on8f people have
The special words
third persont they
"femaIe old person"
( husband speaks )
"rnele old person"
(wife speaks )
A 3 /1o3
ki 1o
B t /lot
ki 1o
trl'1a+"how much
hok' bazLt /
six baht
let "/p6nt.
ha*- * n*T'
Efive helf
A r /?e,(a mata
Lake come
lot" /
ki lo
ain this example is the pensonal name of the
a
o
Copyright by Mahidol University
93
)
Ex 27 t SpeBker A and B talkinE: about doinEf rice farmingi.
A t /pit^
t /bar"
year thi s
l.sI( ew p8J
poor-El'Pede paddy
f ield wit,h Loo
much water
bli t ?eta nat a
not do f ield
ka" t"*" ?a" /
with they gues.
"Wi I I you do poor-Elrede
f ield with too much
water t,his yeer. ? "
hsve a mBch i ne
to do rice ferming like
othen people. I only
had t he o ld mechine
thet nust be fixed every
yesn. My husband wsnted
to sell itr and now I
had sold it already."
-6n1:
a
not, have
na -2ml l
pent,. have_ h- I 6k tt catn
lszyB-!cu3 p13
every year-2t1lem k aln
be annoyed
1t:w6 ler "
a I ready psrt.hEtaw
_ n- 4 2l( +a9 nam
machine with
ttr " kn+an*)
but msch i ne
pej4 =3rt srnt
Eio fii fix
",.r 3 " pi ! t
every year
larj' kta:j'
pass sel I- 2 _ h- Imt3 k +gn
)
heve mach i ne5nan
mi t a a6AW
they
kew
old
a
old ma 1e
.acl
wi 11
psrson there
ktar.5 t ha+- daj- kwen"/
se I I Efi ve get part.
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
94
The Lsrm /Lnaw" / i s form /Lat'shontened in spaekingt. ln this exemple,
/Lnaw"/ to refer to her husband.
/nu: "m €ll/nut" 9!7t //+,a12 h+ en2 /
t, aw /l
speeker
is
uses
chi ldren do
now? "
itB
ThB words /jE.tj2 t,taw-/ and ./tat' Lnew"/ are employed
among the old Tai SonEt people in eddr.essingf end refering toone's own wife or husbBnd.
-: By Fniend in Reference to Fr.iend 's Spouse,
" devot,ee " (wife)
"devoteer'(husband)
'gfnoup housB" (wife or husbsnd)
neulral term to refer to wife/La j h*an-l is a
husband of t, he addressee.
Ex 28 | A man is talkinEf
enother villaEfe
or
Lo e man who is his fr i end from
A t / lgwc
a l reBdy_9le3
. part,
B t /site/
four
lu?'
ch i I d
cu3 m+3
now
ki t a kon'
how person
ni t" /
part.
"How many
you have
" Four "
Copyright by Mahidol University
95
A t /pra 'cat.1t
son
":r1" f)two dauEihter
s tD /
two
3 - t 9-
rt\ e)t\ /dauslhter two
"How many sons do you
hsve?"
"Two sons "
I'You hsve two sons and
two dauEihiers?'i
,Yes. I heve iwo sons
and two daught,ers ".
"Who is the older person,
you or your wif e?'r
tHer aEle is eque I t,o me. "
"Her e8:e is
isn't it?"
equa I to you r
ki r
how
-2l( on
pe r son
lei'/
part.
t /cat jz
son
srrJtwo
At /cer j
son
B3 /?+t'yes.
A z /let6v
a I redy_ lt -4l( aJ
who
/pt'.
equa I
/1,9 z 2
dqua 1
/L)t'
equa 1
kan"
.2cali sStnJJson t wo
lez'/
part.
Eul
you
let "/part.
B!
A:
BI
. -2 a - ateJ h+sn kB
group house end
kLlt kwatt karr'
old. more toE:ether
kan*/goEf et he n
kan ?at /
Logiether ques.
kan* kwua "
toglet,her psrt."lL's egual
of us were
seme ygar. "
t,o me . Bot h
born in the
- i -- €'pri dlew
year sane
t oEl'et her
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Ex 29 . A is e friend of B. A asks B s
/Le j' h+a,n" /
t, he inter I ocut or.
A t /h?ir nut -rn at ?i
inUer. d evot ee
in Ex 28 is used
96
to refen to t,he wife of
"Heyr where
wi f e?'l
16 your
I don't know where she
is."
B z / sas'
she
3 + -4t sul paJ
you gio
1ei" /
part.
mett bwt" /
have not know
no more
katlai-
where
met "
have
no more
peJ
Efo
KA la.l-
whene
ln
speaker B
used es the
Ex 43, /nu! ErnEt t/ refens to f,he wife of the
and is in refennce to Lhe friend 's spouset it is
third person pronoun.
3.2.10
Br a hman i sm
fnom Laos
followinEf
Special Vocebulsry
and from Monks
Employed in Conver6st i on6 to
ln f orrner timesr lhe Tai SonEf people payed respect to
reliE:ion. Laterl when they migrated to Thei land
and Vietname they chang'ed into Buddhist rel igion
the Thais. Nowadays they sii I I bel ieve in snd
worship Lhe spirits of ancesLors. In communi cet i on or
Copyright by Mahidol University
97a
discussion with Buddhist
special fonms of langfusge
and by monks. Some of Lhe
priest,sl the Tai Song
Uhet are employed in
special words consist
people heve
speaking to
ofr
- Monks to Conmoners
F i rst, Penson
a/ ? at L'Latrr,a i" /
/ luall / + common
Second Person
aEx 30 : A monk speaks to
tellinEl fortunes for them.
/ jo tm' prt aca t j2
s man and his wife after finishingf
/si t ^kat t /
/ jotm" / + (common kinship term)
/+,n iLt / + (personal neme)
k inshi p Lerm
ktet"dit" nJtj" jotm"
ered i t I ittle you
kwa t " - --- ---- /
more
cred i b 1y than her. "
you man
tr 6 - 2 -4p ur nrn paJ
-----r---1woman Elo
"You (nale) gfo
-.t h - rlpal p ult
gfo speak
ptutL' dir'
speak gfood
to speak less
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The
siginify sex
wonds
of the
/ p )rn car j",z "1;16n"
i nier locut,ors.
98
and / p hu'.- pi4",z "woman,,tj
- Commoners to Monks
F i nst, Person
/pnom'/
/c en /
/nuz ' /
Second Person
/ kn utt" /
/Lnatnn/
/luarlt / + common kinship term)
/?a!"cairtn /
The terrn /?a:'
monks; an ass i stant of
an ordinat ion or instel
re I i gi ous student, r or s
"":rrtl i. restricted to the head of
a Buddhiri priBst who is officiated st,
lation ceremony, e priest who teaches
monk who has ordained priest for many
year.s.
/ luar{'/ + common kinship term is usBd by commoners in)
cBlling nonks who m6y be raal-kins or non-kins.
Copyright by Mahidol University
99
Ex 31 t A commoner sp€ek6 to an old monk
-.f - - rl- ''
.l_peJ Drn t e batt,
Elo f ood of f Br i nE:s
which fal ls into
a Buddhinst, a lms-bowI
1ez" /
part .
daj- kap"kt
get th i nEf s
eat w ith
who is noD- k i n.
A r / lual' tar'eldePly Buddh i st
"l{here're you ioinT
for food of f eringfs,
/ luen t Let' / ?")
"Rece ived some
reasonable elIlount.
pr i est,
. sB 3 j r
way
B : /paj'
Elo
le+
where
sas jr Lai,'/
way south
aew
to
nice
"I Eo to the south.'l
" Do you Efet msny
kinds of food?"
A I /bintthgtbatt'
food offer i ngs
which fells into
e Buddhi st a lms-bowl
'?e a
many
B : /daj-
get
? tt" jat" /
ques.
h 2 !t- h 2 -prlsomkuBn/
reasonab I e
Ex 32 r A commonen speaks Lo B young:sr monk.
A i / k hun" -4 Z - Zpa.t h,Bn .lo I m "Whose house
you go?"
.9el
wi l lyou go house her she
do
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
lais lez" /
whose part.
B, /cit paj' h+arr"
will Eo houre'oJ' "l wiIl Eo to /1u12
100
bir.' /' s houre. ',
monk who may be
bin'/
nemeolder
uncle
/knwn" / can be used in cellingt thsyounEi€n or olden than the speaker.a
/lunthis
/blr.t /
" / "olden
examp I e .
- Monks to Monks
First Person
is the pet sonel nsma of the oldest, child ofbrother of perentsrr who is the referent in
o/pnom'/
tlual'/ + common kinship term
Second Penson
/knunt /
/Lnalr.n /
/?el*cazrr'/
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101
I{hen nefennin€f to monks, higlh-nanking monk6 who ar€,
outside the temple, the t,enm /l,natnn/ + eccle6iast,ical tit, lewlll be ernployed. In the pestr when speaking of the supreme
patriarch, the Tai Song people used /thg:n' crtrt/.
Pronouns in Tai SoDg can be clsssified lnto two
categories. One is proper per.sonal pnonouns which represen! a
speakent a person spokgn to snd referent. The other ispronomlnal ly used nouns which compnisa kinship terms, pseudo
kinship terms. teknonymy' personal D6rn€s; t,itlesl f r.iendship
termsr occupation Uenmsr loan wonds. wonds used to refer to
spouse as we I I as spec i a I vocabulary employed in
coriversation6 to Bnd from monks.
Both common kinship ierms end kinship by merrieE:e
terms cen be used es pronouns. Only common kinship terms
employed in callindi non-kins or non-scqus i nt anee s ar€ called
"pseudo kinship terms". Furthenmone, vanious types of Doun€;
such as tit, lesr oecupationsr pensonal namesr or somg words
t,hBU signify interpersonel relstionships amonEl friends cen be
employed pronominel ly.
Copyright by Mahidol University
oCHAPTER IV
THE LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE OF TAI SON6 PRONOUNS
This chepter discusses three I ingfui stic aspects ofTa i SonEi pnonouns, t,ha! i s, the semgnt i c feBLures ofpnonouns, the syntect ic struc!une of pronouns, and theEfremmat i ce I processes of pr.onouns.
4,1 Sement,ic Features of pnonouns
4.1.1 Semantic Feat,ures of Pnopen pensonel pronouns
Personal pronouns are distinet semantical ly from
pnonominal ly used f orrns on the reeson that pensonal prdnouns
hsve difference in term of pensonl they denote themEelves as
the f irst,, secondr or thind person. The t,enms /kuar / /ki)j6/,/haz z / ' l' are always ident ified es t,he finst per6onst
/m+nt /, /caw"/, /Ev '/ 'singulan you. as the second person6,I
end /man" /, /kt t.l and /pnann/ 'he or' shs, es Lhe thirdper6ons. Some personal pronouns hava ambiEiuity in term ofperson such ES /m)tt/ 'singlular you,/ he, or /sanme.t 3" /
'plurel you/ t,hey' can be used es both second and thind penson.
A couple of Tai SonE: personel pronoun6 are pestricted
to sexr f or. examplet ,/ k\ ur.t / as well as /Lnetr.t / 'singfular
you' are spscific to males end monkslor /m)r'/ will be
employed by male speaken.
a
a
a
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Persona I pnonouns, themse lv€s,plunal. Some lerms cen 6iElnify singulepfor exsnpler /traw2 / 'l or wa , , /savt/,she or they, .
I O3
may be a inEular or
or p luns I nunbers I
snd /?i"rse**/ 'he,
The fol loyinEpensonal pronoun.s in
represented in teble 2
is distinctive feat ures ofTai Son8l. The symbols thet
et e l isted in Table 6.
propsP
I I bewl
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104o
Table 6 3 Featunes,
Persona I
and Sighification of proper
in Tai Songf
S yrnbo I s
Pronouns
a
Features
Penson + flrEt per s on
+ recond psnson
+ thind penson
Sex
S i Eh i f i cBt i on
this form used s6 f ir'6t penson
pronoun.
thi e fopm used
pronoun.
thi s form used
pr onoun.
es sBcond per son
as f,hi nd person
+
sax
sex
sgx
femele
male
thi s fonm
female on
can be emp l oyed
male speaker.
by
oNumber
Specificity
number
numben
numb e a
s i n8'u I er
plurel
t,hi s f orn
sinBfulen
+
+ can be uEed in
or p lura I number
+ specificity
- spec i f i c i t,y
+ specificity
def inite person (s)
indefiniLe or ot,her person (s)
definite on indefinite person (s)
Symbols
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
105a
Teble 6 ( cont i nued )
Featunes
SituBLion
Sigfnifie6tion
forma I situation
inf orrne l situat lon
Lhis pronominal fonm cen be
used in both fonmal and informal
s i tuet iona
t,his form of
convsrset i on
pronoun emp I oyed
to monk
ln
a
Symbols
sit,uation
s i t,uat ion
situation
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
Table 7 s Distinct ive Festures of
Tai SonEf
106
Proper Personel Pronouns in
Persona I
Pronouns
monk
a
/?artrts'mal.z /
/ ? i t'pnut'
/?ii"saut/
/?ii'sur'/
/ ?we" /
/ caw" /
/cnant /
/haz" /
/ :naw" /
/ kan" /
/ket" /
/kuzn /
/ kn urt" /
/kit 5" /
/l+t6/
/ mer." /
/min'/
/m jt' /
/ttwz' /
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
I+
+
t+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
a
+,
firstenson
s6cond
per s on
third
person
number lspecificity situat ion
Copyright by Mahidol University
t07
Teble 7 ( cont i nued )
Pensona I
P ronoun6
firstperson
s econd
p€rson
thirdperson
sex number specificity situetion monk
/ pnant /-lrl/p om I. + -B/sa melJ
- 4 -6/sa meiJ
n3sjs/
/ sawn /
/swi"/
/l,natnt/
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
i.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
!+ +
Copyright by Mahidol University
108
4,1,2 Senant ic Featunes of Pronominel ly Used Nouns
BeEsndinEf Lhe semantic features of pronominal ly used
nouDsr lhey do not discriminate person. The t,erms /?atj6/
'fBthen / father-in-law (wife's f Bt,her or husbend's father'
or /?ema/ 'mother / mothsr-in-lew (wife's mothsr op husbsnd's
mother.' may denof,e es the fin6ti secondr or third parson
dependinSf on the context they occur.
Most, Tal Songf kinship t,enms siElDify srxr €r g., /?at'/
'fathen's youngter si6t,eF', /?atw'/ 'felher's youngfen
brother' , /?at jB t,naw-/ 'maternal Elrandfather',
/?em"Lnsw" / 'ma+,ernal gfrendmother'. some kinship t enm6
refer to either. male on femele. For exempler /letn'/
nefer to 'grendchi ld ,/ niece or nephew' Bnd ,/nBt t/ ,"y
to mothen's youngfer brothen or sister. In onder Lo signify
s€)x, the titles /bci"/, /?aje/ 'male' snd /?it"/ 'female'
will be placed before those kinEhip termsr for exemple, /?aj
1a!ntl or /b3 t" latnt/ 'EJrandson /nephew', /b2la nat6/
'mother's youngfer bnother', /?1!tlarn'/ ' Ef randdauB:ht,er /niece'
arrd /?il tnat"/'mothar's youngfer sisUer'.
4.2 Syntactic Structure of Pronouns
phna E e
vP).
The basic sentense of Tei Songi consists of a noun
(symbolized by NP) end a verb phrase (symbolized by
or
msy
may
refer
The verbB I modifier i nd i caL inEl ne€lation will precede
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
and the verbsl modifier indicat inEl
a verb. Two Lypes of Tai Song
personsl pronouns end pronom i na I
in a sentence in an NP position as
109
int ennogBt, l on wi I I
pronounsr Lhat, is.
ly u6sd nouns wi l1
f ol low6!
verb
followpr o per
oc cun
VP
PronJ
)
a
J
4.3 Grammat,ical Processes of Pronouns
4.3. I Pnonominelization
A pronominal ization is a process f,o convept the noun
to the proper personal pnonoun. Propen pepsonBl pnonouns
msnked t + PRO I substitute nouns in st nuctune. Nouns manked
E - PRO I are also employed pronominsl ly to refen to sender,
receiverr or referent, and it wi 11 be prononinBl ized into
t + PRO l. The t + PRO I which refers to senden is manked
t + I Ir to receiver t + Il 1t and to refersnt t + III l.
4. ?,2 Restniction on P r onom i na I i z st i on
lf a
and [ -human ]
sent,ence end s
r it cEnnot be
with a noun
pronom i ne I
-en imetemarked
i zed .
Copyright by Mahidol University
Ex
(l)lr/kut,I
_,?atn
nead
_a'/a I Tr
read
_3Ya I n
read
lar j2
pas s
na1'si' : /boo k
^^nt /
r l0
"I read the book. "
" I reed it. "
" I have not yet
finished resd i nEf
iL. "
*(2) /kuta
I
( 3 ) /kut a
I
Icop
finish
it
It should be noted thau sentence (Z) i6 unEiremmaticBl
only when it is an inilial utterance.
But in case t,het, the object noun marked t -enimete land [ -hriman ] is fol lowed by some verbel modifiers, it can
be opereted by pnonominelizst,ion.
IlIit
r"Jstill
b )+he 2 |
not yet
The d i rect
[ -human] cannot be
object noun
pronom i na I i zed
marked [ -an i mat,e ] and
but an indirect objeet, noun
can.
E\2 t
(4) /tornF hs i-6)
name give
ktetnomt ?em"
swseis mothen
'rTon8i Elave some sweet s
to her aunt. "
9at 6 /
e I der
aunt
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
hal-. msna ?em'..----!.:_
Efive it rnother
- -El - tt 4 Ena+ k e nom
Eii ve sweet, s
111
g^tt / "TonEf Efave lt aunt. ,,
e I der
auni
x(5) /tor1sneme
(6) /t,ot:
naire
.*(7) /Uorl6
ngm€
*(8) /to!TE
nam€|
hai-6 ke: "
Elive she
k Et
she
kLt'/
shs
-at " /
iu
"TonEt EfBve the sweets
to her. "
{TonEl E eve it, her."
"TonEl gev€ hen lt. "
- -th a{-
Ri ve
4e,n
ito
a
The sentences 51 7 and I ere unEfr.emmat i ca I . They show
thst the direct object cannot be pronominal ized. In sentence
Br the indirect objeet cannot occur in front of .the direct
object because t,he syntactic Brrengiement of e sentence in Tai
SonEiS(N)VN Nd6 tndo
4.3.3 Plurelization of Pronouns
Most pensonel pronouns in Tei Songl sre singulani but,
a few are both s ingfuler and plural. To manifest the plurel
numbers, t,he terms /pnuak* /, /t,a jz / ar,d / p+r1t /' "group" willl
be placed before the pronouns.
o
Copyright by Mahidol University
It is found t,hat the plural merker /pnuako/
csn precede ell the proper personal pronouns and the
which have been bonnowed from Thei end Chinese.
Ex 3:(91 lLe i' lrrt' cit pai' c?ti+
Efroup I will gfo help
a"tr,th+"rrt pu?tni: " /
namE of B cerrcrmony tomorrow
(lo) /phuakt m+4t ?ett h.q" lel" /--1 )
Eroup you do what pBrt.
(11) / pin"
Eir ouP
?e r "
many
3sBw
he
lel "/
part i c 1e
mut
pig
kut
712
'Efnoup'
terms
uonds
"Group I (our Elroup )
vi 1l Efo help /seln'
hlen" / cer.emony
tomorrow. "
"What sre youn gfnoups
do i nEt? "
"They feed many piEis."
The
/ pa uakt / , /Lajz / ar,d / p++1' /' 'gfnoup' csn occun wi!h somsJ
proper psrEonel pronouns.
I i ar1'
feed
/qnvak+,t, /LaJ2 / and t o+t72 t pnecede /kwt* / .
< 12> /p tua k'
Elroup
-3cl
wi 1l
"Wou I d
Efo for
us?"
,"JEio
. n- at, law
Eo out
for p I easure
you like t,o
e trip with
' to+1" t is often pronounced es to"+3" t.
Copyright by Mahidol University
paJ
Efo
nBm' ? ll" jat'/
with ques.
113
"We ssw them fightingt,
so we help them. "
'rwould you I ike to gto
to the /se r n' hi-ant /
ceremony in Petchbut i
province with us?"
"Are you EfoinEl to carry
sand toni ght / I uan')
pnit*/? ( If you are
go i ngf to cerry it).
IVe will help you?"
-a-.1p+n Ku3(13) /saw" ti3' kan
t,hey hiL t oEteUhen
hent knaw- l?r j" c : j'
see entsr then help
gfroup I
-at.wal /
keep
( l4) /!,aj' kur' cit pajt sern'h+an'
giroup I will Efo name of a
c B r emony
. 3 - a h + - s -4Ke m+arJ p er cl paJ
at province Petchburi vriII €lo
l*r' bJr" pej' let"/
or noi Elo part.
/gnuakn/ pnecedes Lhe term rrhich is bonrowed f rorn Thai.
A Elnoup of sinEile young' women cotne across a monk on
the roadi they spaak to hims
i h. .l - r!- 2 - 6p li t( .+.tn ntt( 15) /lue\
e I dery!rtkon
carry_Et(ct
afterwerds
Euddh i st ioni gfht
sa:.it ?g.r u.3et t ptauk*
sand ques. Efnoup.t - a -4wst cl paJ
speak will go
.lc1
wi I Ilttcan
I
kon
carry
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
114
cf,! j4 saktnrj-
help a little
-94'!Ll na!
wit,h psrt,.
Tha Lenms /sawt/ er.d /?i t tsewt/ 'het she on they csn
bs both sin$utar and plunel. The terms /?i t "ptut t/ 'we'
/?lz'srrt/ 'plunel you', /satma:.1"/ and /satmar j-n !:j-lplursl you /Lhey 'are plurel. To emphasi ze the plural
numbenst the plun6l menkens /pnwak'/ , /Laj'/ or /p*4'/ mayJ
be added before t,hese t,enms.
Ex4t(16, / irr':"r* ,"r' ?"t' n.rJ' "what are your Efroups
J
you(plu. ) come do what doingt?'
?e t' kon" let" /
meny penson part.
( l7) /phuak' ?i r ""ur ."t t ?"t' "So mBny of' you come,
what are you do i nEl?"g:roup
n")*what
you(plu.
?e 3 '
many
come do
kon'
person
lerS /
part.
- lr -zl/p uak
plurel iiy.
/ which comes before /?it"..rttl enphasizea
/?it"swt'/ 'plural you' in sentence 16 shows the
plural ity withouf, any wonds sigtnif yin8f plurel iLy.
Copyright by Mahidol University
,115
. Singulen p€rsonel pronouns cen be made plur.6 I by
sddinEl the verbal gu6 lifier /kena / which magr be followed by e
nurnber es in sentenee 20.
Ex5t( 1B) /man2 ci" pa3t katla+- lst" ,'tyhere wi Il he Efo?',
he will Elo where pBrt.
( l9) /nen2 ci " paj' ka*Ie+" '.Where wi t I t,hey gfo?"
he wi I I g:o where
!-' teia /
t ogtet, her part .
(ZO) /man' paio !"r' s i r " ,,The f our of t hem Eio
he Elo t,oEiether f our toget,hep. ,,
kon" /
Derson
4,3,4 Pronomi ne I Apposition
A Lhird person personsl pronoun may follow a subjector an object of e Eenlence as sn apposition t,o the praeedingl
noun.
Ex7!
(21) /blr" dg:4' penr lu?'kt+a,1 ' '.Mn. Deengl is the newJ
title name be son-in-lew son:in-law.'.mai' /
a
a
ICopyright by Mahidol University
{ZZt /b)tiit,le n6m€,
1u?'kt+a3'
. son-in-law
(Z}t /?ttt t sit'
paterna I nBme
Slnandf at, her
dz:1' 21t9I Pen
he be
-tme+ /
nsw
s .Esew cgr
he mind
la:nt /
ElnBndch i I d
115
"lrn.DaenEfr he is the
new son-in-law."
, glrendf ather Si l he
is kind to his chil-
dren"
" I gfave sweets to the
chi l d nen. "
di I'
Elood
ka?'
Yriih
(24, /kw,ra
I
9"r" /he
lu?'
chi ld
- -ettra+
Eive
k tanom'
sweets
dek'n? : j "
chi ld
The
function es
On fhe other handl if a
in subject pos it ionl it
funct i oninEt as epposition
22t Zg and 24
f,hi nd person pansonal pronoun
may bs fol lowed by a noun
Lo the preced ing pPonoun.
third per son
eppos it i on to
pronouns in sentsnces
Lhe pnBced ing nouns .
occuns
phrasE
ExBr(2s> /w'
I
kt:rq'J
of
I u?' ptJ= kon"
chi ld female person
?atj-
fether
"It who is
fema I e chi
psrents. "
ton-
first
t,he f i r6i
ld of my
?em" /
mot, her
Copyright by Mahidol University
(26) ./ saw 3
he
.EJa 3 n
af ra i d
A
marker /kh
Ex9t(27 ) / h+en
house
wat
Lemp 1e
(ZB) /?emz
mofher
t,ta?"
cut
naktle:nt)
ruff i snlt -5p a+ /
who
pronoun may
t rr t / b"f or."
"He, the
is not
eDyone .
tt7
old ruff i an,
efraid of
kaw
old
b?"
not
4.3.5 Genitivization of Pnonouns
2 -tt tI( f rq
-jof
,.3nan Jut
he be
2l(ttm
edE:e
be gtenitivized
s Dronoun.
by havinE: t,he genit ive
"His hou6e is on the
ed gie of t,he t emp I e . 't
"Mr, Dam' s mother went
to cut Elras6. "
"mother of Dam go cuf,
Eira s s "
'rMi ss 0nts uncle visiied
her yest erday. "
na t /I
Sfress
paJ
Efo
t,ta?"
cut
t b?" dam'
tiile
*(29) / ?emz
mot he r
Fe3 /
Elrass
( 30) / luq ktJ i
t _ t -r]dam paJ
neme 8lo
k I3n----J
of
' ?i r " ? l: n" ma3
com€!t,itle nameelder uncle of
Copyright by Mahidol University
118a
- t _- aJe!m '!ta
visit t iLie
*(31) /luqz kt, rq'--..-=eldan unc le of
3a:m' ?i: e
visit title
-zz-g-ur+l lvre: nl3 /
yesi,erday thi s
mat" "uncle of 0n visit,
come Mi ss 0n yest erday"- a , - 6.ftrt 1we3 nt3 /
yesterday t hi s
?? r n"
neme
?rtn'n6me
?Jr n'
neme
aThe sentence 29 and 31 are struetural ly unaccept able
amon8f the Tei SonEf Epesker.s. Accordingi to i,he rule of this
langtuaEfe' if the Elenitive nerker /kn}zr1'/ is inserted befoneJ
the nerns of anyoner there must be s tit, le before thet DBinar
But, in sentences 29 and 3l' t,he titles are dnopped ouL.
tt should be noted tha! the E:enit,ive msnker /kh)ttl'/I
is often deleted in speakinEf es in the f ol lov{inEl sent ences t
Ex 1O :
( 32) / hlar.z
house
waL* /
temp 1e
( 33 ) /h.i-on2
house he
jor t k zl m"
be ed8fe
"His house is on the
edge of the temp I e. "
"His house is on t'he
edg:e of the temple. "
"Mr. Dam' s mothen went
to euL 8irass. "
ktcrn'------Jof
mana
he
man ,gJUI
be
k!:m2 waLt /
edgfe temp I e
l3 4l / ?emz
mot he n
ktr:nt----+of
bgr t o=I'title nsm€,
peJ
Efoa
Copyright by Mahidol University
119a
t, ta? "
cut[ra'./t
glress
( 35 ) /?ern'
mot hsr
bgt " damt pa3t tta?" Pat / "1.{r. Dem's mother
went to cut EraEE.tit le namB 8fo
?i r "
tiLle
cut, gfnBss
?crnt mBr2
name coma
(36) /lur1"
elder
uncle
.latn'
visit
"Mi ss On' s unele
visited her
yesterdey. "o
?i r "
title?Ctna
neme
- a z - 5.[rf 3 rJweI Irta /
yestenday th i s
(37) / l:ur.2'--elder
uncle
?it"
LiLle
?i.r'title
?-2!-E t mait istmr
name come visiL"Uiss Ort's uncle
visited her
yesterday. "
??rn6
ngme
-22rn+ t
Jl{y8 I
yesierday
- tE.nl! /
thi s
a(38) /lune d:g"jj'
of title
p 33 n peJ
go
,.|.{ i s s Pongt, s uncle
went to feed cows.elder
unele
lial-feed
nsne
lus /I
cow
(39) ,/ lunz---elden
uncle
?i r'title
paJ
Efo
lia1"feed
"Mi ss Pong:'s uncle
went t,o feed cows.
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
r]ue 2 /
cow
(40) /lunr pJtnt_J _Jelden nBme
uncle
-4 - - 6p6J l ra9
Elo feed
a
dropped I
Pongl's
persona I
ln sentence
t herefore
unc Ia" but
name ofa
In Tei SonEf ,
reflexive manker
a pronoun nay
/?etn^ / "self")
e26b3 kon cBw
person cook
by Bdd i ng
1!
/br"r"
I
pen
fbe
?en--se Ia
1ua /cow
The subj€ct of s6nt 6nce
subjects of sentences 38-39. ln
thBt the subject is "lili6s PonB's
menken /k'?t4'/ is pnesent. In)
st,tll "!liss PonEl's uncla" even
ktSrn'/ is de l eted.J
40' the title /?it
t,he subject, of Uhi 6
"ths uncle named
the o ldest child of
be reflexivized
efter it.
" I r my6elf,
the nice. "
"/ pneced in6 /p)tn!/ is)
senLence is hot "Mi ss
PonEtrr. Pon8f is the
the eddnessee who is
celled ttu12 t,
the
Ex1(41)
4.3.6 Reflexivization of Pronouns
120
"UncIer whose e l dest
chi ld is named Pong,
went to feed cows. "
4O is different from the
sentence 38r lt is obvious
uncle|. b€ceuse th6 T€nitive
sentencE 39' ths subject is
thouBh t,he Sfenit i ve mErker
cooked
Copyright by Mahidol University
a lZl
"l am ths penson uho
cooked rice. "
"lr myaelfr cooked
the rice. "
lrEkaw
n i ce
a
( 42) / t,awz
I
- ,r .Eksw
r i ce
(43) /havz
I
pen
be
_t'aen
)se I f
tcav
cook
ba t kon'
pst son
t2?'/
part.
5cew
cook
knaw- ?e1' l??4 /-)rice self part.
a
Thougfh Bll t,hree sentsnces convey the 6ame meEningft
thsy Bne sl iElhtly different in that sentence 4l focuse6 the
Bgent whersas sentences 42 End 43 emphasize the act ion.
4.3.7 PosiLions of Pronouns in InterroSfetive
Constnuct i ons
EX 12 I
(44) /kamanan'ci" pajt I €w" *rzt / "l{iII kamnan Elo
a I ready?"
a
iitle will Eo alreedy ques.
Copyright by Mahidol University
"Have you eaten dinner?rl(45) /rn*qz---Jyou
(46) /n+r
lastanen
J
movie
kin' larrj" ltvgeet dinhen a l ready
*aat /
gues.
2- tf - 2 _- a ak +tn 71t sut
niEtht ;
? Lz" tratt /
que6 .
i LBst niEfht
to see the
did you gfo
movies?"
paJ
Efo
o'J's cte
147) /?em2 m+4" b)" pgj' kin,t-
-mot her you not Elo eat
"Mother, don't you gfo
to t,he / se I n'h+gnt /
cer.emony?"sein
a ceremony
?s'/
ques.
The ebove
the interrogietive
struct,une like fhe
sent enees
6entences
pFonom inB I
show that persona I
wi I I occur in the
ly used noun.
pronoun6
same klnd
ln
of
4. 3.8 Pronoun I nvers i on
The Tai SonB pnonouns can be
aL the end of senf,errces.
Ex 13 3
( 48 ) ./? i I ssut' ?"t,' ha4' jut ' 1"t" /J
you do whel be part.
put aL th€ begiinninEt end
"l{hat ere you doingf ?"
( 49) /?eLs nar;* jur'
do whot be
-alel
part
r-:riscl-"2you
"What Bre you doin8t ?"
Copyright by Mahidol University
a 7ZA
( 50) /pst pej hi?/
e l de n aunt glo per.L
"Aunt r 1et's rfo. "
'.Aunt. lst,s Efor shall we?r
E:o pant i ele elder sunt
ln senlencgs 49 and 51. the nords /?il'sut'/ and
/paz"/ sre inverted to the end of the sentences after the
particles.
Sentencg6 50 6hovs 6uBg:astion but, sentence 51 is to
implore' to sollieit the aunt to Eio.
4.3.9 Pronoun Deletion
In conversBtionsr pronouns can be deleted in the
f ol lowinEl situations 3
1. The addnesser lscks of informet ion about the
Bddr.essee. This happens f,hen the r.elst,ionship between the
communiceLingl pantners are nonint,imets. (see example on p.i3r-139)
2. The status of the addr.essen is equal t,o that of
the addressee.
3. There are only iwo inlerlocutonst t,heneforer thene
a is no need to address the speaken or heener.
(51) /psj hi? pa,/
a
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
124
Proper pensonal pnonoun and pronominBlly used noun
ane seltant, lc6 I ly different. The fonmen has diffenence lnpensonr i.e.r f,he firstr secondr or third person when€as the
lett€n do€6 not discrinrinat,e personr but t,he context wiII
determine its penson.
The gframmaf ic6 I proc€sses of pponouns includ€
pronomlnal izBtion vhich is e procass to convert the noun or
noun phrsse mank€d t - PROI to t,he pnoper. penEonal pnonoun
manked t + PROIt restrictlon on pr.onominal izetiont plural i-
zat,ion of pronounsl pnonominal appositioni EleniLivizstiorr of
pronounsl reflexiviz6t ion of pronounslpositions of pnonoun6
in i nt,er.roEi6t ive constnuct ionsI pnonoun invErsionl end
pronoun deletion.
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
o
CHAPTER V
SOC I AL AND CULTURAL FACTORS
UNDERLYING PRONO}'INAL USAGE IN TAI SONG
The focus of this chapter is on the siElnif icant
social erid cultunel factors which underl ie pponominal usaEfe
in Tal SonEl. These fectors are elassified into t,wo mein
Efroupsr i.e. r social and cultural factors deter.minlnlt social
nole in T6i SonEl ano social and cultunsl fect,on6 det enminlng
role relaLionships in T6i SonEl'.
5.1 Social and Cult,urel Fect'ors DetenmlninE Social Role6 in
Tsi S onEl
5. l. 1 Sex
Sex is s significent sociel f ect,on which influencEs
the use of pronouns in Tei SonBi. Many kinship t enms ln Tai
Song: indicete male and femele speekers. The kinship tanms
Lhst indicaf,e sex of speekers srer for axampler /?atvtL /
'fether's younElen brother'| /?al t/ 'fathe"'s younEler sistsr"
/ lunz / 'olden bnother of panents/ husband of older sisLer)
of parents't /r at -/ 'old"" slst,er of perents/ wife of older
brother of parents', znri1"t"ie.j '/ 'youngier sistarrs huEband''
/nc4"pa+" / 'youn8fer brothsr's wife'' z?etj'ktiaj'/ 'husbsndJ
of one's older si6ter't /?atj-pai-/ 'an older bnothen'6 wife'r
or the words /sarw'/ 'femele sinEf le' and /betlw" / 'male
sinElle' which follow the kinship terms Bs in /lu4' batwt,/J
'sinElle older brotheF of parentE', ,/pst - r"!*t/ 'singf le older
a
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126a
sistsr of parent,a') /?wt t bal*"/ '6inElle peternal grandfather,
end /?ut Eat*'/ 'sin$le paternel Trandmother,. The titles
/brtc /, /?aJB / 'nele' and /?i r t/ 'female, which precede Eome
kin€hip tenms /natt/ end /latn'/, t,he friEndship ter.m /siaw'/
the t6rus shich is u6ed in refer to spouse, 6ueh BEr
/jatj' tnaw" / 'fernale old penson' , /Lel t ttaw"/ 'mEle oldperson" /nut -a121'/ 'devot ss (wife)'r /ns'1,p11a1 'dsvot,ee
( husband ) ' r on the occupst ion t €nm6 r /mtt'ket'/ 'fena le
shopkeepEn' and /p9rtk.a"/ 'oerchant' will dlfferentiEte sexa
of sp€ech participEnt6. It is appenent thet the sexual' differenLBtion deterrnlnes the pronominal usagB in Tal SonEf .
5,1,2 AgB
Sone kinship t,erms in Tei Songf ere restnicted to the
age of speech pert,icipBnts. For. exemple, /setmatjtnJtj'/'plurel you/they' is used to refer. to a childr and /kLa"/'her she' is used Uo refer to an old penson. The aEle ranEfe
of the addressee who ls called /rtet"/ 'mother's youngfer
brother or sistenr, /?e, t/ 'fathen's youngf€r sisten', or
/?atw'/ 'fat,her'r younE:en bnoihen' is less than a person who
i s add nes s ed ttwrl'/ 'old6P brothsP of parents /husbend of
older sisten of parent,s' on /pat'/ 'olden sl st,er of
a
par.ents/ wife of older bnother of parents', and
of t he addpesssa who is cal led /ng: " /, /2"t'/
more than a person who is addressed /pitn
brother or sisten'. Apperently, if the aEle of
the agf e rsng'e
or /?alw'/ is
?+s.j6 / 'oIder
t, h€ addressera
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
is nonequiva I ent r it
selected eppropriately
t27
is essential that a
in eccondance with En
and eddnessee
pnonoun mu6t be
interlocutor.
a
5.1.3 ltinship Bnd Family R€lationship
Klnship end fani ly neletionship is e fundamental
soclal lnt,erpersonal relationship in all 6ocieties. NinBhlp
is a very lnpontant social aspecu influencingf the pnononlnBl
fonms of Tai Songf . The corrrnon kinship f,erms' the klnship by
marriBgte tenms lncludinEl the speeific pnopen pensonal
pronouns /k")3" / 'l' end /cew"/ 'singular you t which ene
employed ln addnessing a motheF-in-law' fBt her-in-law on
elder relativas of wife or husband are evidences that all of
them are affected by kinship status. Furthen; kinship and
femi ly relationship can be esteblished on non-kins which are
cel led pseudo kinship terms.
5. 1.4 GenealoElical Di6tance
There are distinctions on kin6hips terms which ere
employed in callin8f non-kinsi Lhe pseudo kinship term6' for
example, /nel"/ 'mother's young,er brothen on sisf,er' has
feaLure which differs from /pi t'?+r3" / 'older brolher or
sister'. The term /net" / is manksd t+eg'el end [*generat ion]
which indicate that the sddressee who is called /nest/ b"longs
to the older Elenepation than the speaken but the term
a
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
arz8
/9itt?+.a3" / expnesses that the speeker and th€ addressee are
in t,he same g6nenat,ion. FurtherrDorer thene is other
differentet ion of ElBneration, fon instsnce, the t arms
/?atSaLat'/ 'older on yound'er bnothen of met,ernel
Eirandfethsr'or /?emtnat.i" / 'older. or youngfer sister of
naterngl grandmother' snd /lu4'/ 'oldsr brot,her of parents/l
husband of olden sister of pErent s r or /ratt/ 'oldep siEten
of pBrsnt,s/ wife of older brouh€n of penents'. The persons
who are addnessed by thg lest two tepms belonEt to f,he youn3'er
Eteneration then the p€nEonr who ane addressed by the ot h6p
ter.ms.
a
5.1.5 Titles
a
The titles
and /ptut -ctue.ltl
person pronoung.
Lhnee terms are
intenlocuf,on.
/tniL'/, /sia1" / t /kem'nan'/, /pnvr'ye+" /
may be employed as t,he second end t,he thind
Al I t,hese tit, les are widely used. The last
employed in order to pey respect to
5.1.6 ReliEtion
Monks! like in Thai societgl ap€ marked by power and
stat us group. The Tai Songf people pay hi8lh respaet to monks.
ln conversation wit,h monks, they wi I I employed 6pecial
vocabularies, for €x6mple, /knun" /, /Ldaznt/ 'you', on
/lua4t/* common kinship term is used in spesking: to monks andJa
Copyright by Mahidol University
at29
Es I f/ ? alL'Latma tt /
whi le speek i ngf
is employed by monks fon referring
to t,he Tai SonEl people.
to
a
5. 1.7 Occupet ion
Pronouns sre uged d i fferent ly amonEf
occupation6r i.e. r teBcheni crBftmBnr merchantt
shopkeeper. /knwlz / 'teBcher' csn be used ss a
al l per.sons whanses /?attcatnt / 't,eacher' t
'craftman' . /p9 t tk"t "/ 'menchent I and /m e t+kat
shopkeeper' are used as pronouns in the second
person6.
d i fferent
snd feme le
pronoun in
/ cstr.t /l
" / 'female
end ihind
5. 1.8 Ethnic Groups
The two ethnic giroups gt Ban Phai Hu ghanSl end Ban Ko
Lek are the Thai and Chinesel especially; t,he Chinese is e
subglroup thet, affects in clessifyinE speakers int,o Tei Songa
snd non-Tei SonEi. ti is found thst Chinese personel pponouns
end kinship terms ane edopied fon pronouns.
Nowgdays the Tai SonEl people like Uo Sfive educaLion
to their of f sprinElst th€rBfore' t,he youngf Tai Song people
have opporf,uniLy to study in higiher levels. In a primsry
schoolr secondary school or in the col leEler t,hey must heve
conf,ecu with Thai speakeFSl so tha Thai I an8luaE|e mey have
influence on thein speech behavior. IL is found thet /phoml/,a
Copyright by Mahidol University
/cnant/ snd
speak ing Uo
/n:ua' / are
t,eachers,
130
borrowed fron Thei snd 6re employed inparent,s r on edults.
Ex. 3 Speaker A is Tei SonEl while speaker B is Chinese.
Speeken A want6 to nill nice at, speaken 8,6 rice mill.
A I /?us6 cir mat2 6i! t kta:wt ka?u "I vent uo mill ric€.
I rrill cone hull rice et Ther€ is no mone Fice
h*en" bg" miit ktaw"satntcetw- to eat at my house.
house not have
kin* latj2 lir6
eat pess you
kt:nr daj-
before get
n i ce
- t _ -6 _ asl3 hel ?ue
hul I gf ive I
Could you rnlll it for
na finst?"
"O.X. I wtll nill it
for you first."
?et
QUBS r
B r /darjE
gef
katn'
bef or e
.3cl si t
will hullh- 2p +3n
fr i end
I - -Bnerl
Elive
lat j" /
pass
.2,*Jyou
5.1.9 Friendship
Friendship is s social
amongi non-k ins. I f re I at i on
part,icipants is friendly, so in
specisl word wi I I bs employgd.
t,errn /siaw'/ -friend' is widely
femgle speeker.
i ntgr.persons I relat ionship
betwe€n two communicetlng
speak in8f to his interlocutor.
In Tai Son8f! the friendship
used and can rsfer t,o mels or
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
The fol lowinEf is
fsctorE inf lu€ncing t,he
ReliElion
st of soeial
of TEi SonEf
131
end cul tura I
spaakans.
a brief li
socisl role
Tiile
Sex
3 nonkr non-monk
! with a tit ler wit,hout e t it, le
t maler female
t youngier, equa I agle' oldera
C
Age
Ninship and Faml ly Relet ionship
I(inship
Fami ly Relationship
GeneloEii cB I D i stence
Fr i endshi p
Occupat i on
Ethnic Group
s kinr non-kinr panent,sr offspninEft
relativsr siblinEl
r member of the fBmi ly, spouse
3 of youngen Efenenationr of
salne gieneret i on r of older
gfenerat i on
t fniendr non-fr i end t acquaint ancel
non-acgue i nt ence
t,eecher. cref t,mgn r merehantt
feme I e shopkeep€r
Chineser Tha i
Copyright by Mahidol University
t32
5.2 Social Bnd Cultural Fectons DetermininEl Role RelBtionships
in Tai SonEl
The role nelat ionship of speech participant,s may be
determined by t,he Bocio-cultunal fect,ors discusEsd below.
5.2.1 Solidarity
Whi le hBving verbal interact ion with non-kins or
acquelntancesr soliderit,y can be created amortEi thesa gfroups
by usinEf kinship t6rms as pnonouns. The. common kinship terms
are, fot exampler /9i1"?+ai'/ 'older brothen or sisten';
/latat / 'Slrandchi ldl niece on nephew ', /natt / 'molher's
younElon brolher or slster', /?al t/ 'fether'6 youn8l'er slster.' t
/?stw'/ 'fether'B younEier brothsn'| /lvrlz/ 'older bnother of)
penents'r /patt / 'older sisten of parsnts "
/?ati"?vt" /
'pat,ernal EirBndfaLher' , /?em"?wt" / 'pat,ernal girendmot h€r' r
/?at.it!taw"/ 'mat,ernal girandfathen' r /?em"r,naw" / 'maternal
ginandmothen'| /?a',3-|-at'/ 'older or younEfer broUh€r of
maternal Efnandfather' as well ss /?emznat32/ 'older or
younEler 6i6ter of maternal grendmot,her'. It is found thet
bot,h paternal and mai,ernal common kinship t,erms ane used fo
create solidenity emonEf non-kins and amon8l acquaintanceE.
Copyright by Mahidol University
133
5.2.2 Presence of Chi ld
Pr.esence of chi ld csn determine spesch behaviorr
especiellyr the use of pponouns. To init,at,e t,he childnen's
usagfa is videly done' fon example the people of TEi SonE
oft,en cell thein own youtrEler sl6ten's husband /nat'kn+gtr^ /
'hu6bend of motherrs younEfer slsten'on /?arw'kt+e3'/ 'husband
of fat,her's younlter sisten" on Bddness youngfer' brother'6
wife ss /aaz'9a+"/ 'sife of mother'5 youngsr bPotheP' ot'
/?at'lwa" / 'wife of t he fat her'6 youngler bt other' vhi ]e the
addnessees have no chi ldran. In case that the addnessees hsve
ehildnen, the address forms in such cBllinEl will be chanEled
from /nat"kn+ei'/ or /naltpe.+t/ to /nett/, /?^tttkt+a5t/ to
/?azw'/ ar,d /?a'. t 1uet/' t,o /lvs" / plu6 the personel nams of
t,he oldest child of eddragBee. All ere called fol lowinEl the
children's usagfe of a speeker while theBe conversations may
or mey not be in fnont of childnen. Presence of child
explicitly cond it,ions the pronominal usegle in TEi sonB.
Forms I i Ly
ln a formal and informal Eituat ionr Dronouns will be
used diffarent ly. ln fopm6l occasiont such esr in B ceremony
or in e meetinElr the fsBtune of pronoun will be marked
f + formalityl. Pronouns which ere employed in this situeLion
are /L,et" / -1,, /:nawt/ 'l or we' peferringf t,o self, /swaa/
'singiulsr you' and /sewn/ 'her aher on they' refenring to
Copyright by Mahidol University
tI S4
ot,her peop I e.
5.2,4 lnt inacy
IntimBcy can condit ion t,hs use of pronouns in Tei
SonEf . For instancer if role rBlationship betwEen two male
friends shoss nonintimscy, they may exchanEle /hat"/'t' and
/sr:-zt/ 'sinElulsr you' end in case t hat Lhe role relationship
becomes intimacyr bot'h nay reeiprocet e /kwtn / and /m};12 /.
5.2.5 Ernot i on Manlfest Btions
In speech coDmunicetionr a Epesker will not u6s the
same pnonouns to his arrdiencB. When the spsaker i€
ernot lonalr pronouns which are normal ly used uill be shifted
to ot'her. pronouns in order to show his emoLion to the
addressee. For exEmpler e woman usually uses /ktri-/ 'l' and
/cawt / 'you' to show respect when speekinEf to her
mother-in-lew but in s situBt ion whepe thay become Eng'ry'
both mey exchanBa /kutt/ 'l' and /mi4t / 'you' which ere used)
to show no respect to each ot,her.
The example belov is an expressive Ewitchingf . It is
s stony about a dBuEfhter-in-1aw qusrrel ing wiLh hen
mother-in-law about property thet she should get after her
husband died.
a
o
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
bem€
L it 1B nama
- E - -tb?t har
not Elive2wetn nan
reLr i but, i on it- -2. h EiJA: J t eW
aortba!t kut'
propsrty I you
-54-2r(3r ssrJ '*rlafterwerds no youa_aahznat nam t En
will follow in t,ime
nokn /
-2mt:
hsve
ta t w
com€l
back
c e3t
nat i on
135
"Even Lhougfh you don'L
gfi ve me pnopenty. nevBr
rnindl retribution for
youn bBd deed will bs
back Lo you soon. "
"You don't nespect your
fathen-in-lew and
mother- in- 1aw, You csn
do enyt hinEt what you
want . "
" l have my fat her and
mother and I will Efo
to be with then. It is
enouElh t,o meet you in
thi s life."
At /2its
a
old woman stinEly
B: /mir1t ,"n' bf,tt n"pttt+t t ?at5"
you it not respect, father_ 2 - 2 -t _ . t - z?em m+n ct 'let, s+!
J
mot,her you wi I I do whBt
kJt6 sstn'l m+nt /))afterwands no tnett,eF you
a
Ar /kutt lu?t mi!' ?alj6
I chi ld hsve fBt,her
?em" kut t kot - ci "
mothen I eften- wi I I
werds
hiant heiE p)t 6 kan'
housa Elive find each
of her
diew" ni!" 1??4 /
one thi s part.
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
Bt /te t w€
come
bac k
pej' larj'
Elo Pass
?i:"ha: k in'l
dsmn eat
136
"Get out. You dBmn I"
Actuel ly' e dauEfhter- i n- I aw will use /kn C j"/ fot
self-rsfer€nce and /cewt/ for sel linEl mother-in-lew but when
she became snEJry' both will necipnocal,a lkur'/ and /m+*z /.)
Further' the speakep A cal led molher-in-law /?izt bernt/
in6t,esd of /?emz / and used tha word /jarjtttaw-/ which showed
no nespBcL.
Ex r SpeBken A end E ere telkingf aboui their friends
-_- z -3 a - 2l'ltl salJ man mi3
t it I B name she have
b)r a hu: "cak" balt lu?')
noi know look chi ld
nLwz ptr! -"a r *t ni t "
Lype s inElle wornen thi s
ln Tai Songf societyl when
chi ldren' she will be called /?em
Iu?t mi: t t,aw
child have e woman's br€ast
?et t pen' m et a ka* l!, n"
J
do be mother be effected
"Mrs. Soi, she doesn't take cere of her chi ldren,
she likes io 6how herself off like a sinEile womsn."
has
hen
a woman is married snd
* persona I nama of
Copyright by Mahidol University
at37
t he referent i s ca l l ed by
vhich show the speaker's
oIdest chi
the Litle
sancesm t,o
ld but inplus her
her.
this examp I e
per6onal name
5.3 Rules of Pronominal Usagfe
The use of pronouns involves thg pronominal veriants
which ene Eloverned by socio-llnEluist ic rules whlch ere
condit loned by soclo-cult,ural fact ors indicat,ing Tsi SonEfa
cu I ture.
There are 2 types of soc I o- I I nElu i 6t i c rulest the base
rules and veniant nules. The baEe rules Elovern usage and
t h6t are applied to match social and cultural factors to t,he
ebst ract I+PROI result,inEl e form f + pronounl. The vaniant
rules differentiate one pronominal vanianu from another.
5.3.1 Bese Rulesa
1. t+PROI ----> E+pPonounl ,/ lociat rote
of sender r
recsivsr and
neferent
the cond it ion of
role rslstionship
bet,ween sender
and recs i ver r and
sender end neferBnt
Copyright by Mahidol University
t+PROI
t+t l
Example of BaEe Rule I
----> /ka}.it /
138
"lf, is ihe ray to go to
thB csremony, isn't it?',
"Yes. "
l- senden end I [ ""r,0 , "
, "r, or ro r e-l
I re""iren llretationshin is I
[+aaurnten-in-rawl-] l5+ rorurat itv: l
2. E+PROI -----r, f, rbt tOj
n a cas6 thet, a speeker does not know infonmationabout, the social role and the nole nelatlonship of hisinterlocutor, a zero veriant is employed.
Example of Base Rule 2
SpeBken A is a man who cqme from another villageispeeker B is a fsmale shopkBeper who i6 hevingf breakfast, A
came into her shop 6nd asked her how to go to the censmony atMrs. Baep's house.
At /paj t h+en"
8io houE €
-_- rl/'!aa men
yes riEfht
rjstn
ceremony
m€nt ?a" /
r i gfhi guea.
Bt
Copyright by Mahidol University
At /hien"
hous e
Br /tor;'l
str i ef ht_6n1l
this
At /4am")
think
Bt /paj +
Eio
_tb? 3
noL
I ew" 6I I atr
?i: " bdp"
f,itle nemct
.4 I - hpal t,atm t
go a I oDEl
leg'/
pert
s non
aoad
knvaa' /
n i Etht
ni t " n".'/
t,his part..t't2se p sln
br i dEte
----------- \
139
"Mrs. Baep's house. r
"You Eio stre i Eiht elongi
the noad end then f,urn
r i elht' "'
" l think that t,his is
the way to go. r'
"You can't go because
t,he br i d8le i s out of
order. "
alrBedy turn4 -+ - awar peJ tBrrl
speek gfo way
b?r" daj" lg?"
not get part
di t' /
Efood
5.3,2 Ve n i ant, Rules
VarianL rules result, in different, pnonomonal veriant s
vrhich ar€ det,ermined by the social role and role rsletionship
of speech participants. The fol Iowin8, are variani I.ulsE forpnominal usege in Tei SonEf .
ar Varlant Rules of Proper Pensonal Pronouns
t+E+
pronoun l
I]
I RrI Rt
/s t
SI
adu lt
eduli
edulL l
edult l
/?iz"pnutt/
Copyright by Mahidol University
140a
s
S
s
s
[ + offspr i nEl
t + sibl ing' l
E + kin l
t + friend l
+ panents
Eibl ingf l
kin l
friend l
I RtRt+
Rt+Rt+
/?a.l1,"l,eamat' /
/ ?!at / It+Teisonstr3t+chineeej|
adulult-nale:]
/s
CRR
t+t+
monk I nff - rronk I t + adult lforma I lty J
zs[t +
n[r +a
/st+st+
/s t +
t-
ecqua i ntence
Bcquintance
/ c' stt' /
/ hat" /
/ hayz /
monkl[+
monk l
monkl[+
off6pn i ng
kin I t -
t + kin I t
Iteachen :l cnn r
It+education:]
eEie I t + aducatio
+ ase r]
,r L, -B
f t +
1,-s[c +
s[r +
RI
+ fonnel ity lR [ + parent s
"rj
ofr i end
lovan l
Rt+Rt+
fnlend l
lover l'
+ friend lfr i end I R C
forne I ity l
CRRE-intimatel
CRR t + intimete.3
a -. .tnls
no examp I e
rule is derived from an
to support it.a
i nt,erv i ew so t hat, there i s
Copyright by Mahidol University
t
+ offspr i nEl
+ 6iblingf l
* spouse J
/S t +fniend I RE
s t + siblinEf I R t
S[+ecguieniance]
14r
+ parents
+ sibl ingi
+ spouse
+ fniend I CRR t - intimate l+ siblinEt lR[+acquiBntance]
I BtRT
RT
ST
stst
l
l
l
,
kan' /
/krttn /
/ka j" / fathen-in-lew
moUher-in-laru
/s
s
s
5
S
S
S
S
S t1J
t
CR
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
(l)
lr
+ fnlend I Rt+
R t + int imste I t
+ offBpringi I Rt
+pBrentslRt
+ siblinEt I B t
+spouselRt
+ kin I R t
-adultlRt+adulLlRt
+ fet h6t -in-law l
+ mother-in- lew l
friend l
- forna I ity
+ panent s l
+ offspr ingf
+ siblinEf l
* spouse J
+ kin l
+ adult l
- edult l'l R rt +L\()J {c +
ason- in- lew l
daughter-in-1aw
l')LrJ
"J'*), *
/stt +)
i, *
,lr.1
son-in-law , I
daughLer- in-law J )
Sft + Elrsndson by marriage I I R (t + fnandfethen-in-lewJ J
{r + s""r,aaeughuer by ma,'r,.""\1, + Efrandmoth".-rr,-r"*J }
,tI t+t-
male
rnalet
/nwt ^ / -rnonklt-edultl
Copyright by Mahidol University
+monk f Ia
- monk I t + t,eacher l.) CRR E + formBl igy l
offsprinEf I t + educgt,ion :] R E + panents l
kin I t - edult I t + educet,lon :]
t+kinlt+adultr]
acquaintance I t - adult I f + eOucefion :]
[ + ecqueintence ] f + atlult, I ]
S
s
zs [c
* J-'
tt'.1, *s [r +
*1,
'[' .
nlc
R
IrIr
B
IrR
ir'1,
+
+
L
+
t
- monk I t + edulf, I f + nale l]
imonk, ,l
- monk I t + teach"" rJ J CRR t +
offspring I t + education :] n f +
kin I t - sge I t + educat,ion J]
+kinlf+age:]
aequaintencelt-.*rr]+ acquaintance I t + aSe :]
142
forma I i ty
parents J
,/ pn om' /
/?i. su'. /
p r onoun
tt l
t+T+
/s
S
S
S
s
s
+ adult l
- adult, l
+ offspr inEI
+ siblinSf l
+ kin l
+ fr i end l
adult l
adulf, l
parents J
siblingf l
kin l
fr i end l
Rt -BT+Rt+Rt+Rt+Rt+
Copyright by Mahidol University
a143
formsIiiyl
/ cav" /
/knun
/ l+ao /
tm+1't
Eirandson by
Efrandmot her
/ sir +
(E +
son- in- I sw l
dauthen- in- I awt-(,rl j,
t
+ f et,her- i n- I ew I I
+ mothan-in-law I \+ older rrelst ive ofl
wife on husbgnd J )
RJt + EtrBndf at hen- in-law II
It + franamot,hen-in-law J,f
t !' *
?' *rrarniage I J
ty ,."ri"g" :I
"r rsl - [+ monk ] CRR t+monk l t + edu I t,
t - edulu
aequisnt enca f f
+ 6cqua intance l
acqua intance I I
+ ecqusintancs l
+ rai sone l]I + Chinese lJ
+ chinese l]
E + Tai Song:]
ll .
a
zs [r +
'[,s[r +
*[,
a
/5
s
s
S
S
5
S
S
s
t +fniend I R
t + offsprinEf l
E + pensnts l
t + siblinEl l
[ +.spouse ]
t + kin l
t - adult l
+ edult l
[ - acquient 6nce ]
[ +fathar- in- lew ]
E +moLher- in- law l
t + oldeP nelative
t+fr i end I CRR t+inUinatelt-fornelityl
R[+psnents]
RE+offsDrinEl
R E + sibling l
Rt+spousel
R t + kin l
R t + eduli l
Rt-edulil
Rt-acquiantencel
+son- in- l aw l+deuEiht,er-in-lew ,l
* ['l,on
a
s
of wi fe husband l
Copyright by Mahidol University
144,
/m zr / +
+
/s E
stfniend I B
acqu i Bntence
St.}friendl
kin I [ - aEte
kinlt+6Ete
acqu i ant ance J
acqu i entance l
t + friend l
I Rt+acquientBncel
/ sa*met tro /S
S
S
S
/setmaI j-nf,t j-l
/ s:ut' /
/l-naln'/
t + friend ln[r + tir, : c + age :]r
tlc + rrn r t - age l]
sgel]R [t+ ecquianisnce]t+
ager] R [r+ ."o,rt"rrtanca]t-
.". r]'
.""r]
R
]J
rlt-t+
[t*[.,*
[t+
[,*
a
fr I end
lover l
monk l
pBP6nt6
adult l
Bdult
adult
fr i end
lover l
/s
s
I Rt+Rt -
t+t+
offspninSl
adult- l
CRRI- int imete l
monk l CRR t+ forpalityJ
I Rt+Rt+
/s t +
st+
t+t-
,,s
lr -
t+t+
1iR r+
il
apr onoun
III ]
tThi=
Lhe same aEfe.
pnonoun is usBd by tv{o speekBrs Yrho are sbout
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
145t
/ ? i t" savt /
/kLtt /
/m)r t /
/pn6nt/
/ sa'mst j" /
. + -E -6 -/sB matJ nrlJ /
friend l
off spr i nEf
sibl inEf l
kin l
adult l
t + friend lRt t + parent s lRt t + siblinEf lRt t + kin lRtt+sdultl
/S t +
St+5t+st+st-
RL
l
r r + edult l] I:r+aeel] |
sdurr il nt,1[r +
.e" r] i *"i1, .
Rtt+Rrt-
lS t +
St+
z s([r + tin :
l[, * * '" ,
/58+st+
/st+st+
t
t
kin
kin
afriend I Rt E +friend l
acquaintance I Rt E + acquaintance J
friend I Rt t +friend l
siblinEr I Rt t + siblinEt l
a
/s
ST
ST
s [r *.Ir*
t +friend I Ri t +friend l
+ kin I t - a8ie I RL E + kin I t + age J'
+ kin I t + BEle I Rt t + kin I t - eEle l
acquiant,ence:f -ag"r] nt Ir+ acquiantancelE+aBeJ]'
acquient,snce:f +age:l Rt ft+ acquiantencelt-agel]JL
psrents l
adult l
off6pninEl l
BdulL l
'Thi= p"orroun is used by two speakers who are about
Lhe seme s8:e.a
Copyright by Mahidol University
146a
/ sawt / /st+St+st+5t+st-
fr i Bnd l
offspn inEf l
siblingf l
kin l
edult l
Rt,t+Rtt+Rtt+Rtt+Rit+
friend lpsrents
siblingf
kin l
adult l
l
l
b. Variant Rule6 for Pronomielly Used kinship Terms
E * pronoun 3a
/ Sr R' Rt t + kin lAl I kinship terns
t + I, ll, III l
[/na s "/
I
\r2",'t II tz^r*'l )
t + I, I
+ pepsonB I
t + kin l
I, tll l
name of addressee or referent /St R, Rt
ot twle r
/ pal" /
/?et tr" ?vr " // ? em" ?vr" // ?ez tr6Lat' /
/SrRrRtt+kinl
+ (/ ba.we / ))r""r.'r\lr*,*', )
/?em"nat j" /
[ + Ir II, III
Copyright by Mahidol University
/nat" /
/?az'/
/?atv'/
/ lur12 /,)
/ger" /
/?et 36 ?vt' /
/ ?emt ?wt " /
/?at ia ld awd /
/?em"Lnawt /
/?atj6t,at'/
/?emtnat j" /
t + Il, lll
147
/t on" / + pen6onBl neme of Uhe oldest child
of addrsssee or refereno /Sr Rr Rt t + kin
( /r.a.'/ )
l, ,r^,*' ,f|,r.,;, )
t + ll,
+ /LhiL'/ + (personel name of addressee or
referent t /5. R, Rt t + kin l
I II ]
c. Verisnt, Rules fon Pnonomial ly P6eudo kinshio Terns
. - 4_- -l'/91I ',lteJ
/ latn^ /
/rtal" /
/?azw'/
/?ar'/
I + Il, I
1.I
E + pronoun l
( persona I
/s, R, Rt
CRR of Sr
neme of addressee or referent
t - kin I [ + acquienLence ]
R and S, Rt t + solidarity l
II ]
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
/ 9at" /
?at 3e ?wt " /
/?em" ?ur t /
/?er Sttar '
/ ?ern"na t.5"
/ lut1" t
E + II, ttt l
/nai" /
/ ?aiw' /
/?at'/
/ lu1' t/paz" /
/?at j" ?wt " /
/?em" ?wr" /
/?at j-L'ewt y'
/?emtt.naw-/
/?az 3"l,et' /
/?emznai jt /
t + II, Ill l
Rt t- kinl t+
Sr R end S. Rt
t4a
acqu i anLance 3
[* solidariiy]
(zterw'z)
* ]r"",*', (
lrr^*", J
/5,
CRR
Ri
of
a
I / t,orr" / + persona I name of
of addressee or ref ensnt,
[ + Bcquaint,ance ] CRR t
the oldast chi ld
/Sr R! Bt t + kin
+ Eol idariLy l
a
(/nas 5/
''l
)rr^,*' ,\1r,"1', )
[ + Il,
+ /t,h iL'/ +
/s, R, RL
III ]
(personal neme of adnessee or refergnt )
t-kinl [+acquBintence] CRR I+sol idarityl
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a 149
[-nale] t+Bdultl + (pepsonel
of addressee or refenent )
Chlnese kinship t erm
t + II, III l ngm9
/s t + Tsi Sondf I [ + eustomer ]B t + Chinesa I t + shopkeep€r lCRRt+solidarityl
[ +ecqu i antence ]
t+Tai S onEl l
[ +ecquB intance ]
t +Chi nese l
CRR t+soliderityl
Ch i nese
T+ I I ]
kinship t, erms
a /cer'/ lf-rnate: f +adu1t, ll/hie" / [t+rra1e] t+adultll/Liat / lf+nalel t+aduft l]/?at'n+r1'/ lf+:nete: f+adult, lltZat'*.o1" tlt+malel t+adult I f+eee{
/?at'mar "z IC-mete: tsdult] t+adelJ
/?atrs),"2 lf +rrate: t +adu tt,I J
/s
a d. VsrienL Rules of Pronominal ly Used Teknonymy
[ + pronoun ]
Teknonymy /5
T+ I I ]
[ + msmber of
fem i ly I CRR
the fam i ly l
[ + presence
[ + mambEr
chi ld l
R
of
of the
Copyright by Mahidol University
150a
Fir.Et n6me, short erred first narner or nickname
+ friend l
[ + pBnent6 ]lr,l *[, + kin ] r + adulr l]
first nsne, or n i cknsme
t+T+
pronoun
I]
a
/s I +
SE+s[r +
Finst
t+ I lfriend I R t
offspr.inEf I R
kinlt-adultnamE, 6hontened
t + II, llt l
.[,
r[t
/5E+friendl
S[+panEntE]I
S Lt + kin I t +(
S Lt + kin I t +
+ acqua intsnee
* ecqui antance
S[+spouse]
R, Rt, t +
R, Rt- E +
adult, l] n, nt [r
"g" ,] n, **, [r *edult Il n,
friend l
offspr inEf l
+kinlr-adurtl]
kin I t - ass l]
nt [r +acoue lntance] t-eouttl]
,
f. Varienf, Rules of Prononinal ly Used Titles
+ pronoun l
"g," ,] n, nt [r +acqua i natnce ] r-"g.:ltf+spousel
It+It+B' R
titles iznnur
-pa+'z l
)}i6!!+t\/p ut c uai /)Ir*.r"rr"r,', )
+(persona I name of Bdrsssee
/SC+ecquaintancel
Br Rt t + acquaint ance l
or r'eferent )
a
The
t + Litle l
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151
t + ll, III CBRofR'RtI+ respect l
BddrsssaeThe titles sonB I
nefere
t +f
[ +o
[*s
lr +kTIr +k
E
t
t
k
l,t t+
R, Rt
Rt [rI
lr
/+.n iL'/ or /siaq" / + (penl
t llr III I or
+ fnland I R, Rt
+ pBr.ent s I R, Rt
+ siblin8t I R, Rt'I
+ kin I t-agtelJ R, Rt,l
+ kin I t + aEielJ R, Rt
+ spou6€ I R, Rt,
acqueint,ance: f - agel]
acquaintance I t + eger] R,
narle of
nt)niend l
ffspr.in
iblinEr
in I t+
inl t-a
spouse
fr +acI
I t +.Er"
+ acqu
- sgs
/ss
S
S
s
S
8fl
l
.g":Jse rJl
qua i ntance llI
]J
a i ntance I I,.l
t[, *
'[, *
The titles b)t" /
2e j6 /
? i ta /
II, I
ent6 l
I ingf l
I-I
It l
I t + edult
: f + afe:]
/sE+st+s[c *s[c +
st+s[r+acoslr + eeo
\,
t+pan
"lokin
kin
spo
uai
uai
personal nsms of eddressee or neferent
I t + adult. l]
: f + age: ]
R, Rt tR, Rt tR, Rt, [r
R, Rr [rR, Rt E
:] n, nt,
Rt Rt,
+ offsprin€t l
+ sibllnEt l
+ kin lt - adulL lI+ k inlt -aEte lJ
+ spouse luss l
ntence
nt ene e
[E +acoua i ntence ] t -adu rt lJ
[t +acoue i ntance: f -efe:]
Copyright by Mahidol University
t52
g.
f + pronoun I ------------ >
/knvr" /
t+I l
/5 [ tt eecher ] R t +student l CRR [+respect ]
addressee
I n, nrI
lJ
fzt<"urI rz"r't+t
caln
Ir I
-]
It l
+ (personal neme of
/SI t + st,udent ]I
IE + scqua lnt,ance
CRBE+nespectJ
or referent )
t +t€achen l
c+malelJ
C-met":]
/cazrlt/ /S t+ scguaintance I R t+ cnBftmen I CRR ttsolidaritylJ
t+ t I, I I I l
/p3r tket'/ /s l+ cust,onerl
t+ I I l
/mt: tkat " / /" l+ customenl
t tt l
n lc
+snonreener:
tR Lt +shopkeeper l
h. Variant Rules of Words Pronornlnal ly Used to Refer to Spouse
f * pnonoun I --:----------)
/ja: j "t tew
+ II. III
-z [c-mete:r+eger] / S, R, Rt [+ spouse]t
t
Copyright by Mahidol University
153,
[ /ta' itnew-z [r+mare:c+"ge:]t + Il, Ill l
spouse 1
/ S t + friend I R + t + friend.s spouse l
end culturel factors affectinE sociel
people ere sexr egfer kinship end family
Efnoupsr end friendship. The sociel and
/ s, R, Rt t+
trl
I / ttw6
J,,,., ,
L,.,t+
,mtt /
" 9)t' /t h+"r,
III ]
a Whi le pnonominaI izetion siElnif ie6 t,he I angtuagfs
pnocess whsrs a noun nefeprinEf to s Eenderr rec€iver, or
rsfensnt is chBnged lnto t+PROI; the socio-l ingiui6tic
manklnEl indicgtgs appnoprist€ness of pnonominal usegs and it
is employed to chenEfe t+PROI int,o socielly conditioned form
[ +pronoun]. Thi s t+pronounl hes many var i ances in the
prononinal usaEfe of Tei Son8f . Esch varience is det ermined by
the soci6l nolB(s) end the role relationEhip of speech
conmunicatop5 affected by Lhe sociel and cultunal factons in
Tai SonSf soc i et,y.l,
The sociel
roles of Tai SonEl
relat,ionship; ethni c
cuIt ura I faqtonr determininEl ro 1e relat,ionship gre
solidsrityrpresence of child, formal ityr iniimecyr ernotional
menifesietions.
diffenentiete
Al I sociel end cultural factors
a
the social role and nole relationship of Tai
Copyright by Mahidol University
a 154
SonEf spsekens,
pronouns.
which are explicitly shored in lhe use of
ln a penticular situation, a pgrson nay occupy
verious social noles 6s a mot,herl e wif€, a dBughter-in-lBwrteachert or kin. Th6se various roles determine the choice ofpnonominal fonms. Whi le speBkinEf t,o husband, the socialrole will be the wife Bnd nole neletionEhlp in this featurewill . be viewed a6 one-bonded. But, when t,he woman is both
teacher and kin of a boy, in the fonmal situationr the rolarnerked t+titlel wi Ll prevBi I end in the informal sit,uation
t he role menked t+kinl wi l l dominatB. TheEe two diffBr€nt
sociel noles in such situeLion will be mult,i-bonded.
ln Tei Songf , Lhe pole of Bn intenlocuuon
nult i-bonded can be itlustreLed es followst
a
a
,
Copyright by Mahidol University
RoIe6 in Conflict end PrevBi linEt Bole'
Roles in Conf I I ct
155
Pneve i I inEf Roles
Litle
tiLlE' fniend
titlek inl kin + Litle
title (/kam'nan'/, /gnwttya+'t
or /ptut -cnue3t/ , friend
title (/kem nan /.. h B
'i -4 -orlpu!cuaJ/,
/phu:
kin
B -t.P'r '
teachan I kin
k inr fr i end
tAn irrdi.,iduaI may
seme time in e pertieuler
the sociel role msrked [ +
sit,ustion.
occupy various sociel roles at the
situaLion. ln Tei Songi societyl
tiLlel wi I I prevei I in the formal
t eachar
kin
kin
k in
S ituet i on
fonna I
i nforme I
fonma I
i nforma I
fonma I
i nforma I
forma l
i nforma I
Copyright by Mahidol University
a
a
CHAPTER VI
Ilt.IPLICATION AND CONCLUS I ON
6.1 Implication
The corr.e I et i on between I BnEluaEfe str.uctune and
socio-cultunal structune can be seen in th6 use of pponouns
in TEi Spng. The soclal and cultunsl fectors undenlyinEi anfi-
conditioninEf the pponominal ussgfa sre i I lustnEtad ineonvensBt,ion6. A Ehoup of personal pronounB employed inspeaklnEf to and fnom nonk6 lndicates the . diffenentation
between social gnoups whlch ere divided int,o monk snd
non-monks Efr.oups. Anong non-monk grroup, ell kinshlp by
manrieEfe t erms sre used as pronouns in all persons and there
ape a p6ir of specific propen perronel pronouns /kn)jt / for
,.efernlnEf to self and /cav"/ for referrinEl to per.tnen
employed by kin6 by mErriEgf€ Eo es to express respect, towsrds
fathen-in-law; mother-in-la\r1 op elder relaLives of wife or
husbBnd. Th6se usagfes stness effinaltty of Tai SonEl p6ople.
Bot,h pBternsl Bnd mst,ennBl eommon kinship t,€rms ere used in
cal I lng non-kins and non-acque i nt ances.
The dlffenentatlon of sex 6nd Bgie slso det ermlnes
!hB pronominel u6Bde. Many kinship termsr oecupet ion termsr
tit, le6r words used Uo refer to spouga which sre employed
pnonomirraI ly distinEfuish bstw€en the female and male role.
Similartyl the common kinship tarms which are characterized
by the ett,ribute iltplyinEf 'sin8lle' rnus.t be chosen
Bppropniately sccondinB t,o the sex of Epsech part,icipentl
/bs.zwt / for 'male singller end /satwi/ for 'female singfle'. In
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
157
reElard to aEfe, the Tai Songf kinship terms siBnify the aEla ofspeech communicators such es the addn€sseeE who are called/1w4" / 'older brother of perents, ond /par"/ 'older sister of
1
panent,s' ane older then those who sre addrggged /net" /'mothet rs youngler brothen or sisten', /?al t .f"then .s
younben sister.' end /?etw'/ 'father 's younEler bnothen t,
which belongt to sene ElEineration. Inteneat lnEly. in cese thatf,he ege of an adnesseB is younEfen then a speBker's papent. toemphasize the inpontance of the aEfe rolel the adnessee willbe cel led /r.slt / 'mot her 's young,er brot,h€r on 6i6ter . r
/?el'/ 'fEther ,s younE:er sisten ,, or /?at,w'/ 'fath€n .s
youngen brother ' plus his on her p€nEonal nane whan he or
she i6' single I on'childless '. On thB coninany, if an
6ddres6ee iE old€n than 6 speaken's psrant r t,he Bddnessee
wlll be cslled /lu1r/ 'oldsr brothen of parents/ husbend ofolder 6i6ten of paren!sr /?ar jt?wr t./ 'patennal gfrendfather/
older or youngfer bnoih€n of paternel Eirendfether' , op
/?az j6+.att / 'older or younger brother of met enns I
gfrendfethen' plus /betv'/ 'mele singfle'. Yet if the
eddresse€ is e femele uho is older then the speaker's panent,
she will be called /rat"/ 'older sister of perents',
/?em"?wz-l 'patennal grendmot her./ oldar or younEier 6ister ofpaternel Elrandmot her' r or /?en"nat j" / 'oldep or younEler
sister of meternal ElrBndmolher' plus /sazw'/ 'femBl€ EinEfle'.
when the addressee i s chi ldles6 r t,he t erm /vav" / 'chi ldless'
will be added at the end of such kinship terms. In TBi Song
societyr when s nan i6 younEf r gfenerel ly he is to be ordained
as e novice. Aft er hBving left the role' he is lo be called
Copyright by Mahidol University
158
/siaq" /. Laten' when lhe man is 20 yeens old, he yill be in)
Budhist or.dination Bnd after he has lsft the priesihood, he
wi I I be eddn€essd /Ln lLt / ot /r.on6 / . The term6 /sia4" / ,I
/+.niL'/ ae well es /!.on'/ ane often enployEd t,o emphssize the
aE|e of the eddnesseee snd to show that he has b€come edulL.
ln addit,ionr the Thai snd Chinese tenms, the names of
occupetions in T6i SonEf , frisndship term emgloyed in speekingl
to friend and speclal terrns fon spouae Bre elso usgd aE
pronouns.
Pronominal Variants and Speech Vsriation
Fnom t,he dat,a
pnononlna I uEeEle in Tai
variation. The TBi Son3|
expoBed abover it is found thet the
Songf conEists of two levels of speech
speBkers mBke both int srcultural end
intrecultural speech varistion . The first is veriation
across lanEfuaEls' but, the second is within one lanEtuaEte.
I nt,enculturs I VeriBt ion
Thsi snd Chinese are two ethnic Eir.oup6 out6id€ Tei
Songf speech communlty that influence pnonominal usaE:e in Tei
Songf . The pensonel pronouns, i.e., /?,Ja'/ 'l' and /l+a6/'you', and sone kinship terms ane bonnorred from Chinese.
Moreovenl Thai pronouns such as /pnom'/, /cnant'/ rrnd /nut'/
are Bmployed in referrinEl to self while speaking to monks,
Leachens; offspring: t,o parentsl or childnen to edults. The
terms used in speakinEl t,o monks ane the same as Thai becausa
Copyright by Mahidol University
Tai SonEi people sne Blso Buddhists. In eddnessing: tovho is neal-kin or non-kin, the term /lwa'ir/ + comDon
)tenm is u6Ed. Tha pronoun /?attrtatma l, / iB u66d by
nefen to s€lf and the pronouns /sis'k.t. /, /JOtm. / +
kinship term) .you. to refer t,o e commoner.
Inir.ecult unB I Vsniat,ion
159
a monk
kinship
monk to( common
on
r or
uEe
The re
whlch cen be
in TBi Songf
Social Vanietion
The d i fferrent i at, i on of sociel Efnoup6 in Tai S onEl
onsociety into nonk and non-monk gfroups has Bn eff€ctprononina I usBE:€. Pronouns used ln callinEf monks, e.g../knwn'/ and /Laain'/ will not be employed in eBllingfcommoners and pronouns used by commonens to refer t,o self,e.6., /kul t/end / cavt,z will not be amployed by monks to rsf€rto self.
2. Pensona I VBniBtion
en6 verioue types of vsristionsummenlzed in the fol lowinEr
Pnonouns may be employed differently dependingl
role relation6hip between a spssker snd hi6 eudience.
exempler if two interlocutor.G Bre non-intlmatel they will/Iosi" / 'l'end /sutn/ 'you, whiih show pol it,eness but whsn
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roleyou I
relat,ionship becomes int imate; /kwt'/ . I
may be used in plece of those pronouns.
160
Bnd /n+1" /
6,2 Conc lus i on
This study presents th6 clgssificEt,ion ofthe llnguistic struct,ure of Tai Song pronouns; and
cultursl fect,ons und6rlyinB pronominal usage in TBi
pronoun6 r
sociel and
Song.
The clBEsificatlon of pnonounB in Tai Songf consistsof two maJor t"ypes of pronouns, nam€ly, pnoper pensonel
pnonouns and pronomlnal ly used Dounsr propen personalpronoun6 include the finstr second, and thind persons. There
an€ veriouE types of nouns that csn be used es pronouns, fonexampl€r klnship tsrms, pseudo kin6hip terms, teknonymy,
titles, pen6onal names.
The IingfuiEtic stnucturg of Tei Son3f proDouns isdiscussed ln terms of thr.ee aspects, i.e., the s€mBntic
featunes of pnonounE, tha Eynt Bctic stnucture of pronouns,
and the grsmmetical pnoces6es of pronouns. The finst espect,
covers both the semsntic features of proper personel pronouns
and pronominal ly us6d nouns. The second one has to do with
the syntactic poGltion in which a pronoun occuns. The lastone includ6s t he Bremmaiical processes of pronouns! for
exampler pronom i na 1 i zat i on which siEfnif ies a I in8fuistic
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proces6
nece i ven ,
t +PRo l.
whera a noun
ot refsrent
s noun phna sEi
changed into
refer.r i ng'
an abstrBct
161
to sander,
llnEulsttc
or
is
In netand to the soeiel Bnd culLunal factorsundenlyinEl pnononinal useEte I the dlffenent, letion ofpronominal usag'e is detenmined by the differentiat ion ofsociel dnoups in Tai Song: society into monk and non-monk
Troups. ln e6ch sociel Bnoup, the social and cultur6l fecLorsdetermine var.ious social roles end role relationshiplnfluencing the cholca of pnoDoninal varlents. propen
p€psonel pnonouns includingf words end phnaEe which ane used
pronorninelly cen neflect social role Bnd role relationEhip ofi nier I ocutors. It should b6 noted also tha! the choice ofpronominal varient,s msy be conditioned by emotionsl Ettitudein a part iculsr siLuation.
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BIELIOGRAPHY
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