Topic:Motivation

Sport Psychology

DEFINITIONSport Psychology is the study of

thoughts (attitudes), feelings (emotions), and reactions (actions) of athletes in a competitive setting.

Performance = Psychological readiness

+ Physical preparation

+ Technical skill + Tactical awareness

MOTIVATION OBJECTIVES

1. Define motivation and its components,2. Differentiate between extrinsic and

intrinsic motivation,3. Know how to use direct and indirect

methods of motivation,4. Identify other methods of motivating the

athletes.

CONCEPT OF MOTIVATIONMotivation can be defined simply as the

direction and intensity of one’s effort (Sage, 1977).

Motivation is to start, to energise and maintain a behaviour

CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION 1.1 Direction of Effort1.2 Intensity of Effort 1.3 The Relationship between Direction and Intensity

“The burning question is how badly do you want to succeed?”

Geoff Boycott.

Quotation

IF I BELIEVE I CAN DO OR BE SOMETHING / SOMEBODY,

CHANCES ARE I WILL.

IF I DON’T, I WON’T, IT IS AS SIMPLE AND

AS IMPORTANT AS THAT

QuotationMost people give up

just when they’re

about to achieve

success. They quit on

the one yard line.

They give up at last

minute of the game,

one foot from a

winning touchdown.

SOURCES OF MOTIVATION Intrinsic Motivation Athletes who are intrinsically motivated

have an inner striving to be competent and self-determining, to master the task, and to be successful.

SOURCES OF MOTIVATION Extrinsic motivation Motivation that comes from other

sources through positive and negative reinforcement. Tangible: trophies, medals or money Intangible: praise, public recognition and punishment.

Key Components for Success

1.1. DDesire2.2. DDiscipline3.3. DDetermination

SS - Strive UU - Unique CC - Courage CC - Change EE - Efficient SS - Strength SS - Survival

TYPES OF MOTIVATION Direct methods of motivation

Identification Compliance Internalization

Indirect methods of motivation Change the physical situation Change the psychological situation

Quotation YOUR STATE OF MIND DIRECTLY AFFECTS

HOW YOU PERFORM. YOUR BODY RESPONDS TO YOUR THOUGHTS. IF YOU ARE AIMING FOR PEAK PERFORMANCES YOU WANT TO BE IN A STATE OF READINESS : PSYCHOLOGICALLY AND PHYSICALLY

Hemery (1990)

METHODS OF MOTIVATING ATHLETES Athletes’ needs and motives Understand athletes’ needs3 prominent motives

To play for fun (sensation)To be with other people (affiliation)To demonstrate competence in order to feel

worthy (achievement)Use extrinsic and intrinsic rewards

Food for Thought If an athlete is coached with criticism, she learns to condemn If an athlete is coached with hostility, he learns to fight If an athlete is coached with ridicule, she learns to hate If an athlete is coached with shame, he learns to feel guilty If an athlete is coached with tolerance, she learns to be patient If an athlete is coached with fairness, he learns justice If an athlete is coached with consistency, she learns to trust If an athlete is coached with respect, he learns to respect

himself If an athlete is coached with encouragement, she learns to be

confident If an athlete is coached with praise, he learns to appreciate

How do you coach your athletes?

DISCUSSION1. Discuss direct and indirect methods of

motivation by sharing specific examples related to you as a coach.

2. Discuss the following with specific situations in your sport:

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Athletes’ needs and motivation

SPKK Level 1Topic:

Self-concept

Sport Psychology

INTRODUCTIONAthletes with a positive self-concept will

have a positive self-image, self belief and high self-esteem.

They feel good about themselves, self-worthy, and confident.

OBJECTIVES Identify the components of self-concept

in sport Explain the self-image cycle specifically

how self-image affects our attitudes, expectations, behaviours, and performance in all areas of our lives

Detail some strategies to help athletes enhance their positive self-image

DEFINITIONSelf-concept is defined as a person’s self-

perception, which is formed through experiences with, and through interpretations of his or her environment.

These perceptions are influenced by the evaluation of significant others, reinforcements, and the way people interpret their own behaviours to themselves (i.e. their attributions or reasons for their behaviours).

Conceptualization of Self

Influences of a Positive Self-Concept

MotivationMotivation i.e. drive to pursue goals.LearningLearning i.e. acquisition of new knowledge

or skills.Athletic performanceAthletic performance i.e. achieve personal

best.Personal relationshipPersonal relationship i.e. liking for others

and acceptance by others.Life satisfactionLife satisfaction i.e. how a person feels

satisfied with personal accomplishment.Performance in other areasPerformance in other areas i.e. his/her own

individual areas and pursuing life goals

Acquiring Positive Self-Concept Show Acceptance Offer Specific Praise Give Personal Attention Emphasize Self Responsibility

SELF-IMAGE Self-image affects our attitudes, expectations,

behaviors, and performances in all areas of our lives

The Success Cycle

The Failure Cycle

Reprogramme for Success

CRAFT PROCESS

1.1. CCancel – memories of your old, negative beliefs.

2.2. RReplace – them with new, positive beliefs.3.3. AAffirm – your new concept of yourself. 4.4. FFocus – on specific images of success.5.5. TTrain – yourself to accept your new beliefs.

Positive Self-Image Athletes Athletes with positive self-image have

positive feelings about themselves, about their capabilities and clear about the roles that they play.

It is important that athletes develop a more positive self-image for this leads to greater self-confidence. A self-confident athlete is sure of himself, his ability, and less prone to worry.

SELF-ESTEEM Self-esteem is defined as the evaluation of

self with respect to an ideal vision of self along a dimension (characteristics) used to describe self.

Athletes who feel good about themselves are said to have a high self-esteem.

They recognize their own strengths and weaknesses and accept their selves for what they are.

Factors that Influence Self-esteem in Sports Self-imageRelationshipsSocial environmentsThe mediaPersonal achievements

Improving Self-esteem in Sport

Increase self-knowledgeBe more self-acceptingSet goals

SELF-BELIEF / SELF-CONFIDENCE Self-belief can be regarded synonymously

with confidence. Sport psychologists define self-confidence as the belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior.

“I always know I would do it one day. I always believed” Mike Powell, after breaking the world long jump record.

SELF-VULNERABILITY Self-vulnerability is the perception of

change in self, occurring under stressful circumstances

“When the going gets tough, the tough gets going”

DISCUSSION1. Discuss the 4 ways a coach could use to

facilitate positive self-concept of players.2. Describe the characteristics of athletes

with positive self-image.

Food for Thought “An estimation of my own ability is far more

important than that of any selector” Stuart Barnes

“Of all the judgments that we pass in life, none is as important as the one we pass on ourselves, for that judgment touches the very centre of our existence. How we relate to ourselves affects how we relate to others, and to the world around us”

Nathaniel Branden