sport curriculum mental model & year long curriculum for football andrew burke mental model...

Sport CurriculumSport CurriculumSport CurriculumSport Curriculum

Mental Model &Mental Model &Year Long Curriculum for Year Long Curriculum for

FootballFootball

Andrew BurkeAndrew Burke

Mental Model &Mental Model &Year Long Curriculum for Year Long Curriculum for

FootballFootball

Andrew BurkeAndrew Burke

TTMM for FOOTBALL: ELITETTMM for FOOTBALL: ELITETTMM for FOOTBALL: ELITETTMM for FOOTBALL: ELITE

ATTACKING

- MAINTAIN POSSESSION

- CREATING A GOAL SCORING OPPORTUNITY

DEFENDING

- REGAIN POSSESSION

- STOPPING A GOAL SCORING OPPORTUNITY

COUNTER ATTACKING PLAY

Maintaining Possession against an opposition: Technical

ON THE BALL OFF BALL

- Dribbling- Running with the ball- Shielding/ Protecting the ball- Passing Long/ Short Chipped Driven Looped- Skill Tricks Deceipt- Receiving the Ball Adjust body position Approach the ball- Ball Control Parts of the body: Chest, Quadricep, foot Inside Outside Top (laces) Sole

- Long/ Wide- Scanning the pitch/ area- Checking Off- Unselfish/ purposeful runs: -Take away Opponents/ defensive support- Positions Beyond, Between and Around Opposition- Sharp movement- Blind side runs- Stand still in space- Move against flow of play- Supporting player in possession: (support play)

- Create angles and distances- Timing of movements/ runs

- Creates Space and Time- Releases pressure on the ball- Able to receive the ball or allow another player to receive the ball

Maintaining Possession against an opposition: Tactical

The ability to keep possession of the ball under varied amounts of pressure from the opposition with the understanding and production of accurate

movements and technical skills to transfer through the pitch at the team’s desired intensity.

ON BALL- Combination of types of passes to keep possession of the ball in the thirds of the

pitch- Dictate the pace of the match

- Patience with the ball to move forward towards opponents goal- Control and protection of the ball in different intensities of opponent pressure

OFF BALL- Continuous support in a position off the ball from team members either near,

seeable, far and within space - creative and fast movement to create options in tight and wide areas:

Between and around defendersIn front and beyond defenders

- Change of pace to get away from defenders to receive the ball- Timing of check offs and runs to receive the ball

- Provide Width, Depth and Angles

Regaining Possession against the opposition: Technical

ON THE BALL

- Clearing Blocking Heading towards a player Long pass into striker/ corners of pitch

- Tackling Block tackle Slide Tackle Heading challenge for the ball

- Using body weight forceful tackle Body between ball and player ( Barge ) Attack the ball in the air ( control/ pass) Pressurising Denying space Delaying play Shut down player - track ball and player - Force a mistake - Force away from goal - Steal the ball

OFF THE BALL

- Positioning In relation to role Blocking passes to teammates Show opponent one way ( allow teammates to anticipate where the ball will travel) Intercept the ball

- Marking Track and follow players movement Requires great agility and sharpness Is the opponent a danger in effecting play

- Supporting Positions combine to deny Force into negative area From front, side and behind ball By Applying pressure ( front/ behind)

Tracking Opposite numbered opponent Switching of positions Into threatening areas

Regaining Possession against the opposition: Tactical

The awareness and capability to identify the right time to reduce the opponents space and apply pressure on the ball in the attempt to intercept, challenge

(tackle) or force a mistake upon the opponentON BALL:- Speed and agility to reach the ball first or tackle

upon the attacker quickly- Technical execution consistent and efficient

- Adjust body to movement of the ball and react quickly e.g touch by attacker or spin of the ball

OFF BALL: - Working together in pairs and packs relative to

their positions to produce high pressure at appropriate situation e.g LB and LM

- high intensified movements - Shutting down opponents space on the ball to cause

a mistake and give away the ball- As a team keeping narrow and compacting the play

to reduce time and space for the opposition- Anticipate when to perform ‘on ball’ technical and

tactical capabilities e.g Indicator - loss of balance on the ball

Creating a goal scoring opportunity against the opposition: Technical

ON THE BALL OFF BALL- Dribbling to create a yard for an action beat a defender into space- Running with the ball into attacking areas of the pitch ( wide and exploiting space )- Passing Crossing within areas of box, aiming towards a player, varied pace and swerve Through ball lay off, to set up a shotIndividual Skill on the ball Tricks Faints Disguise Dropping the shoulder, All equaling to beat a defender or gain a yard to create a goal scoring opportunity

- Using width and depth - Scanning pitch- Tracking flight/path of the ball - Checking Off opponents - Unselfish/ purposeful runs: -Take away Opponents/ defensive support- Positions Beyond, Between and Around Opposition- Sharp and fast movement- Blind side runs/ movement- Stand still- Move against flow of play- Supporting player in possession: (support play)

- Create angles and distances- Timing of movements/ runs

- Creates Space and Time - Releases pressure on the ball- Able to receive the ball or allow another player to receive the ball to score

Creating a goal scoring opportunity against the opposition: Tactical

A shooting opportunity in the final third. The players showing high intense movements and ball manipulation using sharp passing or attacking dribbling to

cause an opening for the chance of a shot against an opposing defensive shape. Penetrative passing and movement is used throughout the thirds to

create an opening.ON BALL- Be expressive and creative within technical demands of attack

- sharp speed and precision within short and long passing, dribbling and running with the ball

- penetrating space and gaps in the defence- consistency and accuracy in the last third within technical execution and

timing

OFF BALL- Supporting the player on the ball by exploiting space with runs off the

defender: Intensity and sharpness of movement

Timing of the runs - Understanding the best area of space to exploit in relation to the position of

the ball on a consistent basis

Limit/ Stopping a goal scoring opportunity against the attacking opposition

ON THE BALL OFF BALL

- Pressurising Support from teammate Position Related (e.g LB/LM) Front Behind Side

- Recovery Runs Pace Into defensive space Tracking opponent

- Covering Read the flow of ball/play Sharp reaction to danger Beaten fellow player- Marking Relation to position Relation to threat in situation

- Limit Space and Time to play/ shoot- Increase pressure on opponent with the ball

- Clearing Blocking Heading ( control/ pass) Long pass into striker/ corners of pitch- Tackling Block tackle Slide Tackle Heading challenge- Pressurising Deny opponents space Delay attacker/ players forward play Front Behind Shut down player - Jockey/ track ball and player - use tackle/ block - clearing

Limit/ Stopping a goal scoring opportunity against the attacking opposition

Anticipating and reacting to the danger on the team’s goal by using fast and agile movements to reach the player on or approaching the ball; and

instinctively use the appropriate technical execution to cancel out a goal threatening situation or opponents goal scoring efforts

ON THE BALL

- Apply instant pressure in a strong forceful manner to attempt to protect the goal or dangerous area of the pitch

- Consistent execution of technical defensive skills in various goal threatening situations

- Use speed and power to reach the ball or player in possession

OFF THE BALL

- Ability to track the ball and appropriate player(s) who provide a threat to their goal

- Able to position themselves to react, reach or effect the ball in the aim of protecting the goal

- Capable to identify a goal threatening opportunities for the opposition

Counter Attacking Play: Technical

ON THE BALLDribbling PACE CONTROL DRIVE POWER FEINTS/TRICKS

Running with the ball PIN DEFENDER SPEED EXPLOIT SPACE Passing short, long, chip, driven, loft PACE ACCURACY PRECISION EXPLOIT SPACE (beyond, wide, infront)

OFF THE BALL

Running EXPLOSIVE PACE DRIVE IN TO SPACE TIMING OF RUN REMOVING OPPONENTS FROM PLAY

Positioning SPACE TO RECEIVE AVOID DEFENDERS BLINDSIDE/PULL OFF ABLE TO SCORE READY FOR REBOUND

Counter Attacking Play: Tactical

Identifying the opportunity to intercept the ball and break away from the play at pace and power with supporting players; who become available in different parts of the middle and final

third to provide an option quickly to create a goal.ON BALL- Accurate and penetrative passes through the opponents defence

with accuracy and pace- Running with the ball and dribbling at pace towards defenders,

to be able to: Pin the opponent as they approach the player in possession

Capable to make the correct choice the right pass at the right time or beat the defender ( offloading the ball )

- Passing the ball quickly with short and long distances between and beyond defenders

OFF BALL- Exploiting space with movements in the quickest way possible

- Technical movement patterns used such as blind side runs, pulling off defender, overlaps and drawing defenders out to

create a crucial amount of space to receive the ball-High speed and agility to keep up with counter attack play to reach an advancing position to receive the ball or be an option

- Creative movement and runs

TECHNICAL- Consistent, accurate

and pace of:- Range of passing

- Dribbling- Running with the ball

- Ball control- Protection

- Disguise/ Feints- Movement patterns

TACTICAL- Dictate/control play

- Consistent application of specific movements/

runs off the ball- HOW to beat the

defensive opponents

MENTAL- Creativity

- Identify attacking or penetrating

opportunities- WHEN & WHERE

PHYSICAL- Speed- Agility- Power

- Strength

Summary: Recurring Attacking Attributes

Summary: Recurring Defending Attributes

PHYSICAL- Speed- Agility- Power

- Strength

TECHNICAL- Consistent, accurate

execution of:- Tackling- Clearing

- Pressurising (front/ behind)

- Body position- Blocking

- Intercepting

MENTAL- Awareness

- Identify threat on goal and opportunity to retrieve

the ball- Anticipation

- WHEN & WHERE

TACTICAL- Force and cause attacking failure

- Consistent anticipation of attacking indicators

- HOW to deny attacking opportunities

Age/ Stage Curriculum: ContextAge/ Stage Curriculum: ContextAge/ Stage Curriculum: ContextAge/ Stage Curriculum: Context

Under 13s - Age ( 12/13 )

Grassroots - Garforth Junior League

Mixed Gender and Abilities

Goals ( FA and Your own feedback )

1 session a week ( 1hr 30mins )

1 match a week

START - Sep. 14th to May. 27th

Under 13s - Age ( 12/13 )

Grassroots - Garforth Junior League

Mixed Gender and Abilities

Goals ( FA and Your own feedback )

1 session a week ( 1hr 30mins )

1 match a week

START - Sep. 14th to May. 27th

AGE/STAGE CURRICULUM: AGE/STAGE CURRICULUM: The FA LTPD Model ( Adapt from LTAD Balyi )The FA LTPD Model ( Adapt from LTAD Balyi )

AGE/STAGE CURRICULUM: AGE/STAGE CURRICULUM: The FA LTPD Model ( Adapt from LTAD Balyi )The FA LTPD Model ( Adapt from LTAD Balyi )

STAGE 2, 3 & 4 2. Learning to Train

8 - 11

3. Developing Practice ( Training

to Train )

11 - 14

4. Training For Competition ( Training to Compete 1

14 - 16

The FA emphasises the importance of this stage of development; particular focus on the ratio and use of training and competition: 60% Train 40% Compete. Containing too much attention upon training will not allow competitive skills to be developed where too much competition will not allow an environment to develop fundamental and sports skills. Within this stage practising/ refining technique and in turn applying these skills into competitive matches from a training environment to deal with tactical components is the aim of development of this age category.

The learning and practice of basic sport skills transferring from fundamental skills in a predominantly training environment, with heavy focus of physical movement skills such as ABC/ multi skills to support the learning and attainment football skills.

The progression within this stage is focusing within training conditions a competitive structured environment or activity conditions; preparing for competition in realistic and game related sessions where practising application of technical and tactical abilities combine, linked and understood towards the end of the stage. Fitness, health and diet become a factor of aiding player performance.

NESTED PLANNING (Abraham and Collins, 2004 ): ContextNESTED PLANNING (Abraham and Collins, 2004 ): ContextNESTED PLANNING (Abraham and Collins, 2004 ): ContextNESTED PLANNING (Abraham and Collins, 2004 ): Context

Under 12s11-12

Under 13s12 - 13

Under 14s13 - 14

MACRO

- Grassroots- Participation, learning and improving

performance

1 - 5 6 - 1011 - 15

16 - 20

21 - 25

26 - 30

WeeksMESO

- Training with teammates and coaching linked

themes- Match against

teams in the league

MICRO

- Training with teammates

through topics with Objectives that link to the

sport with coaching and

activities

MAINTAIN POSSESSION

CREATNG GOAL OPPORTUNITY

RETAIN POSSESSION

STOPPING GOAL

OPPORTUNITY

COUNTER ATTACK

6 7 8 9 10

Spiral CurriculumSpiral CurriculumSpiral CurriculumSpiral Curriculum

MAINTAIN POSSESSION


RETAIN POSSESSION

STOPPING GOAL

OPPORTUNITY

COUNTER ATTACK

MAINTAIN POSSESSION


RETAIN POSSESSION

STOPPING GOAL

OPPORTUNITY

COUNTER ATTACK

MAINTAIN POSSESSION


RETAIN POSSESSION

STOPPING GOAL

OPPORTUNITY

COUNTER ATTACK

MAINTAIN POSSESSION


RETAIN POSSESSION

STOPPING GOAL

OPPORTUNITY

COUNTER ATTACK

MAINTAIN POSSESSION


RETAIN POSSESSION

STOPPING GOAL

OPPORTUNITY

COUNTER ATTACK

MAINTAIN POSSESSION


RETAIN POSSESSION

STOPPING GOAL

OPPORTUNITY

COUNTER ATTACK

Review upon progress and goals

Review upon progress and goals

1 - 5

6 - 10

11 - 15

16 - 20

21 - 25

26 - 30

AGE/ STAGE CURRICULUMAGE/ STAGE CURRICULUM: : Extension of Spiral across all age/stagesExtension of Spiral across all age/stages

AGE/ STAGE CURRICULUMAGE/ STAGE CURRICULUM: : Extension of Spiral across all age/stagesExtension of Spiral across all age/stages

MAINTAIN POSSESSION

CREATING GOAL

OPPORTUNITY

RETAIN POSSESSION

STOPPING GOAL OPPORTUNITY

COUNTER ATTACK

Training For Competition ( Training to Compete 1 )

14 - 16

Developing

Practice ( Training to

Train )

11 - 14

Enjoying Practice( Learning to

Train )

8 - 11

MAINTAIN POSSESSION

RETAIN POSSESSION

CREATING GOAL

OPPORTUNITY

STOPPING GOAL

OPPORTUNITY

MAINTAIN POSSESSION

CREATING G O

O

RETAIN POSSESSION

STOPPING G O

COUNTER ATTACK

DEFENDINGC A

TECHNICAL - TACTICAL




89

101112

1314

15

16

ATTACK DEFENCE

- Greater the boldness of the word ( technical / tactical ) the greater emphasis and predominance within curriculum

- As the age increases so does the number of areas of the sport to learn, apply and revisit

Technical and Tactical: Age appropriateTechnical and Tactical: Age appropriateTechnical and Tactical: Age appropriateTechnical and Tactical: Age appropriateIn terms of balance and cooperation between the two areas during the year long curriculum for under 13s; evidence, research and stage definition provides guidance and effects opinion to create the annual plan:

- At the age of 12 children find it difficult to use tactical information and apply within a competitive environment ( North et al, 2012). An introduction and practice technique and tactical alignment in 12/ 13 ages.

- Deliberate play factors of a play approach to learning the sport (Bridge and Toms, 2012) but with understanding of rules of the game.

- Deliberate practice is particularly used to improve performance; (Pachman, Sweller and Kalyuga, 2013) however less enjoyable environment (Law et al 2007) due to a far structured content of activities.

Technical and Tactical: Age appropriateTechnical and Tactical: Age appropriateTechnical and Tactical: Age appropriateTechnical and Tactical: Age appropriate

- DMSP Model can aid the content of the Curriculum and context (Cote, Baker and Abernethy, 2007)

- Relate to late specialised sports ( football )

- Deliberate practice and play balance from the age of 12 to 14/15

- Several soccer related studies suggest: - A gradual increase of deliberate practice content- Informed to create a balance/ combination for 12/13 year old participation based players. ( Ward, et al, 2007) (Ford et al, 2012)

YEAR LONG CURRICULUM:YEAR LONG CURRICULUM:TTMM TTMM ContextContext - Learning Outcomes - Learning Outcomes

YEAR LONG CURRICULUM:YEAR LONG CURRICULUM:TTMM TTMM ContextContext - Learning Outcomes - Learning Outcomes

1)To be able to understand and demonstrate technical execution ( On/ Off Ball) within a training environment:- short, long, chip pass - running with the ball - Dribble - Ball control ( foot, quad, chest) - Block - Tackle - Movement ( angles, width, depth)

2 a) To attempt the practice and application of technical understanding within tactical situations in a game realistic environment:- Training game- Competition ( League/ Cup/ Friendly)

2 b) To Increase technical aspect areas (1 above) of performance as a group of Individuals by 5% in terms of application to defence, midfield and attack positions during competition

PROCESS GOALS

PERFORMANCE GOALS

YEAR LONG CURRICULUM: Breakdown of contentYEAR LONG CURRICULUM: Breakdown of contentYEAR LONG CURRICULUM: Breakdown of contentYEAR LONG CURRICULUM: Breakdown of content

MAINTAIN POSSESSION REGAIN POSSESSION CREATING GOAL OPP.

- To understand and practice keeping possession using

passing direct to a player and movement off the ball to

receive the ball

Range of techniquesAngles/ Agility and speedPaired and small group

activities

- To learn and practice on ball technical aspects of behind

pressure opponent, with off the ball movement to mark

opponents

Technical breakdownMarking a playerSpeed and Agility

- To understand and practice range and speed of passing to feet and quick movements to receive the ball in creating a

goal scoring opportunity

Passing TechniquesAngles/ Speed

Paired and Small Group Activities

STOPPING GOAL OPP. COUNTER ATTACK

To understand and practice tackling technical aspects ( Blocking the ball ), with off the ball movement marking

opponents

TechniqueMarking attacking players

paired and small group practices

To Introduce, learn and practice key elements of passing and movement

within a counter attack:

Type of passesMovements to receive

Dribbling ( pace )Against passive obstacles

1.1.1.1. 2.2.2.2. 3.3.3.3.

4.4.4.4. 5.5.5.5.


- To understand and practice keeping possession by the

use of passing to into space for teammate. Practice

positioning to run on to a pass.

Range of techniquesAngles/ Speed

Paired and Small Group activities

- To learn and practice on the ball in front pressure with an

opponent on the ball, with off the ball tracking of players

Technical BreakdownSpeed and Agility

Player to track

To understand and practice range and speed of passing

into space/ the quick movements to reach the ball

in an area to score a goal


To understand and practice blocking away from the goal, with off the ball

movement tracking opponents

Technique executionSpeed and reaction

Player to track

To understand and practice short and long passes and sharp movements against passive

defenders:

Technique executionAppropriate movements

Small Groups of 4

6.6.6.6. 7.7.7.7. 8.8.8.8.

9.9.9.9. 10.10.10.10.


- To understand and practice dribbling techniques to enter space; and using movement off the ball to support players

Practice Individual skillBall Control and Protection

three player groups

- To learn and understand on ball technical aspects of behind

pressure on opponent, with off the ball movement to support

defender

2 v 13 v 1

MarkingSide pressure

To understand and practice the execution of dribbling to create space individually and the use of support by team players to produce a goal

scoring opportunity

Ball ControlCreativity

Width (Side) and Depth (infront/ behind)


To understand and practice pressurising to force player and ball away from the goal, with off the ball movement supporting defender occupying the ball

Speed / AgilityDeny Space

3 v 14 v 2

To understand and practice the use of dribbling in counter attacks; and support the player on the ball

3 v 1 ( passive )4 v 2 ( passive )

Technique and paceWidth and angles

11.11.11.11.

15.15.15.15.

12.12.12.12. 13.13.13.13.

14.14.14.14.


- To introduce and practice ‘When’ and ‘Where’ to pass

when under control of the ball (dribbling)/ support the player

on the ball using width and depth

Transfer through thirdsWidth and Depth

Challenge mental capabilities

To learn and understand, on the ball in front pressure with an

opponent on the ball, with off the ball movement to support

defender

2 v 14 v 2

Tracking Side support

To understand and practice the execution of dribbling to

reach desired space to create a goal scoring opportunity

Ball ControlCreativity

Width (Side) and Depth (infront/ behind)


To understand and practice pressurising to create a challenge ( block/ tackle), with off the ball movement supporting defender

occupying the ball

TrackingOccupying space (support)

3 v 14 v 2

To introduce practice and use ‘When and Where’ with control of the ball ( dribbling)/ support the

player using width and depth

3 v 1 ( live )4 v 2 ( live )

Width (Side) Angles ( Between )Depth ( Beyond )

16.16.16.16. 17.17.17.17. 18.18.18.18.

19.19.19.19. 20.20.20.20.


- To understand, relate and apply passing and movement

off the ball to roles and responsibilties of positions:

Defence, midfield and attackWidth, Depth and angles in

positionsPassing, control and dribbling

techniques

To understand and practice applying on the ball behind

pressure on opponent and the marking of players in different

positions and roles:

Constraints games4 v 2 to 6 v 3 situations

Team game - 7 v 7

To relate and practice applying technical skills and movement patterns to roles

and positions:

Defence, Midfield and AttackWidth/ Depth

7 v 7Goals available


To relate and practice applying technical skills and movement patterns to roles and positions:

4 v 25 v 3

Defence / Midfield

To relate and practice applying roles and position to counter attacking

against defenders

Reach two targetsDefence roleMidfield roleAttack role:

within activities

21.21.21.21. 22.22.22.22. 23.23.23.23.

24.24.24.24. 25.25.25.25.


- To practice and apply the types of passing and

movement techniques to reach a desired target ( area

of the pitch )

FormationsChange of positionsGoals/ Challenges

To understand and practice applying on the ball in front

pressure on opponent and the tracking of players in different

positions and roles

Constraints games4 v 2 to 6 v 3 situations

Team game - 7 v 7

To understand, practice and apply to roles and

responsibilities of positions within constraints based

games and match environment

Goals availableProgressions/ challenges


To understand, practice and apply to roles and responsibilities of

positions within constraints based games and match environment

7 v 7 - constraints basedprogressions

defence / midfield challenges

To relate and practice applying roles and position to counter

attacking against defenders in a constraints based environment and

match

3 v 1 ( live )4 v 2 ( live )

7 v 7Different goals and progressions

26.26.26.26. 27.27.27.27. 28.28.28.28.

29.29.29.29. 30.30.30.30.

Maintaining Possession: ExampleMaintaining Possession: ExampleTransferring through weeksTransferring through weeks

Maintaining Possession: ExampleMaintaining Possession: ExampleTransferring through weeksTransferring through weeks

1.

2.

On Ball Off Ball

Range of passes TO a player/ Teammate

Range of passes INTO SPACE for a player/

teammate

Movement off the ball to receive:

ANGLES

Movement off the ball to receive:

ANGLES(start)POSITION

3.

4.

On Ball Off Ball

Dribbling INTO SPACE

Dribbling:‘WHEN’ & ‘WHERE’ to

pass

SUPPORT for the player/ ball:

ANGLESSIDE/ IN FRONT

OPTIONS

SUPPORT for the player/ ball:

WIDTH - SIDEDEPTH - IN FRONT/

BEHIND

Maintaining Possession: Maintaining Possession: ExampleTransferring through ExampleTransferring through

weeksweeks


weeksweeks

5.

6.

On Ball Off BallApply and perform

passing and dribbling relating to positions:

DEFENCEMIDFIELDATTACK

Apply and perform to reach a desired target

( Game Related )

Apply and perform supporting movements

( A/W/D) relating to positions:DEFENCEMIDFIELDATTACK

Apply and perform to reach a desired target

( Game Related )


weeksweeks


weeksweeks

5 v 5 - desired target

of the pitchBall reach this area

Goals/ Progressions -

Keep the ball for 1) 30sec 2) 1 min

Ball reach

Gate / small goal

7 v 7 - desired target

of the pitchBall reach this area

Goals/ Progressions -

Keep the ball for 1) 30sec 2) 1 min

Ball reach

Gate / small goal

Formation 4-4-2

How constrained and small sided games with topic

purpose links to positions and game situations where

participants eventually reach the age to compete at 11 v 11; but also use

such activities in their own aged category of format e.g 5 v 5 and no GK ( 2D, 2M, 1A ) to a 7 v 7 competitive format ( 1 GK, 2D, 3M, 1A )

References- Bridge, M. W., and Toms, M. R., (2012). The specialising or sampling debate: a retrospective. Journal of Sports Sciences. 31 (1), 87.- Cote, J., Baker, J., and Abernethy, B., (2007). Practice and Play in the development of Sport Expertise. In Eklund, R., and Tenenbaum, G., (Eds). Handbook of Sport Psychology. 3rd edition.- Ford, P. Carling, C. Garces, M. Marquez, M. Miguel, C. Farrant, A. Stenling, A. Moreno, J. Le Gall, F. Holmstrom, S. Samela, J. and Williams, M. (2012) The developmental activities of elite soccer players aged under-16 years from Brazil, England, France, Ghana, Mexico, Portugal and Sweden. pp. 1654 - 1662- Hughes, M. and Franks, I. (2008) The Essentials Of Performance Analysis: An Introduction. pp. 127 - 134- Level 2 Coaching Handbook. (2013). Burton Upon Trent: FA /learning. pp. 54-59

- North, J. Morgan, G and Rongen, F. (2012) Matching player & coach competencies in association football across age categories 5 -11, 12 - 16 & 17 - 21 years.- Pachman, M., Sweller, J., and Kalyuga, S., (2013). Levels of knowledge and Deliberate Practice. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 19 (2), 108.- Piggott, D. (2012). 'SPIRALLING’ OUT OF CONTROL? GETTING A GRIP ON YOUR COACHING CURRICULUM. Available: http://coachdavepiggott.wordpress.com/2012/12/07/spiralling-out-of-control-getting-a-grip-on-your-coaching-curriculum/. Last accessed 3rd Dec 2013.- Youth Leagues. (2012). Available: http://www.thefa.com/~/media/my-football-resources/youth-dev-review/youth-leagues-ydr-booklet.ashx. Last accessed 9th Dec 2013.-Ward, P. Hodges, N. Starkes, J. and Williams, M. (2007) The road to excellence: deliberate practice and the development of expertise, pp. 119 - 153- Weinberg, R. and Gould, D. (2011) Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. pp. 344

http://coachdavepiggott.wordpress.com/2012/12/07/spiralling-out-of-control-getting-a-grip-on-your-coaching-curriculum/

http://coachdavepiggott.wordpress.com/2012/12/07/spiralling-out-of-control-getting-a-grip-on-your-coaching-curriculum/

http://www.thefa.com/~/media/my-football-resources/youth-dev-review/youth-leagues-ydr-booklet.ashx



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