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Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Group Behavior
Section 2:Conformity and Obedience
Section 3: Conflict and Cooperation
Chapter Preview 1
Chapter Objectives · Section 1Group Behavior
Explain that a group is a collection of people who interact, share common goals, and influence how members think and act. Explore how groups are unified by the attitudes and standards members share and their commitment to them.
Chapter Preview 2
Chapter Objectives · Section 2Conformity and Obedience
Describe how you may engage in behavior because of direct or indirect group pressure or in response to orders given by authorities.
Chapter Preview 3
Chapter Objectives · Section 3Conflict and Cooperation
Explore conflicts between groups that result because groups influence how individuals perceive and respond to situations.
Section 1-Main Idea
Main Idea
A group—a collection of people who interact, share common goals, and influence how members think and act—is unified by the attitudes and standards members share and by their commitment to those beliefs.
Section 1-Key Terms
Vocabulary
• group
• task functions
• social functions
• norms
• ideology
• social facilitation
• social inhibition
• group polarization
• groupthink
• sociogram
Section 1-Objectives
Objectives
• Define and explain different types of groups.
• Describe the interactive patterns within groups.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1-Polling Question
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How important are groups in your life?
A. Very important
B. Somewhat important
C. Not very important
D. Not important at all
Section 1
What Are Groups?
• Group
• An aggregate is a collection of people who congregate but do not interact.
Section 1
What Are Groups? (cont.)
• Interdependence occurs when any action by one member will affect or influence the other members.
– Each member has a role and a certain responsibility to the rest of the group.
– Group members become interdependent because they share common goals.
Section 1
• Communication about a group can be directed outwardly toward the public or internally within a group.
What Are Groups? (cont.)
Section 1
• The purposes groups serve are of two general kinds:
– Task functions
– Social functions
What Are Groups? (cont.)
• In most groups, task and social functions are combined.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
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What are some reasons that communication is so essential within a group?
A. encourages debate among members regarding individual goals
B. increases members’ feelings of commitment to group goals
C. crucial to the functions of a group
D. All of the above
Section 1
How Groups Are Held Together
• Two factors work to hold a group together:
– Shared values
• Norms
• Rules are shared beliefs about the correct way to behave and what to believe.
• Ideology
– Standards and the group’s commitment to them
Section 1
How Groups Are Held Together (cont.)
• Factors the strengthen group commitment:
– Requirement of personal sacrifice
– Participation
Why Do We Join Groups?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
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Which of the following factors must be present to maintain the cohesion of a group?
A. Norms
B. Ideology
C. Commitment
D. Participation
Section 1
Types of Groups
• In-group—when a group’s members identify with their group.
• Out-group—everyone who is not a member of the in-group.
Section 1
Types of Groups (cont.)
• Primary group—a group of people who interact daily face-to-face.
• Secondary group—a larger group of people with whom you might have more impersonal relationships.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
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How many different primary groups exist in your life?
A. one or two
B. three
C. four
D. five or more
Section 1
Social Facilitation Versus Social Inhibition
• Social facilitation—an increase in performance in front of a crowd.
• Social inhibition—a decrease in performance in front of a crowd.
• The effect of a crowd on your behavior may also be a reflection of your concern about being evaluated.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
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Do you feel that, in general, you are comfortable in front of a crowd?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
Section 1
Interactions Within Groups
• The study of group structure is the study of the roles various members play in the group and how these roles are interrelated.
Section 1
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
• Aspects to group structure:
– The personal relationship between individual members.
– The rank of each member on a particular dimension.
– The roles various members play.
Section 1
• A role is a behavior expected of an individual because of his or her membership in a particular group.
– Each of us has multiple roles that shift as we merge with different groups.
– We may find ourselves in role conflict.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
Section 1
• Group polarization
– If opinions are equally split on an issue before a discussion, the group discussion will usually result in a compromise.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
• Groupthink
Group Polarization
Section 1
• How to improve group decision making:
– Leaders should avoid strongly advocating their own views and, instead, encourage group discussion.
– Group members should hear all viewpoints and challenge one another’s views.
– The minority viewpoint should be expressed and discussed.
– Group members should focus on the task.
– The lines of communication should remain open.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
Section 1
• When studying groups, social psychologists use a technique called a sociogram.
– The diagrams can help psychologists predict how that individual is likely to communicate with other group members.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
Sociograms
Section 1
• Another way to discover the structure of a group is to examine the communication patterns in a group.
• A leader embodies the norms and ideals of the group and represents the group to outsiders.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
– Within the group, a leader initiates action, gives orders, makes decisions, and settles disputes.
Section 1
• Different views of leadership:
– Leadership as a personality trait—the leader holds the ability to get people to comply; he has skills in social influence or persuasion or social power.
– Leaders who are concerned with both output and the welfare of the people.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
Section 1
– The end product of the reinforcements of the group being led are important.
– Transformational leadership—produces large-scale organizational change by changing the goals of group members.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
Leavitte’s Communication Network System
Section 1
• Three leadership styles:
– Authoritarian—she makes all the decisions and assigns tasks to group members.
– Laissez-faire—she is only minimally involved in a group’s decision making.
– Democratic—she encourages group members to come to decisions through consensus.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
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What is poor group decision making as a result of a group emphasizing unity or critical thinking?
A. Group polarization
B. Groupthink
C. Sociogram
D. Transformationalleadership
Section 2-Main Idea
Main Idea
You may engage in behavior because of direct or indirect group pressure or in response to orders given by authorities.
Section 2-Objectives
Objectives
• Identify ways that groups can influence an individual’s behavior.
• Explain why most people tend to obey authority figures.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 2-Polling Question
Do you follow fashion trends that your friends are wearing?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
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Section 2
Group Pressure to Conform
• Conformity
– Solomon Asch designed an experiment to test conformity to pressure from one’s peers.
– About 75% of the people conformed some of the time.
Asch’s Experiment
Section 2
Group Pressure to Conform (cont.)
• Compliance occurs when we respond to the request of another person without necessarily changing our beliefs.
– The foot-in-the-door technique—when you get a person to agree to a relatively minor request in order to build up to a major request.
Section 2
• Factors that increase conforming behavior in people:
– Belonging to a group that emphasizes the role of groups rather than individuals.
– The desire to be liked by other members of the group.
– Low self esteem
– Social shyness
Group Pressure to Conform (cont.)
Section 2
– Lack of familiarity with a task
– Group size
– Cultural influences
Group Pressure to Conform (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
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What percentage of people conformed some of the time in the Asch experiment?
A. 50
B. 60
C. 75
D. 85
Section 2
Obedience to Authority
• Obedience
• Stanley Miligram conducted a famous investigation using fake shock treatment to test peoples’ obedience.
– 65% of the participants delivered the full range of shocks, showing that social conditioning for obeying legitimate authorities is so strongly ingrained that people often lack the words or the ways to do otherwise.
Section 2
Obedience to Authority (cont.)
• In the Stanford prison experiment, participants were divided into groups of “guards” and “prisoners.”
• The emotional reactions were so extreme that the experimenters ended the planned two week experiment after 6 days.
• This experiment demonstrated the power that situations can have in changing how we feel, think, and behave.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 2
If a police officer demanded you to give him all your money, would you do it?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
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Section 3-Main Idea
Main Idea
Conflicts between groups are a fact of everyday life. Individuals perceive and respond to situations differently in a group, sometimes giving up responsibility for their actions.
Section 3-Key Terms
Vocabulary
• aggression
• catharsis
• altruism
• diffusion of responsibility
• bystander effect
• social loafing
• deindividuation
Section 3-Objectives
Objectives
• Explain causes of group conflict and cooperation.
• Summarize how group dynamics promote or restrain altruism and aggression.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3-Polling Question
Do you think there is too much violence on TV?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
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Section 3
Aggression
• Aggression
• Theories explaining aggression:
– Biological influences—neurotransmitters can influence aggression.
– Cognitive factors—Albert Bandura proposes that children learn aggression by observing and imitating their parents.
– The media may also play a role.
Section 3
Aggression (cont.)
– Personality factors—we may be predisposed to aggressive behavior.
– Environmental factors—frustration-aggression hypothesis—frustration or a failure to obtain something expected leads to aggression.
A Model of Aggression
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
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Which influence do you think plays the largest role in aggression?
A. Biological
B. Cognitive
C. Personality
D. Environmental
Section 3
Controlling Aggression
• Way to control aggression:
– Catharsis
– Punishing children for violent behavior (but not in an aggressive way).
– Cutting down on the violence they observe.
– Teaching people to accept frustrations and move on and to react in other ways than aggression.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
Do you think the method of catharsis is a beneficial way to deal with aggression?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
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Section 3
Group Conflict Versus Cooperation
• Psychologists created a boy’s camp to study intergroup relations.
• The results: two groups of boys from identical backgrounds had developed considerable hostility toward each other simply because they were placed in competition.
• The crucial factor in eliminating group hostility was cooperation.
Section 3
Group Conflict Versus Cooperation (cont.)
• Conflict applies to large communities too.
• A social trap occurs when individuals in a group decide not to cooperate.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
Would you consider becoming friends with kids from other, rival schools?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
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Section 3
Altruism
• Altruism
• Diffusion of responsibility
• The bystander effect
– The larger the crowd of bystanders, the more likely any given individual is to feel that he or she is responsible for trying to alter what is going on.
Section 3
Altruism (cont.)
• Another influence that inhibits action is the tendency to minimize the need for any response.
Section 3
• Factors that increase the likelihood of help being offered:
– The presence of a leader.
– Being familiar with the person needing help.
– Knowing what kind of help is required.
– Seeing the correct form of assistance being modeled.
– Expecting future interactions with the person needing help.
Altruism (cont.)
Section 3
• Social loafing
• Individualistic—when a person acts as an individual, obeys her conscience, and is concerned with self-evaluation.
• Deindividuation
Altruism (cont.)
– This person acts without thinking about self and goes along with the group.
Section 3
• Social pressure can also affect us positively—people care deeply about what others think of them, so they often choose to do the right thing.
Altruism (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
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Do you feel that in general people are more aggressive or altruistic?
A. Aggressive
B. Altruistic
C. Both
D. Neither
Figure 1
Why Do We Join Groups?Psychologists have proposed various reasons why we join groups.
Figure 2
Group PolarizationEach triangle represents the opinion of one individual. Before the group discussion, individuals are divided in the content and strength of their opinions. After the group discussion, individuals’ opinions move toward a more extreme version from their initial opinions.
Figure 3
SociogramsIn these sociograms, the blue arrows indicate admiration that is not returned, and the black arrows indicate a two-way friendship. The more a person is liked, the higher in the pattern he or she appears. The pattern of the bottom group shows a hierarchical structure.
Figure 4
Leavitt’s Communication Network SystemEach dot represents a person. The lines represent open channels. Participants could exchange messages only with the person to whom they were connected by channels.
Figure 5
Asch’s ExperimentThese two choices were shown to participants in one trial of Asch’s experiment on conformity. The participants’ task was to determine whether the length of the standard line matches the length of the comparison lines. The actual discrimination is easy.
Figure 6
A Model of AggressionThis is just one model of aggression. Psychologists have proposed various biological, cognitive, and environmental factors that influence a person’s response to the fight-or-flight dilemma.
Concept Trans Menu
Chapter Concepts Transparencies
Group Interdependence
Leadership Styles
Select a transparency to view.
Concept Trans 1
Concept Trans 2
DFS Trans 1
DFS Trans 2
DFS Trans 3
Vocab1
group: a collection of people who have shared goals, a degree of interdependence, and some amount of communication
Vocab2
task functions: activities directed toward getting a job done
Vocab3
social functions: responses directed toward satisfying the emotional needs of members
Vocab4
norms: shared standards of behavior accepted by and expected from group members
Vocab5
ideology: the set of principles, attitudes, and defined objectives for which a group stands
Vocab6
social facilitation: an increase in performance in front of a crowd
Vocab7
social inhibition: a decrease in performance in front of a crowd
Vocab8
group polarization: theory that group discussion reinforces the majority’s point of view and shifts group members’ opinions to a more extreme position
Vocab9
groupthink: poor group decision making that occurs as a result of a group emphasizing unity over critical thinking
Vocab10
sociogram: a diagram that represents relationships within a group, especially likes and dislikes of members for other members
Vocab11
conformity: acting in accord with group norms or customs
Vocab12
obedience: a change in attitude or behavior brought about by social pressure to comply with people perceived to be authorities
Vocab13
aggression: behavior intended to do physical or psychological harm to others
Vocab14
catharsis: releasing anger or aggression by letting out powerful negative emotions
Vocab15
altruism: helping others, often at a cost or risk, for reasons other than rewards
Vocab16
diffusion of responsibility: the presence of others lessens an individual’s feelings of responsibility for his or her actions or failure to act
Vocab17
bystander effect: an individual does not take action because of the presence of others
Vocab18
social loafing: the tendency to work less hard when sharing the workload with others
Vocab19
deindividuation: individuals behave irrationally when there is less chance of being personally identified
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