Libro de GramaticaValentina Krysiak

Contexto

1. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

2. Reflexives

3. Por y Para

4. To Become

5. Futuro

6. Conditional

7. Present Perfect

8. Relative Pronouns

9. Qué vs. Cuál

10.Neuter Lo

11.Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

Demonstrative adjectives answer the question "Which?" in relation to the nouns that they modify.

Demonstrative pronouns replace a specific noun.

All demonstratives agree in gender and number.

Juan reads this book.

Juan lee este libro.

Juan reads this. Juan lee este.

Este/os/a/as- this or this oneEse/os/a/as- that or that oneAquel /los/la/las- that over there or that one over there

ADVERB PRONOUN

Reflexives

A verb is reflexive when the subject and the direct object are the same.

When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se.“

These pronouns are positioned before the verb, while the ending "se" is dropped and the verb is conjugated normally.

Juan se lava la cara.

Juan washes hisface.

me (myself)

te (yourself)

se (himself, herself, yourself)

nos (ourselves)

os (yourselves)

se (themselves, yourselves)

To express gratitude or apology

For multiplication and division

For velocity, frequency and proportion

Meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the area of"

When talking about exchange, including sales

To mean "on behalf of," or "in favor of,"

To express a length of time

To express an undetermined, or general time, meaning "during"

For means of communication or transportation

In cases of mistaken identity, or meaning "to be seen as"

To show the reason for an errand (with ir, venir, pasar, mandar, volver, and preguntar)

When followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains to be completed, use por + infinitive

To express cause or reason

“Estar por" means to be in the mood, or inclined to do something

In passive constructions

To indicate destination

To show the use or purpose

of a thing

To mean "in order to" or "for

the purpose of"

To indicate a recipient

To express a deadline or

specific time

To express a contrast from

what is expected

"Estar para" to express an

action that will soon be

completed

To Become

Spanish has no single verb that you can use to translate "to become." Your choice of verb typically will depend on the nature of change that occurs.

Llegar a ser — This phrase typically refers to change over a long period of time, often with effort. It is often translated as "to eventually become.“ Example: No creo que llegue a ser un problema.

Ponerse — This common verb is often used to refer to a change in emotion or mood, especially when the change is sudden or temporary. It can also be used to refer to changes in physical appearance and many other traits and can apply to inanimate objects as well as persons. Example: No nos pongamos tristes.

Hacerse — This verb usually refers to deliberate or voluntary changes. If often refers to a change in identity or affiliation. Example:Vamos a hacernos millonarios.

Volverse — This verb typically involuntary change and generally applies to people rather than inanimate objects. Example: Los jugadores se volvieron locos.

Futuro

Regulars Yo Tú Él/Ella/Usted

Nosotros Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

Hablar hablaré hablarás hablará hablaremos hablarán

Comer comeré comerás comerá Comeramos

Comerán

Vivir viviré Vivirás Vivirá Viviramos Vivirán

Conditional

The conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture.

Is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.

To conjugate irregular verbs in the conditional (same irregulars as future) use the modified beginnings and add the above endings.

ía ías ía íamos ían

Present Perfect

Present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.

The present perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.

Yo He

Tú Has

Él/Ella/Usted Ha

Nosotros Hemos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

Han

Relative Pronouns

Que- most common relative pronoun. It can be used to refer to both persons and things, in either the subject or the object position. "Que" is the Spanish equivalent of the English words who, whom, which, and that.

Quien- used only to refer to people, and has a plural form "quienes“. When the relative pronoun refers to a person and occurs after a preposition, "quien" must be used.

El Que- used to refer to both people and things. There are four forms to accommodate singular and plural, masculine and feminine: el que, la que, los que, las que.

El Cual- set of relative pronouns can be used in place of el que, la que, los que, and las que. Not commonly used in everyday conversation, and are generally reserved for written Spanish or formal oratory.

Cuyo- relates the owner to that which is owned, as does the English "whose". There are four forms to accommodate singular and plural, masculine and feminine: cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas.

Qué vs Cuál

Are used as pronouns in questions to mean "what" or "which.“

It is said that qué is closer to "what" in meaning, and cuál is closer to "which.“

Qué normally is used before nouns, used when asking for definitions, and has some common idiomatic uses. (i.e. ¿Qué hora es?, ¡Qué lástima!).

Cuál usually is used before es and other forms of ser when not seeking a definition, or to suggest a selection or choice from among a group.

Neuter Lo

In Spanish, nouns are normally either masculine or feminine, but Spanish does have a neuter form

Neuter Lo is used when referring to broad or vague concepts or ideas.

Is never used to refer to known objects or people, and there are no neuter nouns or descriptive adjectives.

There are three cases in which the neuter lo is used: definite article, direct object, demonstrative pronouns.

Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses

In general, if the situation in the adverbial clause is viewed as something hypothetical or anticipated —rather than completed, habitual, or factual— then the subjunctive is required

Adverbial clauses are always introduced by conjunctions, but there are some which are ALWAYS followed by the subjunctive:

a fin de que

a condición de que

a menos que

a no ser que

antes (de) que

con tal (de) que

en caso de que

no sea que / no fuera que

para que

sin que