space project management · space project management tailoring of space standards ecss secretariat...

FOR SPACE STANDARDIZATION

EUROPEAN COOPERATION

ECSS

Space projectmanagement

Tailoring of space standards

ECSS SecretariatESA-ESTEC

Requirements & Standards DivisionNoordwijk, The Netherlands

ECSS-M-00-02A25 April 2000

ECSS25 April 2000ECSS--M--00--02A

2

Published by: ESA Publications DivisionESTEC, P.O. Box 299,2200 AG Noordwijk,The Netherlands

ISSN: 1028-396X

Price: � 10

Printed in The Netherlands

Copyright 2000 E by the European Space Agency for the members of ECSS

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Foreword

This Standard is one of the series of ECSS Standards intended to be applied to-gether for the management, engineering and product assurance in space projectsand applications. ECSS is a cooperative effort of the European Space Agency,national space agencies and European industry associations for the purpose of de-veloping and maintaining common standards.

Requirements in thisStandardare defined in termsofwhat shall be accomplished,rather than in terms of how to organize and perform the necessary work. This al-lows existing organizational structures andmethods to be applied where they areeffective, and for the structures and methods to evolve as necessary without re-writing the standards.

The formulation of this Standard takes into account the existing ISO 9000 familyof documents.

This Standard hasbeen preparedby theECSSTailoringWorkingGroup, reviewedby the ECSS Technical Panel and approved by the ECSS Steering Board.


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Introduction

The requirements defined in the series of ECSS Standards are generally appli-cable to all actors working on space projects, but are intended to be viewed fromthe perspective of a specific project context, and tailored to match the genuine re-quirements of the project. The project is determined, amongst other things, by itsenvironment, technology maturity, product class, cost and risk constraints, or-ganizational complexity, and the procurement approach adopted for a given ac-quisition. The tailoring process is carried out by the relevant customer at eachlevel in the hierarchy, in a systematic manner within the rules and constraintsof the customer organization, and with due consideration of the engineering,quality and management aspects of the project.

The conclusions of the tailoring exercise are incorporated into the project require-ments documents. The results of the tailoring decisions by the actor’s organiz-ation leads to an optimized project implementation process, whereby actors areonly constrained by requirements appropriate to their roles and responsibilitiesin any level within the project hierarchy.


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Contents

Foreword 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Scope 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1 General 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 Objective 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Applicability 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Normative references 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Terms and definitions 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Principles of tailoring 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1 General 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 Project characteristics 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3 Responsibility 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


8

5 Tailoring process 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1 Overview 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2 Tailoring template 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3 Process steps 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Annex A (informative) Example tailoring template, programmatic

factors 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.1 Introduction to the example tailoring template 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.2 Example tailoring template, programmatic factors, using ESA as acustomer 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figures

Figure 1: Tailoring process flowchart 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1

Scope

1.1 GeneralThis Standard is part of a collection of ECSS Standards belonging to the manage-ment branch. It defines the process of tailoring, applicable to all standards in theM--, Q--, and E-- branches of ECSS as a guideline.

This Standard defines the objectives, principles, methods and processes of tailor-ing, which are necessary for the establishment of project requirement documents.

1.2 ObjectiveThe objective of thisStandard is to facilitate the application of a coherentapproachto the tailoring of ECSS Standards, and their subsequent implementation andtraceability for a specific project.

1.3 ApplicabilityThe requirement for tailoring is applicable to all customers at all levels in a spaceproject, in accordancewith the definitions of the customer-supplier network as de-fined in ECSS--M--00. This Standard lays down applicable principles, and ident-ifies a method for tailoring of ECSS Standards. It does not address contributionsfrom the supplier towards the finalization of the project requirement document,which is envisaged as part of the contractual negotiation process.


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2

Normative references

The following normative documents contain provisions which, through referencein this text, constitute provisions of this ECSS Standard. For dated references,subsequent amendments to, or revisions of any of these publications do not apply.However, parties to agreements based on this ECSS Standard are encouraged toinvestigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normativedocuments indicated below. For undated references the latest edition of the publi-cation referred to applies.

ECSS--M--00 Space project management — Policy and principles

ECSS--M--00--03 Space project management — Risk management

ECSS--P--001 Glossary of terms


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3

Terms and definitions

The following term and definition is specific to this Standard in the sense that itis complementary or additional with respect to those contained in ECSS--P--001.

tailoringthe process by which individual requirements of specifications, standards, and re-lated documents are evaluated, and made applicable to a specific project by selec-tion, and in some exceptional cases, modification of existing or addition of new re-quirements

NOTE The evaluation determines the extent to which the require-ments are most suitable for the acquisition or developmentof constituents of a space project.


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4

Principles of tailoring

4.1 GeneralThe general principles for the tailoring of ECSS Standards are as follows:

a. Applicable standards subject to tailoring, are identified by the customer.

b. The set of applicable requirements from the identified standards are estab-lished through an integrated approach, after balanced consideration of theproject phase, management, quality and technical aspects of the project, andthe analysis of cost-technical drivers and risks.

c. Tailoring is performed at each level of the project hierarchy by the relevantcustomer, to ensure that the requirements selected are only those necessaryfor the successful completion of the work under the relevant business agree-ment. Therefore, as amatter of principle, tailoring results in an appropriatelylightened set of requirements at the lower level of the customer-supplier net-work.

d. Tailoring at all levels is performed systematically in accordance with themethod described in this Standard.

e. Tailoring is performed for each phase of the project to ensure that due accountis taken of the necessary shift in management objectives and emphases.

f. Overall programme requirements are taken into account while tailoring isperformed during the life cycle of the project, in conjunction with specific pro-ject phases, and for the relevant agreements when the parameters change.

g. The identification of exceptional requirements to be mandatorily applied ateach level of the customer-supplier network, to ensure that higher-level cus-tomer requirements are reflected at the lower levels of the organization.

h. In special cases new requirements, which are not included in the standards,are introduced into the project requirements documents. This occurrenceshould be minimized, and the addition of new requirements should be justi-fied. The same principle applies to themodification or substitution of existingrequirements. While adding or substituting requirements, the coherence ofthe overall requirements is maintained.

i. The tailoringprocessaddresses theneed to reviewandharmonize the selectedrequirements, to ensure that a coherent set of requirements is developed, andalso to ensure elimination of not applicable requirements.


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4.2 Project characteristicsProject characteristics are the primary influence on the decisions taken during therequirements tailoring process. All tailoring decisions taken are driven by thecharacteristics identified for the project and the associated considerations.

The identification of project characteristics is the prerequisite to establish the pro-ject context, scope, scale, orientation and the key project elements important tosuccessful achievement of objectives.

Project characteristics are defined in bothprogrammatic and technical terms.Pro-grammatic characteristics, with a stronger subjective element, focus on strategicaspects of the project: risk policy, political, financial, economic, contractual.Mission, engineering, scientific and generally product-oriented factors determinethe objective technical characteristics.

Examples of such characteristics in the programmatic domain are included in theexample tailoring template (see annex A).

4.3 ResponsibilityTailoring is the responsibility of and performed by the relevant customer at eachlevel of the project hierarchy in accordance with the overall principles of the cus-tomer-supplier network. Tailoring results in the establishment of the project re-quirements documents that form the basis for tailoring at the next level.

A further aspect of the responsibility of the customer’s organization with respectto tailoring, is for the management discipline to ensure the integration and har-monization of requirements across all project disciplines.

At any level of the customer-supplier network an appropriate authoritywithin theactor’s organization verifies the consistency of local procedures andmethodologieswith the application of ECSS Standards, in order to avoid conflict between cus-tomer and ECSS Standard requirements.

See ECSS--M--00 for a definition of the structure and responsibilities within thecustomer-supplier network.

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5

Tailoring process

5.1 OverviewConsidering the principles in clause 4, the tailoringprocess has several stages thatshall be completed in order to develop a full set of tailoredM--, Q--, and E-- require-ments which reflect the specific circumstances of the project in question.

The steps of the tailoring process are:

a. Identify project characteristics.

b. Analyse project characteristics and identified risks.

c. Select applicable standards subject to tailoring from related standards.

d. Select applicable requirements from applicable standards.

e. Harmonize M--, Q--, and E-- project requirements.

f. Verify that the tailored (additional or modified) requirements are consistentwith the set of ECSSStandards and respect the policies and constraints of theorganization.

g. Provide tailored requirements to project requirements documents.

The flowchart in Figure 1 depicts the sequencing of the activities of the tailoringprocess, together with the respective inputs and outputs, relationships with otherprocesses. Although this process is not prescriptive, it provides a framework tocomplete the tailoring process with proper consideration of all factors.

Included in the tailoring process flowchart is the concept of the “tailoring tem-plate”. The tailoring template provides a concept to enable the tailoring process.A tailoring template example is defined addressing programmatic project char-acteristics (see annex A).

The tailoring process involves performing the tasks of tailoring according to thelogic suggested by the flowchart and the example tailoring template. The outputis the record of the tailoring decisions and serves as the list of harmonized, tailoredrequirements which shall be the final input to the project requirements docu-ments.

If appropriate technology is available, the tailoring templates may be completedelectronically, serving both to support the addition and modification of require-ments and to provide a clear means of presenting the final list of tailored stan-dards.


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Analyse project charac-teristics and identified

risks

Identify project charac-teristics

Select applicable standardsfrom related standards

Select applicable requirementsfrom applicable standards

Harmonize M-, Q-, E- project requirements

Provide tailored requirements to projectrequirements documents

1

2 3

4

5

Relevant background data

Tailoring template

Project characteristicsSee 5.2 Tailoring template (Section A)

ECSS M-, Q- and E- Standards

Cost, risk and technical driversApplicable standards

See 5.2 Tailoring Template (Section C)

Selected/tailored M-, Q-, E- requirementsSee 5.2 Tailoring template (Section D)

Risk assessment

Tailoring considerationsSee 5.2 Tailoring template (Section B)

ECSS-M-00-03

Tailoring considerationsSee 5.2 Tailoring template (Section B)

Harmonized selected/tailored M-, Q-, E-See 5.2 Tailoring template (Section D) Proposed input to PRDs

Verify that tailored requirements are consistentwith the set of ECSS Standards and respect or-

ganizational policies/constraints6

7

Customer policies andconstraints

Figure 1: Tailoring process flowchart

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5.2 Tailoring templateThe following is an example of a tailoring template with a description of the col-umns in it.

(Section A) (Section B) (Section C) (Section D)

P a ati t h i al Tail i R lat d R lat dApplicability Comments

Programmatic or technicalcharacteristic

Tailoringconsiderations

Relatedstandards

Relatedreqmts

Y N M ACommentson

tincharacteristic considerations standards

nreqmts

n n n n exceptions

Programmatic ortechnical characteristic(Section A)

These are attributes of the project that defines its context and mostsignificant features, and together with the tailoring considerations,are the key drivers in the tailoring of standards and requirements.Characteristics are defined at both programmatic and technicaldomains together with the impact they have on other relevantcharacteristics and with those they are influenced by.

Tailoringconsiderations(Section B)

Tailoring considerations are factors to consider that have a bearingon selection of requirements in the light of the associated projectcharacteristic. They detail how the project characteristic shall betaken into account when selecting and applying standards andrequirements.Considerations are based on accrued experience, lessons learned fromprevious projects, and best practice, and are provided as examplesonly, to aid deliberation.

Related standard(Section C)

These are the standards which are related to the project characteristicand tailoring considerations, and are identified in the tailoringtemplate, for determining their applicability.

Related requirements(Section D)

These are the requirements identified in the applicable standardsthat have a bearing on the project characteristic and associatedconsideration, and are identified in the tailoring template, fordetermining their applicability.

n Indicates the selection of the characteristic or related standards andrequirements which are made applicable to the project.

Related requirementsapplicability

Y YesN No

(Section D)N NoM ModifiedM ModifiedA Additional requirementsA Additional requirements


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5.3 Process steps

5.3.1 Identify project characteristicsThe first step of the tailoring process shall identify the project objectives, scope,constraints and the environment in which the project is executed. This shall beperformed in a systematicmanner, by screening the project against the character-istics identified in the programmatic and technical characteristics tailoring tem-plates. The screening process shall be supported by:

D results from previous project phases;

D experience gained from similar projects in a comparable context;

D other background information available to the actor responsible for the tailor-ing.

The projectmanager and key project personnel shall be responsible for identifyingproject characteristics in the template.

This process of identifying project characteristics shall encompass that each pro-grammatic and technical characteristic is screened for applicability to the specificproject. Those relevant to the overall tailoring process not identified in the ap-propriate sections of the tailoring templates shall also be recorded. The output ofthis activity, the results and associated considerations, shall be documented in thetailoring template.

5.3.2 Analyse project characteristics and identified risksAfter identifying project characteristics, the project shall be analysed to identifysignificant cost and technical drivers, critical issues and specific constraints. Thepurpose of this activity is to identify and evaluate inherent and induced risks, to-gether with areas of the project that are candidates for simplification.

Resulting project risk factors shall be recorded, and following consideration of theproject life cycle and the various project disciplines, the causes and consequencesof the identified risks shall be determined. The output from this process shall bea documented suite of cost-technical drivers and risks, with roughly-estimatedrisk consequences.

The tailoring templates, and the identification and quantification of major driversand risk factors, together with mitigation strategies, provides the basis for theselection of requirements from ECSS Standards appropriate to the project objec-tives and context.

5.3.3 Select applicable standards from related standardsIn parallel with the analysis of project characteristics, the ECSS M--, Q--, and E--Standards related to theproject characteristics shall be identified, for the selectionof those which are made applicable to the project.

The process to select applicable standards shall have as input, the known cus-tomer policies and constraints, the ECSS M--, Q--, and E-- Standards, and thetailoring considerations section of the tailoring templates, to guide the actors re-sponsible in the completion of the related standards section of the template.

The output from this process shall be standards selected from the list of relatedstandards recorded in the appropriate sections of the tailoring templates, follow-ing the detailed analysis of ECSSM--, Q--, andE-- Standards against the identifiedproject characteristics.

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5.3.4 Analyse selected standards for applicability ofindividual requirements

Following the analysis of project characteristics and the selection of applicableM--,Q--, and E-- Standards, the selected standards shall be assessed against the cost-technical drivers and quantified risks and mitigation strategies. The objectivehere is to determine the applicability of each selected requirement to the project.Moreover, modifications to individual requirements may be proposed, should achange be necessary to avoid or reduce the probability of the occurrence of anidentified risk.

This process shall have as input the cost-technical drivers, the risk items (theseare outputs from 5.2), the tailoring considerations and the selected standards asrecorded in the tailoring templates.

The first stage in this task shall be to analyse which requirements of the selectedstandards (M--, Q--, and E--) are applicable. In some exceptional cases, additionalrequirements should be defined.

The output from this process is a draft tailoring template identifying the selected-tailored ECSS M--, Q--, and E-- Standards proposed by the different disciplines,with proposed modifications and, exceptionally, new requirements appropriate tothe project characteristics and the documented cost-technical drivers and risks.These shall be documented in the final section of the tailoring templates.

5.3.5 Harmonize proposed project-specific requirements formanagement, product assurance and engineering

Following the selection of project-specific standards and requirements, togetherwith the proposed requirement modifications to cater for particular project cir-cumstances, the resulting tailoring templates prepared by the various disciplines(management, product assurance and engineering) should be reviewed by the pro-ject team to ensure consistency between the selected standards and requirements,to eliminate the risk of conflict or misinterpretation.

The output from this process shall be the harmonized tailoredM--, Q--, E-- require-ments, manifested in updates to the tailoring templates, that can be now verifiedfor acceptability as an input to the project requirements documents.

5.3.6 Verify that tailored requirements are consistent with theset of ECSS Standards and respect organizationalpolicies/constraints

In this step the appropriate authority in the actor’s organization verifies that thetailored set of requirements proposed by the project organization does not deviatefrom the principles laid down in the standards, and that the locally established po-licies and existing constraints have been taken into account. This step shall be per-formed to ensure adherence to the set of ECSS Standards and to scrutinize excep-tions.

5.3.7 Issue project requirements documentsAt the final stage in the tailoring process the tailored requirements shall be in-cluded in the project requirements documents.


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Annex A (informative)

Example tailoring template, programmatic factors

A.1 Introduction to the example tailoring templateExamples of tailoring for a variety of project characteristics are given in the tem-plate. These are provided to demonstrate the concept of systematic tailoring andare not exhaustive.

The tailoring considerations indicated in conjunction with the project characteris-tics are major “hints”; organizations performing tailoringmay havemore or otherconsiderations which are specific to their environment and experience. These“hints” can be expanded by the tailoring organizations as appropriate.

The characteristics and considerations should not be analysed in isolation, buttheir relationship to and impact on other characteristics and considerationsshould also be looked at.

The related standards and requirements for each characteristic which are shownas “pre-selected”, are intended to ease the tailoring exercise, so that not all ECSSStandards and requirements are screened but only thosewhich are relevant to thecharacteristics. The current examples include “M” references and should be ex-panded to include “Q” and “E”.

The presentation of all ECSS Standards and requirements and their mappingagainst project specific characteristics, together with their complex relationshipcan be accomplished by introducing a database approach.


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ECSS 25 April 2000

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ECSS 25 April 2000

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32


ECSS 25 April 2000

ECSS--M--00--02A

33

ECSS Document Improvement Proposal1. Document I.D.ECSS--M--00--02A

2. Document date25 April 2000

3. Document titleTailoring of space standards

4. Recommended improvement (identify clauses, subclauses and include modified text orgraphic, attach pages as necessary)

5. Reason for recommendation

6. Originator of recommendation

Name: Organization:

Address: Phone:Fax:e-mail:

7. Date of submission:

8. Send to ECSS Secretariat

Name:W. KriedteESA--TOS/QR

Address:ESTEC, P.O. Box 2992200 AG NoordwijkThe Netherlands

Phone: +31--71--565--3952Fax: +31--71--565--6839e-mail: [email protected]

Note: The originator of the submission should complete items 4, 5, 6 and 7.This form is available as a Word and Wordperfect--Template on internet under

http://www.estec.esa.nl/ecss/improve/


34


prEN CST02004Date: 2000-02

i

Contents

Foreword iii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction iv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Scope 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 General 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2 Objective 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3 Applicability 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Normative references 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Terms and definitions 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Principles of tailoring 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 General 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2 Project characteristics 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3 Responsibility 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Tailoring process 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1 Overview 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 Tailoring template 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3 Process steps 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3.1 Identify project characteristics 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.2 Analyse project characteristics and identified risks 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.3 Select applicable standards from related standards 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.4 Analyse selected standards for applicability of individual requirements 7. . . . . . . . .5.3.5 Harmonize management, product assurance and engineering proposed

project-specific requirements 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.6 Verify that tailored requirements are consistent with the set of European Space

Standards and respect organizational policies/constraints 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.7 Issue project requirements document 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Annex A (informative) Example tailoring template, programmatic factors 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.1 Introduction to the example tailoring template 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.2 Example tailoring template, programmatic factors, using ESA as a customer 10. . . . . . .

Figures

Figure 1 — Tailoring process flowchart 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

space project management · space project management tailoring of space standards ecss secretariat...

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