– South-central Montana.

• Great Plains area east of the Rocky Mountains and West of the Missouri River.

Flag of the Northern Cheyenne.

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• 1830s- Many Cheyenne move south to trade while most remain north to trade at Fort Laramie.

• 1840s-50s-Thousands of people move into Cheyenne and Lakota lands killing buffalo as they go by on trains and bringing disease.

• July 2,1874- Custer leads 1,000 troops in search of a place to build a fort and find gold on Great Sioux Reservation.

• Dec.3,1875- All Indians are ordered onto reservations.

• June 16,1876- Battle of the Rosebud Cheyenne and Lakota warriors attack General Crooks’ troops. Also known to the Cheyenne as the ‘Battle were the Girl Saved Her Brother.’

• June 25,1876- Battle of the Little Bighorn. Custer attacks Northern Cheyenne on Little Bighorn River.

• Spring 1877- Northern Cheyenne and Crazy Horse surrender.

• May 28,1877- Northern Cheyenne ordered South to Indian Territory in Oklahoma.

• Aug.5,1877- Northern Cheyenne join Southern Cheyenne in Indian Territory.

• Sep. 9,1878- Approx. 300 Cheyenne flee North, pursued by U.S. Navy.

• Oct. 1878- Northern Cheyenne reach Nebraska.

• Nov. 16,1884- President Chester A. Arthur signs Executive Order- Reservation established in Southern Montana for Cheyenne.

– Animals• Buffalo • Important Plants

– Roots and herbs• Remedies, ritual purification, sweat

lodge, sometimes surgery. Both men and women were healers.

– Wild animals• Deer

– Wild horses • And many others

               

 

• Climate– Semiarid grassland like– 5000-6000 ft. above sea level– Cold winters, warm summers.– Low precipitation and humidity, much wind,

sudden changes in temperature

• Men hunted deer and buffalo. Also fished.

• Women harvested corn, squash, and beans. Also picked berries and dug roots.

• Trade and exchange– For other tribes’ horses, baby cradles, food,

etc.– Traded with other tribes and white people for

beads.

• Mainly used dogs using travois.

• When European horse was introduced, Cheyenne could travel farther and quicker to migrate with the buffalo on which they relied on for food and hides.

• Types of plants grown– Corn– Potatoes – Beans • Animals domesticated

• Horse • Dog

• Stored surplus by drying meat on rocks or over a fire.

• They did not irrigate.

• Women were in charge of taking down and putting up home. Also cook, clean, and watch after kids.

• Men were in charge of hunting and defending tribe. Also feeding the family. Only men could become chiefs.

• Both told stories of the past, artwork, music, and traditional medicine.

          

    

        

     

                         

   

• Long poles were used as the frame.

• Varying, one teepee could take 10-50 hides.

• Sinew was used as a thread and bones used as decorations.

• They didn’t have any permanent villages because they had to move with the buffalo for meat and hides.

                               

   

                       

   

                

  

          

        

         

• Medicine man, shaman, priests who practiced shamanism, dance, medicine.

• Medicine man and woman.

• Primary gods:– The Wise One Above – God of the Underworld– Haemmawihio: God of Creation– The Spirits at the Points of the Compass

                       

   

• Ceremonies:– Major ones– Hoxehe-vohomo’ ehestote (Sun dance)– Massaum ( Animal dance)– Sweet Medicine (Mutosyef)– All are still preformed.

        

    

• Spiritual practices:– Two principal deities- The Wise One Above

and God of the Underworld.– Four others at the points of the compass;

N.E.W.S.– Preformed Sun Dance in most elaborate form.– Most prized objects- hat made of skin and hair

of a buffalo cow.– Four arrows- 2 for hunting – 2 for battle. All in

a Sacred Bundle.

               

   

• Women wore long deerskin dresses with high fringed boots and hair long and loose or in braids.

• Men wore breechcloths and leather leggings. Sometimes a Plains War Shirt.

• Also moccasins, and hair in braids or worn long.

• Both were decorated with porcupine quills, shells, or elk teeth.

• Made of deer and buffalo hides.• Groups of different people wore different

costumes and clothing.• Dancers usually wore masks to symbolize the

ceremony they performed.• Ornaments included:

– Feathers or horsehair, in hair.– War paint on body.– Jewelry such as necklaces, anklets, bracelets, etc.

• Buckskin dresses

• Breechcloths

• Moccasins

• Boots

• Jewelry

• They made geometric patterns.• Artistic tradition reflected sacred an

socioeconomic pursuits of men and women.

• They used hides, sinew, beads traded from white settlers, and plats for paint or mud.

• War scenes, heroic scenes, and stories of the past were some of the topics.

• War scenes

• Heroic scenes

• Stories of the past

– Some tools are:

• Scrapers- usually made of stone of antlers.– Flesher- used for scraping leftover meat off of

hides.

• Buffalo horn- used for spoons or cups.• Buffalo bones- used for jewelry and ribs

for sleds.• Buffalo hooves- glue and cups.

                               

   

• Powerful bows and arrows

• War clubs

• Spears

• Shields

• Cheyenne dialect- Algonquin language family.

• Alphabet of 14 letters.

• One…Na’este Sun…Ese’he• Two…Nese Moon…Taa’e-ese’he• Three…Na’he Water…Mahpe• Four…Neve White…Vo;kome• Five…Noho Yellow…Heove• Man…Hetane Red…Ma’e• Woman…He’e Black…Mo’ohta• Dog…Hotame or Oeskeso Eat…Emese• See…Evoohta Hear…Enesta• Sing…Enemene Leave…Enhoota

• Leaders:– Council of chiefs had 40 men.– You can be a solider, but not a chief at same time.– Leaders chosen:– Bravery– Wealth – Hospitality

Population of tribe…approx.11,000 people enrolled.

            

    

• Two united tribes:– Sotaae’o- Meaning Unknown– Tisitisistas- Like Hearted People• In 400 years, they had gone though 4 stages of

culture:• Eastern Woodlands- sedentary/agricultural people-grew corn

and beans• Abandoned sedentary/agricultural life. Became a full fledged

Plains horse culture tribe.• Present day Minnesota/South Dakota. Continued forming

tradition. Started bison hunting on Plains.• Reservation Stage.

• Fought in the Battle of the Rosebud (also known as the Battle Where the Girl Saved her Brother.)

• Also fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

• Name comes from the Dakota-Sioux name: Sahiyenan, meaning “Red-Talker”

http://www.crystallinks.com/cheyenne.htmlhttp://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/nortamerica/cheyenne.htmlhttp://www.sonofthesouth.net/american-indians/cheyenne-indians.htmhttp://www.geocities.com/bigorrin/cheyenne_kids.htmhttp://www.fourtunecity.com/victorian/song/1147/picutres/animals/animalsw.htmjhttp://www.native_languages.org/cheyenne_words.htmhttp://www.cheyennenation.com/http://www.geocites.com/cheyenne language/index.htmhttp://www.acessgeneology.com/native/tribes/history/indiangov.htmlhttp://www.everyculture.com/North-America/Cheyenne-Religion-and-Experssive Culture.htmlHttp://www.mcusa-archives.org/features/lehn.htmlhttp://www.curtis-collection.co/tribe7020data/cheyanne.htmlhttp://www.danley.ren.csh.ud/history/nai-environment.htmlhttp://www.sportacus.schoolnet.co.ud/WWplains.htmhttp://www.mnisose.org/profiles/ncheyenne.htmBuffalo Calf Road Woman, Agonito, Rosemary 242 pagesGoogle Cheyenne Pictureshttp://www.animationlibrary.com