SpartaSparta Pg. 1Pg. 1 In the late 1100’s B.C. In the late 1100’s B.C.

invaders from the north invaders from the north had overrun most of the had overrun most of the Peloponnesus and made Peloponnesus and made Sparta their capital.Sparta their capital.

Spartan society was Spartan society was made up of three made up of three groups:groups: 1) Equals1) Equals 2) Half Citizens2) Half Citizens 3) Helots3) Helots

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The Equals were descendents from the early The Equals were descendents from the early invaders and they controlled the city-state.invaders and they controlled the city-state.

Half Citizens were free, paid taxes, and served Half Citizens were free, paid taxes, and served in the army but they had no political power in the army but they had no political power because they were not born in Athens.because they were not born in Athens.

Helots were the lowest group in Sparta. They Helots were the lowest group in Sparta. They were the slaves in the city-state and greatly were the slaves in the city-state and greatly outnumbered the Spartans. outnumbered the Spartans.

Spartans had to use force and terrorized the Spartans had to use force and terrorized the Helots to keep them from rebelling. Helots to keep them from rebelling.

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GovernmentGovernment Pg. 3Pg. 3

Sparta controlled the lives of citizens from birth Sparta controlled the lives of citizens from birth to death.to death.

All male citizens were expected to take part in All male citizens were expected to take part in the military.the military.

A group of officials examined the newborn A group of officials examined the newborn babies and any unhealthy child was left to die.babies and any unhealthy child was left to die.

At age 7 boys were taken away to start military At age 7 boys were taken away to start military training along with learning to read and write. training along with learning to read and write.

At age 18-20 they trained for war and at age At age 18-20 they trained for war and at age 20 they could finally get married. However, 20 they could finally get married. However, even though they were married they could not even though they were married they could not live at home until the age of 30.live at home until the age of 30.

Men remained in the military until the age of Men remained in the military until the age of 60 years old until they could retire.60 years old until they could retire.

Spartan girls were also trained and had to be Spartan girls were also trained and had to be strong and healthy, they thought healthy strong and healthy, they thought healthy mothers would help make healthy babies.mothers would help make healthy babies.

Both boys and girls studied music to learn Both boys and girls studied music to learn discipline and coordination.discipline and coordination.

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This training by the Spartan city led to a strong This training by the Spartan city led to a strong government and an almost unbeatable army.government and an almost unbeatable army.

Sparta was run by 2 kings, one who stayed at home, Sparta was run by 2 kings, one who stayed at home, while the other led the army.while the other led the army.

5 Ephors were elected to 1-year terms who made sure 5 Ephors were elected to 1-year terms who made sure the kings stayed within the law.the kings stayed within the law.

Spartans paid a high price for their power, they gave Spartans paid a high price for their power, they gave up most of their individual freedom.up most of their individual freedom.

Since Spartans were very militaristic, they created Since Spartans were very militaristic, they created little in art, philosophy, literature or science.little in art, philosophy, literature or science.

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AthensAthens

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Athens: Athenian Society Athens: Athenian Society Pg. 6Pg. 6 Athens is located on the Attic peninsula, one Athens is located on the Attic peninsula, one

of the least fertile areas in Greece.of the least fertile areas in Greece. Citizens formed the top group in Athenian Citizens formed the top group in Athenian

society which could be aristocrats or poor society which could be aristocrats or poor farmers.farmers.

Only Athenian born men had full political Only Athenian born men had full political rights.rights.

Female citizens could not vote or hold office.Female citizens could not vote or hold office. The next group in Athenian society was the The next group in Athenian society was the

Metics.Metics.

Metics were non-citizens because they were born outside Athens and usually worked as merchants or artisans.

Metics were free and paid the same taxes but they could not take part in government or own land.

Slaves were at the bottom of society and were captured during times of war.

Slaves were owned by masters and treated as property.

Sometimes masters freed slaves who then became Metics.

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Athens Early GovernmentAthens Early Government Pg. 8Pg. 8 First Athens was a monarchy then an First Athens was a monarchy then an

Aristocracy.Aristocracy. Only citizens who owned land could hold Only citizens who owned land could hold

office.office. All adult males citizens met in an All adult males citizens met in an

assembly and elected generals in time of assembly and elected generals in time of war. They also elected nine Archons who war. They also elected nine Archons who served one year terms.served one year terms.

Early on Athens’s laws were not written Early on Athens’s laws were not written down. In 621 B.C. an Archon named down. In 621 B.C. an Archon named Draco created Athens’s first written law Draco created Athens’s first written law code.code.

Draco’s laws were so harsh and severe that Draco’s laws were so harsh and severe that today they call a harsh law a Draconian law.today they call a harsh law a Draconian law.

Poor citizens and farmers were sold into Poor citizens and farmers were sold into slavery to pay for their debts.slavery to pay for their debts.

An archon named Solon settled this dispute An archon named Solon settled this dispute by erasing debts of the poor and outlawing by erasing debts of the poor and outlawing slavery for debt. He also freed people who slavery for debt. He also freed people who had become slaves to pay their debts. had become slaves to pay their debts.

Peisistratus ruled over Athens as a tyrant Peisistratus ruled over Athens as a tyrant and improved Athens economy in the and improved Athens economy in the process.process.

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In 507 B.C. Cleisthenes seized power in In 507 B.C. Cleisthenes seized power in Athens and turned it into a democracy. He Athens and turned it into a democracy. He divided Athens into 10 tribes and each had divided Athens into 10 tribes and each had to choose 50 men that formed the Council to choose 50 men that formed the Council of 500.of 500.

Members of the council served for 1 year Members of the council served for 1 year and could not be chosen more than twice.and could not be chosen more than twice.

Under Cleisthenes, Athens was a Under Cleisthenes, Athens was a direct direct democracy.democracy.

Direct Democracy-Direct Democracy- all citizens participate all citizens participate directly in making decisions.directly in making decisions.

Representative Democracy-Representative Democracy- citizens elect citizens elect representatives to govern them.representatives to govern them.

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Daily Life in Athens: Daily Life in Athens: EconomyEconomy

Most citizens were farmers who grew Most citizens were farmers who grew olives, grapes, and figs.olives, grapes, and figs.

Trade was very important to Athens Trade was very important to Athens society.society.

Athens exported olive oil, wine, and Athens exported olive oil, wine, and household items.household items.

Athens imported grain and other Athens imported grain and other foodstuffs.foodstuffs.

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Home & Family Life Home & Family Life Pg. Pg. 1212 Most Athenian families lived in simple homes.Most Athenian families lived in simple homes. Athenians believed that money should be Athenians believed that money should be

spent on buildings that would benefit the spent on buildings that would benefit the whole community.whole community.

People in Athens built one-story houses, made People in Athens built one-story houses, made of sun-dried brick.of sun-dried brick.

Marriage and family life were important too.Marriage and family life were important too. Parents always arranged marriages.Parents always arranged marriages. Girls married young at age 13 or 14 and their Girls married young at age 13 or 14 and their

husbands may be twice her age or older.husbands may be twice her age or older.

The main purpose of marriage was to The main purpose of marriage was to have children. have children.

If a family could not afford to raise a If a family could not afford to raise a child, the baby may be left to die, child, the baby may be left to die, especially if it was a girl.especially if it was a girl.

Athenian women legally and socially were Athenian women legally and socially were considered inferior to men. They were considered inferior to men. They were citizens but could not own or inherit citizens but could not own or inherit property. property.

Women’s duties included managing the Women’s duties included managing the household and slaves and raising household and slaves and raising children. children.

At home women were expected to stay in At home women were expected to stay in the backgroundthe background

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Mothers took care of all the children until Mothers took care of all the children until the age of 6.the age of 6.

At age 7, boys came under the care of their At age 7, boys came under the care of their pedagoguepedagogue which was a male slave who which was a male slave who taught the boy manners. The pedagogue taught the boy manners. The pedagogue went everywhere with boy, including school.went everywhere with boy, including school.

Girls stayed at home and learned to run a Girls stayed at home and learned to run a household but usually received no household but usually received no education.education.

However, wealthy girls were taught to read However, wealthy girls were taught to read and write.and write.

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Education & Military ServiceEducation & Military Service Most Athenians were poor and hardworking, Most Athenians were poor and hardworking,

working long hours with little leisure time.working long hours with little leisure time. Athenians placed great value on literacy and Athenians placed great value on literacy and

education.education. Athenian boys studied reading, writing, Athenian boys studied reading, writing,

grammar, poetry, music, and gymnastics. grammar, poetry, music, and gymnastics. They learned poetry by heart including They learned poetry by heart including Homer’s Iliad and the Odyssey.Homer’s Iliad and the Odyssey.

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Sophists-Sophists- opened schools for older boys. opened schools for older boys. Sophists took their name from the Sophists took their name from the Greek word “sophos” meaning “wise”.Greek word “sophos” meaning “wise”.

At these schools they studied At these schools they studied mathematics, ethics, and rhetoric. mathematics, ethics, and rhetoric.

EthicsEthics-- deals with what is good and bad deals with what is good and bad and moral duty.and moral duty.

RhetoricRhetoric-- study of oratory or public study of oratory or public speaking and debating.speaking and debating.

At age 18 males received a year of At age 18 males received a year of military training and became hoplites in military training and became hoplites in the army.the army.

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