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HUARAZ – ANCASH
JANUARY 2013
«SANTIAGO ANTÚNEZ DE MAYOLO»
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
LENGUAGE CENTER
BÁSICO : INTENSIVO
TOPIC : AMAZON RIVER
STUDENT : JAMANCA ASENCIOS MAURICIO
TEACHER : ALEJO PEREZ VLADIMIR
INTRODUCTION
The Amazon River has considerable importance in the most varied fields of science and
humanities. The region of influence of the river, known as Amazon is the largest rainforest
in the world and consequently, the main source of oxygen to the atmosphere. Also, the
urban and rural population found in the Amazon basin includes several million people
comprising 9 countries.
It is a region with great potential in the rational development of the different ecosystems
without destroying the forest and aquatic resources.
Only a percentage of the thousands of species of plants and animals that inhabit the
Amazon is known to science, but those species that have been studied in depth have
provided important food materials, medicinal and commercial products. The great richness
and variety of the Amazon basin in terms of plants and animals is the largest resource
potential of global importance.
The Amazon is the area of greatest biodiversity in the world, is now the victim of
deforestation, illegal mining, poaching and climate change, we must change that situation,
so I present this work to raise awareness, knowing and loving our country and the Amazon,
one of the most important places on earth.
THE AMAZON RIVER
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
The Amazon River is located in central and northwestern of South America, in the
American continent. It is one of the longest rivers in the world. Its water travels through
Peru and Brazil. It is part of the border between Colombia and Peru. Has tributaries in
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia. In Loreto region, the Amazon River runs from
west to east, the water flows from south to north in the Andean zone of Peru. The Amazon
is the longest river, the largest river, wider and deeper, and also drains the largest basin on
Earth, occupying 40% of the area of South America and 5% of the earth. It was discovered
on February 12th, 1542 by the Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana. Properly called
Amazon from the confluence of the Ucayali and Marañón rivers, which runs about 680 km
in Peruvian territory.
ORIGIN THEORIES
The origin of the Amazon River is located in the ravine of the river Apacheta, on the slopes
of the snowy Quehuisha, Cailloma province in the Arequipa region, at 5170 meters above
sea level, to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. This river has a length of 7062 km. It has 391
kilometers more than the Nile River, in the African continent, which is 6671 km, according
Zaniel Goicochea Novoa, President of the Geographical Society of Lima, and the Polish
journalist and explorer Jacek Palkiewicz, who in 1996 led a multinational expedition to the
source of the Amazon. It was established that measurement, which after 12 years was
validated by major entities of the international scientific community. These included the
Geographical Society of London, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Brazilian
Institute for Space Research. Eliminating the theory of National Geographic magazine that
according to a study conducted by a team of five countries expedition organized by the
National Geographic Society, which says that this river would have its origin in the snowy
Mismi, also in the Arequipa region, changing history of the Nile as the longest in the
world, occupying only 10% of the area of Africa.
BIODIVERSITY
It is home to many animals and plants; is the home of three hundred species of mammals,
thousands of freshwater fish, ten thousands of trees and a hundred thousand plant species,
also there are so many species insects.
The largest mammal is the manatee, is a peaceful animal and its diet consists of aquatic
grasses. This animal can weigh up to 500 kilos. The Manatees are fully aquatic, known as
sea cows. This mammal sleeps in the water by day, reach the surface for air regularly at
intervals of 20 minutes. Manatees spend most of their time grazing in shallow water.
Another famous mammal is the pink dolphin is also known as the boto, bufeo or tonina.
The body color varies with age. Newborns are dark gray in adolescence are light gray and
adults turn pink. There are many different legends and myths about Amazon Pink Dolphin,
because Amazon mythology is as wide and varied as is his jungle.
Arapaima, Pirarucú or Paiche is a species of fish that inhabits the Amazon River. It is the
largest in size of the region and considered the largest freshwater fish in the world. This
fish can be up to 3 meters long and weigh more than 200 kilograms.
The anaconda is the largest snake in the world. It is a type of boa constrictor strangling its
prey whole and then devours. It has the property to grow throughout life, reaching up to 10
meters long and weighing 150 kilos.
The Jaguar also known as Otorongo is the largest cat in America, is a good swimmer and
climb trees easily. This cat lives alone in the woods. Not pursue their prey, the hunt by
ambush, using the technique of deep bite in the neck to cause asphyxiation prey.
The Papagayos are commonly called guacamayos or parrots. They feed on fruits, seeds,
leaves and grass. Recognized for their colorful plumage. These birds are grouped by
hundreds on the banks of rivers to feed on clay minerals. Minerals help these birds to
process the toxins found in the seeds with which they feed. We can see them flying in
pairs. They build their nests in the highest and mate for life.
A very famous and important plant of this river is the Victoria amazonica, also called
Victoria Regia, is the largest water lily. It is characterized by large circular leaves up to 1
meter in diameter that floats on the water surface on submerged stems that reach up to 8
meters long. Can support up to 40 kilos if the weight is evenly distributed on the surface.
The flower, which measures up to 40 inches in diameter, opens at dusk, from six in the
evening.
ETHNIC GROUPS
There are 65 ethnic groups living in the Amazon of Peru 1458 forming communities, some
are: Jibaro Huitoto, Arawak, Machiguenga, Cahuapano, Boras, etc. These indigenous
groups have more than 13 language families. They are located in the departments as
Huánuco, Cusco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Amazonas, San Martin, Ucayali and others.
Some groups make handicrafts and souvenirs to sell to tourists coming to the boats.
These native groups not currently entirely dependent on traditional hunting and fishing,
and collecting wild vegetables and fruits, serve as a supplementary food source.
Some communities allow travelers know their dances, crafts and all the typical customs.
The ethnic groups of the Huitotos and Boras are some of them. These ethnic groups allows
days together with them. One of the most complete trip to see the Peruvian Amazon, is the
circuit that runs two major National Parks of Peru, Manu and Tambopata, famous for their
high biodiversity. Observed large numbers of animals and a deep and harmonious contact
with the native cultures of the jungle.
IMPORTANCE
On August 13rd
in this year our Amazon River was declared as one of the seven natural
wonders of the world for the New 7 Wonders Foundation. This award Peru has two awards
worldwide. In 2007 a similar statement was given to Machu Picchu. The Amazon River is
an important water reservoir for Peru in the present and future, the air we breathe is
purified mainly in the Amazon and especially has a unique biodiversity.
The biodiversity of the Amazon is also considered the larger worldwide, has animal and
plant species that could even surpass that described for the oceans. The importance of the
Amazon basin covers immediate livelihood needs of humanity (water, oxygenation of the
environment, forestry) and is defined as a fundamental element of the biosphere can not be
compared with any other known ecosystem.
High temperatures favor the development of a dense and lush vegetation, evergreen. The
title of the lungs of the planet that holds the Amazon is no coincidence, and that balances
climate. Environmental scientists agree that the loss of biodiversity is a result of the
destruction of the forest. All South American tropical flora is present in the Amazon
Rainforest. There are countless species of plants she still unclassified, thousands of species
of birds, amphibians and countless millions of insects.
The Peruvian Amazon is one of the most biologically rich regions of the world, since the
presence of different altitudes that has at its junction with the Andes, creates lots of
particular environments and, therefore, a high index of endemism.
CONCLUSION
The Amazon River, today named one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World, is a very
important water reserve for Peru both present and in the future to address possible
shortages of water on the planet, 98% of all the available of water in our country is in the
Amazon basin. The Amazon is important not only for water but also by the rich flora and
fauna that has, as protected areas.
The Amazon Basin today has two major challenges: firstly the maintenance of water
quality for the benefit of the health of the population and on the other, the conservation of
the species and its habitat. Their protection and conservation is of importance and benefit
of all humanity and the planet.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Portal diario PERÚ 21: “CONFIRMAN EL ORIGEN DEL RÍO AMAZONAS” En:
http://peru21.pe/noticia/676980/confirman-origen-rio-amazonas. [1 pág.] En línea:
Martes 30 de noviembre del 2010. Consultado 30, Octubre 2012.
Blog: Fitzgerald, Eamonn “ANNOUNCING THE PROVISIONAL NEW7WONDERS
OF NATURE” http://news.n7w.com/2011/11/12/the-announcement-of-the-provisional-
new7wonders-of-nature/ [2 pág.] En línea: 12 de Noviembre del 2011. Consultado 12,
diciembre 2012.
Revista virtual: DYK, Jere. "THE AMAZON: SOUTH AMERICA'S RIVER ROAD,"
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0308/feature1/
Autor; National Geographic. [2 pág.] En línea: Febrero 12 de 2000. Consultado 27,
Noviembre 2012.
ANNEXES