guide to creating landscapes in the northern great plains and rocky mountains

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Whether you’re a newcomer to the northern Great Plains and RockyMountains or you just want fresh, new landscaping ideas, this booklet willhelp you select and grow native plants that are naturally adapted and willthrive for years under our extreme environmental conditions. The goal ofthis booklet is to provide an overview of native landscaping principles andpractices. It integrates the principles of several conservation initiativessuch as reduced water, energy, and chemical usage; wildlife habitatenhancement; and invasive weed management. Native plant, in thecontext of this booklet, means native to the United States.

TRANSCRIPT

  • Photo courtesy of Linda Iverson

    Photo

    court

    esy

    of

    Lin

    da I

    vers

    on

  • 1Are you interested

    in creating an attractive

    environmentally friendly

    landscape while reducing

    your water and

    maintenance requirements?

    Do you want a beautiful

    yard, garden, school,

    park, or parking area?

    Try a Xeriscape with

    native plants!

    What is Xeriscape?

    Xeriscape (pronounced zeer-i-scape) is derived from the Greek word,xeros, meaning dry. Its the wise use of water through water-efficientlandscaping. The word Xeriscape conjures up visions of a dry,

    Whether youre a newcomer to the northern Great Plains and RockyMountains or you just want fresh, new landscaping ideas, this booklet willhelp you select and grow native plants that are naturally adapted and willthrive for years under our extreme environmental conditions. The goal ofthis booklet is to provide an overview of native landscaping principles andpractices. It integrates the principles of several conservation initiativessuch as reduced water, energy, and chemical usage; wildlife habitatenhancement; and invasive weed management. Native plant, in thecontext of this booklet, means native to the United States.

    Why is Native Landscaping Important

    to You and the Semiarid West?

    In this photo: Urban Xeriscape with native

    plants in summer foliage: staghorn sumac,

    horizontal and common juniper, western

    mountain ash, aspen, skunkbush sumac,

    rose, shrubby cinquefoil, ponderosa pine.

    Table of Contents

    Why is Native Landscaping Important to You and the Semiarid West? .. 1Planning............................................................................ 2Design .............................................................................. 3Site Preparation .................................................................. 4Choosing the Right Grasses and Wildflowers ................................ 5Choosing the Right Trees and Shrubs ......................................... 6Grasses ............................................................................. 7Wildflowers ....................................................................... 9Trees and Shrubs ................................................................ 10Water Conservation ............................................................. 12Maintenance ..................................................................... 13Plant Protection ................................................................. 14To Do List ...................................................................... 15About this Publication ............................................... Back Cover

    Why is Native Landscaping Important to You and the Semiarid West?

    1

    7 Principles of Xeriscape

    1. Plan and Design Comprehensively2. Improve Soil with Amendments3. Reduce Lawn Areas4. Use Appropriate Plants and

    Group According to Water/Environmental Needs

    5. Irrigate Efficiently6. Use Mulches7. Maintain Your Landscape

    Comparisons of traditionallandscapes and Xeriscapeshave shown that up to 50percent savings can beachieved in water usagealone. Other studies indicatepotential savings of nearly30 percent in maintenanceand labor, 61 percent infertilizers, 44 percent in fueland 22 percent in herbicidesand pesticides (At Home withXeriscape , XeriscapeColorado, Inc).

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains

    In many parts of the West,where rainfall is scarce,landscaping accounts for halfof all residential waterconsumption. Outdoorlandscaping offers the singlebiggest opportunity for watersavings to a typical Americanfamily. That's because mostpeople pour a lot more wateron their greenery than itreally needs. In fact, it isestimated that 85 percent ofall landscape problems arecaused by over watering(A Consumers Guide to WaterConservation, 1993 AmericanWater Works Association).

    Yucca: this evergreen plant bringsa bold, dramatic touch to a drylandscape. American Indians usedthe leaves to make baskets and theroots to produce soap.

    Narrow grass strips (left) too often result in watering pavement as wellas grass. A water-efficient, low maintenance alternative treatment(right) features juniper and western mountain ash.

    Lupine.

    Golden currant: berries used for jelly making.

    Xeriscape and Native Plant Benefits

    Cottontail rabbit.

    Big bluestem: fall color.

    Aesthetic

    Increased Year-Round Visual Interest Increased Urban Wildlife Viewing Encouraged Link with Nature Enhanced Quality of Life

    Economic

    Lower Water and Maintenance Costs Enhanced Real Estate Values Increased Survivability of Plantings Edible and/or

    Decorative Products

    Environmental

    Improved Water and Soil Conservation Reduced Use of Petroleum Products Improved Air Quality/Carbon

    Sequestration Enhanced Urban Wildlife Habitat Reduced Water Contamination

    desert-like landscape when,in fact, its focus is how to land-scape appropriately in areas withseasonal water supply shortages.Denver Water holds the trademarkon the term and has developed7 Xeriscape Principles.

  • 32

    1

    Landscape design is a problem solving, step-by-stepprocess that includes, but is not limited to, project research and analysis,development of plans and diagrams for functional and aesthetic use ofplant materials, design implementation and construction, and landscapemaintenance. Any landscaping project must first start with a plan; onethat takes into consideration your needs, the limitations and obstacles ofthe site, and the resources that you have available. Site conditions needto be evaluated and matched with the planned landscape goals anddesired plant characteristics.

    SILTSILTSILTSILTSANDSANDSANDSAND

    CLAYCLAYCLAYCLAY

    LOAMLOAMLOAMLOAM

    Silt feels silky smoothwhen wetSand feels

    coarseand gritty

    Loam is a combination of all these

    Clay feels sticky when wet

    Planning

    2

    Walk over the proposed

    planting site to determine the

    location of power, gas or

    phone lines, septic leach

    fields, sidewalks, structures,

    etc. These features should be

    noted so that plants do not

    conflict with utilities,

    structures or other land uses.

    Some of these features may

    not be apparent from walking

    over the site. A few will have

    to be researched by talking to

    neighbors, checking city and

    county records, etc. To locate

    underground utilities contact

    the National Line Locator at

    888-258-0808.

    Soil

    Soil plays an extremely importantrole in a plants ability to adaptand survive on a site. Plan tosalvage topsoil prior to anyconstruction disturbance to securea desirable plant growth media.

    Soil testing is advisable to deter-mine the following soil attributes.

    Texture. Soil texture is therelative percentage of sand, silt,and clay particles. A loam soil isideal for plant growth. It ismade up of equal parts of sand,silt, and clay.

    Site Inventory

    & Assessment

    Planning and design begins with athorough site inventory andassessment of the followingfactors:

    Current and Historic Land Use

    How has the property been usedor altered in the past? Is itforested hills, an irrigated valleybottom, dryland pasture, nativerangeland, or along a stream orpermanent wetland? Are thereother signs of former tillageactivity? What level of clean up

    Steps to

    Planning

    Consider familyinterests and needs

    List the outdoor activities andinterests of your family members,including pets.

    Analyze site

    Understand the resources,especially soil texture, depth,pH, and stability.

    Develop and evaluatealternatives

    Climate

    Across the northern Great Plainsand Rocky Mountains regions,extreme variability andunpredictability in climate isnormal. Native plant communityadaptation depends primarily onthe extremes of temperature andprecipitation.

    USDA Winter Hardiness Zones.This map categorizes areas byaverage annual minimumtemperature and should be usedto determine plant speciesadaptation. (See WHZ map onfollowing page.)

    Elevation/Topography/Aspect/Hydrologic regime/Landform &Landscape position. Theseelements influence the length ofthe growing season, number offrost-free days, wind, sunlight,snow cover, soil depth, andother factors. Local effects oflandscape position andmicroclimates around structurescan modify growing conditions.

    8

    7

    4

    5

    6

    AIRAIR

    WATERWATER

    Adapted from Seedbed Preparationthe Forgotten Step

    in Range Seeding by William J. McGinnies; Vegetative

    Rehabilitation and Equipment Workshop 38th Annual

    Report; USDA USDI Equipment Development Center,

    Missoula, MT, Feb. 1984.

    PlanningCreating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains

    Adapted from Tips on Land and Water Management for

    Small Farms and Ranches in Montana. Montana

    Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, 1996.

    Native forbs found growing ona sandstone outcrop.

    Soil maps, available from yourlocal USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service office, canbe useful for determining soilattributes. In the photo above,map unit 222E is a silty, well-drained gravelly soil, whereasmap unit 421C is a saline/sodicclayey soil. Both these soils wouldlimit the type of plants thatcould be grown, and requireadditional management for plantestablishment. However, map unit39C is a silty clay loam soil thathas few limitations and is a goodsoil for growing most plants.

    2

    Erodibility. Highly erodible soils,particularly those on steepslopes, need to be protected fromwind and water erosion duringsite preparation and plantestablishment. Moisture levels aredifficult to maintain on slopes, aswater runs off, rather than intothe soil. This problem can bereduced with mulch. In windyareas, blowing soil is a problemthat is reduced with strategicallyplaced plant material.

    Riparian areas, wetlands, andsubirrrigated sites offer uniqueopportunities for plant diversity.

    Precipitation. Seasonalprecipitation and timing dictatewater availabilitya meaningfulelement when establishingplants and maintaining themduring the active growingseason.

    Wind. High wind speed exposesplants to moisture desiccation.Warm chinook winds can falselylure trees and shrubs intobreaking bud, making themvulnerable to winterkill. Winter-hardy plants must be selected toavoid damage.

    will be necessary? These areimportant considerations beforeentering the next landscapephases: design, site preparation,plant selection.

    Vegetative Inventory

    Native species evolved toperpetuate themselves inharmony with their environment.Furthermore, plants haveestablished niches within diverseplant communities. These time-tested relationships should be re-created as closely as possible forsuccessful native landscaping.Look around and see what plantsare already growing on the site ora similar site nearby. Considerwhy a particular plant might belocated there. Does it grow thereas part of a natural plantcommunity? Was it planted, orintroduced by humans? Was itplanted by nature, i.e. wind,water, animals? Try to identify theplants and determine if they areannual or perennial.

    A weed is any unwanted plantgrowing on the site. Weeds shouldbe properly identified andcontrolled prior to planting.Chemical, biological, mechanical,or hand-weeding are all viableoptions.

    Physical/Chemical. Physically, anideal garden soil consists of 50percent solids, 25 percent water,and 25 percent air by volume.The solid portion includes soil,rock and organic matter. The soilorganic matter serves as avaluable nutrient source, assistswith water retention andinfiltration, and promotes rootgrowth through aeration.Chemically, the pH measures theacidity or alkalinity of the soil.Plants have preferences forcertain pH levels. In the northernGreat Plains and Rocky Mountainsmost soils are alkaline. Soilsalinity and sodicity is a measureof the amount of calcium,magnesium, and sodium salts.High salinity or sodicity is notconducive to healthy plantgrowth. Salts desiccate plantsand can become toxic to manyplant species.

    Visualize an initial landscapedesign that meets yourobjectives. Consider each of thefollowing when formulating yourconceptual plan:Site. Whats the soil type?How much water exists?Plants. Are the plants youvevisualized adapted to the site?Function. Do the plants meetyour objectives for shade, as ascreen or as an accent?

    Establish budget andtimetable

    Will all the landscaping be put inplace at one time or will itprogress in phases over severalyears? How much will be spentand when?

    Implement plan

    Prepare site, add amendments,purchase plants and seed, andplan for their timely planting.Protect the soil from erosionduring construction activities.

    Solve problems identifiedin the site analysis

    For example, adding amendmentssuch as compost can improve soildrainage and lower the pH.Mulches can conserve water andprotect soil surfaces from erosion.

    Save or removeexisting landscaping

    All desirable vegetation shouldcomplement future plantings. Allunwanted vegetation should beentirely removed, eithermechanically or chemically. If itlooks like a weed, it probably isa weed. Prior to reestablishmentof plant cover, weeds should beidentified and controlled.

    Monitor and maintainlandscape

    Check plants for pest damage,weed competition, soil moisture,etc.

  • Design

    3

    Information gathered in the site inventory is used to diagram existingconditions and identify functions of various spaces. To better visualize howthings appear, drawings and/or design plans are developed to assure thateach space gets specific attention and to determine relationships betweenspaces. The number of steps, or preliminary drawings, necessary tocomplete a landscape design is dependent on the size and scale of theproject and the amount of detail incorporated at each stage of the process. USDA Winter Hardiness Zones

    Zone 5b (-10 to -15)

    Zone 2b (-40 to -45)Zone 3a (-35 to -40)Zone 3b (-30 to -35)Zone 4a (-25 to -30)Zone 4b (-20 to -25)Zone 5a (-15 to -20)

    Degrees FahrenheitZone 2a (-45 to -50)

    Montana

    Wyoming

    The use

    of color

    principles,

    based on the

    distinction between warm and

    cool, is a good guide when

    designing floral displays.

    Red, orange and yellow are

    warm colors that attract

    attention and seem to advance

    toward the viewer.

    Blue and green are cool colors

    that tend to recede from the

    viewer.

    Color combinations can be

    contrasting (yellow and blue)

    or complimentary

    (red and orange).

    CAD graphic by Miguel Camacho Serna,

    University of Arizona

    Landscape Design

    Sequence

    Bubble Diagram

    Identify site attributes that affectlandscape function. Use simpleshapes to represent features orconditions such as a dog kennel, RVparking, turf area, perennial garden,sun exposure, or views. It isimportant to include areas withdifferent maintenance requirements.

    Rules of Thumb

    Along borders, short-staturedplants should ideally be placedin the front and taller-staturedplants toward the back. In smallareas, borders are bestmaintained if no wider than4 to 8 feet.

    Borders and edges that curveare more natural looking thanthose with rigid, straight lines.The width of aperennial

    Cheyenne

    Pinedale

    Sheridan

    Casper

    Kalispell

    Missoula

    Helena

    GreatFalls

    Bozeman

    Billings

    Glasgow

    Miles City

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Design

    3

    Water-loving aspens and dogwoodsreceive extra moisture because oftheir placement in the graveledrunoff area.

    bordershould beproportionallyabout one-thirdthe height ofthe background.

    In stand-alone,island plantingbeds, placetaller plantsnear the middleand decreaseheight toward theedge. The mostpleasing effect isachieved if the bed istwice as wide as thetallest plant.

    Group plants into zonesaccording to theirneeds for sun, water,and soil.

    Utilize plants so they are visibleand colorful throughout theyear.

    Know a plants stature and sizeat maturity.

    Design with your surroundings inmind; consider using plantscreens or barriers as necessaryfor privacy.

    Do

    Group 3, 5 or 7 plants together unifying

    Match size of plant to scale of site human feeling

    Accent with bright, warm colors cheery

    Vary size and spacing interesting

    Dont

    Scatter single plants here and there spotty and confusing

    Incorporate many big trees on small lot overpowering

    Apply many variations of color disorganized

    Repeat similar shapes boring

    Eye Grabbers

    Source: USDA-ARS Misc. Publ. No. 1475, Jan. 1990

    Completed Plan

    A birds-eye view of the finaldesign. The completed planspecifies the identity, location,and proper spacing of all plants.It contains all the informationnecessary to implement and installthe landscape. Constructiondrawings may be necessary forbuilding or installing otherelements in the design.

    Preliminary Designs

    Plant material is assigned to aspace by specific characteristics orfunction. Important and large-sizedplants or groups of plants arelocated first. Trees, mass plantings,and stand-alone gardens areexamples. Actual dimensions ofpatios, sidewalks and other hardsurfaces may berepresented.

    Concept Plan

    Individual shapes begin to take ona greater level of detail, andrelationships between spacesevolve. Large areas such asprairies, parking lots, lawns, andwater features should beconsidered first. Smaller areas andshapes, such as planting beds,decks, and walkways should beintegrated in and around the largerareas. The diagram at the top ofthis page is an exampleof a concept plan.

  • Site Preparation

    4

    Existing Sod

    If you have existing areas of unwanted turf, pasture,or undesirable native vegetation, it must be physicallyor chemically removed. In larger windbreak or shelter-belt plantings it is recommended that the site bechemically and mechanically fallowed for one growingseason to control vegetation and store moisture.

    Completely remove sodand discard or utilizeelsewhere.

    Apply a non-selectiveherbicide such asglyphosate to greengrowth that has 3-4inches of height.Spraying during activeearly growth mayrequire multipleapplications.Glyphosate is mosteffective when appliedin September.

    Intact Soil Profile

    If there is minimalimpact to the topsoil,or if at least 2-4 inchesof topsoil remain,there is adequategrowing media.

    Re-surface withsalvaged topsoil orweed-free introducedtopsoil. Rough up thesurface of the subsoilso that the subsoiltopsoil interface isnot smooth.

    To build a more favor-able topsoil, organicmatter and fertilitymust be added.Amendments such ascomposted manure,straw, and lawn clip-pings can be used.Incorporate organicmaterial into the top4-6 inches of soil.

    Bare Soil

    No Topsoil or Mixed with Subsoil

    In this photo: Reclamation of abandoned

    railroad right of way along urban bike path.

    Site preparation is the most important part

    of a successful Xeriscape planting.

    Chemical ControlSod Removal

    Construction activities maycompletely disturb the soil profileand eradicate all existingvegetation. The necessary sitetreatment is determined by theextent of disturbance.

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Site Preparation

    4

    Deep roto-till ordisk to incorporatedead sod followingchemical treatment,or remaining rootsafter sod removal,into the top 6inches of soil.

    Control perennial weeds or unwanted plants well inadvance of landscaping. Do not use any chemicalshaving a harmful residual effect on plannedlandscaping plant material.

    Caution: Apply all chemicalsaccording to label directions.

    If compaction has resulted from heavy traffic during construction, the site should beripped and tilled to improve soil tilth and moisture percolation. Site preparation will havesignificant impact on the ultimate success of any planting. Following tillage, the seedbedshould be firmed, but not compacted. A firm seedbed helps control planting depth andfacilitates good seedsoil contact. If possible, the site should be irrigated well in advanceof seeding or planting to allow settling of manipulated soils. Reshape or contour asneeded after soil dries and prior to planting.

    Seed should be planted at adepth of 1/4 to 1/2 inch, withsome of the very small-seededspecies planted just below thesoil surface. Planting with adouble-disk drill assuresproper seed placement, butmay result in undesirable rowsin a landscaping situation. ABrillionTM-type drill willuniformly dribble and coverthe seed. Broadcast seedingrequires light roughening ofthe soil surface prior toscattering seed and raking ordragging to cover seed.

    Many accent or specimen plantsmust be transplanted ascontainerized material into beds,rock gardens or borders.Containerized plants are usuallystarted from seed and are wellestablished before planting.

    Successful plant salvage from nativesites is generally limited.Rhizomatous and stoloniferousplants can be easily transplanted.However, only young or smallerbunchgrasses and taprooted plantsare moved successfully. Anytransplanting of wildland materialshould be done while plants aredormant.

    Broadcast seeding.Many native grasses and flowers areavailable from commercial nurseries.

    Fescue.

    Incorporate Organic Matter

    Blanket

    flower.

    Seeding Transplanting

    Weed Control

    Seedbed Preparation

    photo courtesy ofMarieanne Hanser

  • Tag Tips:Scientific Latinname of one ortwo words, forexample Asterlaevis.Zone numbers,i.e., 3 meansbetter adaptationto colder tem-peratures than 4.Sun, partial sun,or shade tellsyou the sunlightrequirementsand correctplacement inthe landscape.Water require-ments in inchesper year shouldfit natural, local precipitation amounts.

    Plant Adaptation

    Select plants that are naturally adapted to survive in localenvironmental conditions.

    Reputable nurseries and garden centers choose native and introducedplant material that is adapted to the area. A plants adaptation to acertain environment can be researched. However, the only way toensure a plants true identity is by the scientific name, which providespositive identification of the species. Common names vary in time,place, and culture.

    When purchasing plants and seed, be on the lookout for information onwinter hardiness. The best indicator is a designated USDA Winter

    Choosing the Right Grasses and Wildflowers

    5

    Grasses are common components in a landscape. They reproduce by seedand above- or below-ground stems. Grasses can be compact and tufted,erect in bunches, creeping on the grounds surface, or spreading as sod.

    Hardiness Zone listed on the tag or label. Askquestions about local adaptation and the plantsorigin. Plants or seed from a milder climate or amore southern location may not be hardy.

    Replacement guarantees may be available and willvary from within six months up to one year frompurchase. Guarantees are limited by the fact thatproper plant care after purchase is beyond thecontrol of the seller.

    Digging and transplanting plants from the wild intoa home landscape is usually unsuccessful. Wildlandplants have extensive root systems and often havespecial needs that cannot be retained. In manyplaces, it is illegal to dig plants in the wild.

    Sheep fescue.

    Bluebunch wheatgrass.

    Blacksampsonechinacea, a nativewildflower, is grownand sold at manynurseries.

    Little bluestem used as ornamental.

    Plant Types

    Grasses

    Natures Defenses

    Hairy, sticky or wavy leafsurfaces deflect wind andchannel water droplets.

    Short, narrow, incised leaveshave smaller surface areaand lose less water toevaporation.

    White or silvery-coloredleaves reflect the suns raysand modify leaftemperatures.

    Spines, prickles, andaromatic foliage defendagainst loss of stem tissueand moisture from hungry,thirsty predators.

    Small, less showy flowerswith little or no fragranceattract less attention frompredaceous insects andgrazing animals.

    Fragrance

    Wildlife enhancements

    Herbs or medicinals

    Color schemes or seasonalbloom schedules

    Recreation of naturalhabitats

    Northern oriole in

    cottonwood trees.

    Tortoiseshell butterfly

    feeding on senecio blossom.

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Choosing the Right Grasses and Wildflowers

    5

    Plant Attributes and Features

    When choosing plants, strive for contrast, harmony and boldness toprovide interesting variety throughout the year. It will take time for

    Some wildflowers require direct sunlight for 6 to 8 hours per day. Assunlight decreases, plant height and bloom size decrease. Bloom seasonand duration of bloom vary, so coordinate the extension and overlap toensure interesting color throughout the entire growing season.

    plants to mature, so allow plentyof room for growth. Perennials areplants that live longer than twoyears and life spans range fromjust a few years, up to many years.Longevity is often referred to asshort- or long-lived.

    Herbaceous perennials growand die back to the soil surfaceevery year.

    Woody perennials are trees andshrubs that persist above groundyear after year.

    Annual and biennial life spansrequire replanting every one ortwo years.

    Some plants have developedstrategies to cope with low-waterenvironments. These are defensemechanisms designed to gather andpreserve precious water. Look forplants with leaves that are fuzzy,light-colored, seem blue-tinged, orhave spines.

    Blacksampson echinacea. Purple prairieclover.

    Aster. Two varieties of penstemon.

    Arnica. Phacelia. Lupine.

    photo

    court

    esy

    of

    Mari

    eanne H

    anse

    r

    Wildflowers

    Garden

    Attractions

    Garden

    Attractions

    Height varies from ground-hugging to several feet tall.

    Cool-season species green up early and actively grow from spring untilmid-summer.

    Warm-season species begin growth in early summer and remain activeuntil mid-autumn. In fall they have attractive foliage and are generallythe most attractive grasses of the season.

  • Selecting the Best Type of Nursery Stock For Your Budget and Construction Needs

    ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

    Bareroot inexpensive special handling and storage ease of planting long time period until maturity field grown hardiness decreased root area

    easily desiccated timing of planting is critical poorer survival

    Container moderate cost limited water/nutrient reservoir flexibility in handling, storage, planting more expensive than bareroot intact root system potentially girdling roots better survival potentially root bound

    B&B mature size/instant effect handling, storage, planting labor better survival expensive

    Choosing the Right Trees and Shrubs

    6

    Bareroot

    Plants that are dug and shipped asdormant 1- to 3-year-old stockwithout any soil surrounding theirroots. Deciduous plants areprimarily produced this way,although some evergreens can begrown using this method.

    Container

    Plants that are grown in a pot.Avoid plants grown in the field andthen transplanted to a pot justprior to sale.

    B&B

    Tree and Shrub Health

    Ponderosa pine with healthytrunk and branches.

    Healthy Trunk and Branches

    Healthy bur oak foliage.

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Choosing the Right Trees and Shrubs

    6

    The outward appearance of a plantcan provide insight into its overallhealth. Examine nursery stockclosely before purchasing it.

    Healthy Roots

    Actively growing stock shouldhave white root tips.

    Healthy plants should haveenough fibrous root mass toretain the shape of the rootballonce the container or burlap isremoved.

    Bareroot material should have ashoot:root ratio of 1:1 or 1:2with extensive, fibrous roots.

    Healthy Foliage

    Adequate and uniform foliage. Leaves appropriately sized and

    uniformly colored for thespecies.

    No signs of bud swell or growthshould appear on dormant stock.

    Container.Bareroot. Balled and burlapped.

    Healthy roots.

    A healthy tree trunk should bestraight, slightly tapered, andcapable of remaining upright onits own. It should be uniformlybranched along its length withhalf the leaf area in the lowertwo-thirds of the canopy.

    TIP: Avoid plants with signs ofdead, discolored, shriveled, orwater-soaked roots. Removeunhealthy or deformed roots witha sharp pruner prior to planting.

    The trunks of large trees shouldbe firmly connected to therootball (i.e., not moveindependently).

    Branches should be free fromsigns of mechanical injury,sunburn, sunscald, insect,disease, or other forms of stress.

    The branches and tops of treesshould not be severely prunedback (headed).

    Stems should be firm andsmooth without a wrinkledappearance or soft texture.

    TIP: Avoid plants withespecially small leaves or withleaves that are unusuallyyellow or with brown,scorched margins.

    TIP: On healthy tissue, ashallow cut of the stem reveals alight green cambium layerbetween the bark and the wood.

    (Balled and Burlapped). Hand ormechanically dug field-grownplants that have their roots andsurrounding soil wrapped in burlapfabric secured with twine. Usedprimarily for large, field-grownstock.

    Wire Baskets

    A form of B&B that utilizes a wirebasket to secure the rootball inlieu of twine. The baskets areuntied from the trunk but remainin place during planting.

  • Suggested Native

    Grassland Seeding

    Mixtures

    Mountain/Foothillsbluebunch wheatgrass(Pseudoroegneria spicata)Idaho fescue(Festuca idahoensis)big bluegrass(Poa ampla)mountain brome(Bromus marginatus)

    Tallgrass Prairiebig bluestem(Andropogon gerardii)little bluestem(Schizachyrium scoparium)switchgrass(Panicum virgatum)Indiangrass(Sorghastrum nutans)

    Mixed Prairie (upland)bluebunch wheatgrass(Pseudoroegneria spicata)prairie junegrass(Koeleria macrantha)needle & thread(Stipa comata)Indian ricegrass(Achnatherum hymenoides)

    Mixed Prairie (lowland)western wheatgrass(Pascopyrum smithii)green needlegrass(Nassella viridula)

    Grasses

    7

    Grasses can bring texture andsoftness into a landscape design.The wide variety of native grassesprovides endless opportunities foradding color, providing a diversityof sizes and shapes, and offeringrelatively low maintenance.Favorable characteristics of mostgrasses include low water andfertility requirements; they reachtheir ultimate size quickly, have ahigh resistance to insects anddiseases, and generally can fendfor themselves.

    The use of native grasses for lowmaintenance landscaping caninclude a broad range of uses,i.e., ground cover, monoculturemanicured lawns, individual accentor specimen plants, and prairie ormeadow restoration.

    Ground Cover

    Grasses that spread by rhizomes,stolons (above-ground runners), ortillers are prime candidates forground cover and site stabilization.Steep slope stabilization mayrequire structural stabilizationprior to plant establishment. Initialweed control is critical until thecover plants are established wellenough to shade out or crowd outany unwanted plants.

    Lawns

    The use of native grasses for amanicured lawn involves the samesite preparation and establishmenttechniques as with a Kentuckybluegrass lawn. The seeding ratesare increased [500 Pure Live Seeds

    (PLS) per square foot] to ensure adense, solid stand. Depending onthe amount of water applied to asite (natural or supplemental) theplant density will eventually adjustto that which the site can maintain.Mulching and early supplementalwater will help ensure a good initialstand. Rhizomatous species willcontinue to fill in the open spaces,but bunchgrass stands may developgaps if the initial establishment issparse. Although the emphasis ofthis publication is on native species,there are some introduced grassesthat, because of their droughttolerance and low maintenance,can be used for manicured lawns.

    Prairie/Meadow

    In some suburban areas and particu-larly in rural settings, a person maywant to restore large areas tonative prairie or meadows, blendinga residence into a natural setting.To restore a natural plant com-munity there are several establish-ment options; e.g., 1) seed generalmixtures of grasses and wildflowers,using most of the species you wantin your end product; 2) seed simplemixtures and interplant to increasediversity; or 3) transplant all plantsto spacing and composition desired.

    Covarsheepfescue.

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Grasses

    7

    Critanathickspikewheatgrass.

    Newlytransplantedbuffalograssplugs (1-footspacing).

    Crestedwheatgrass.

    Once established, native prairies ormeadows are virtuallymaintenance-free and, in mostcases, perpetuate themselvesforever.

    thickspike wheatgrass(Elymus lanceolatus)blue grama(Bouteloua gracilis)

    Grasses for Ground Cover and Lawns

    Seeding Rates for Pure Stands

    Lawns1 Prairie Planting2

    Life Soil Preference lbs.PLS lbs.PLS Drought3 Trampling3 Mowing3

    Species Cultivars Form Sandy Loamy Clayey per 1000 sq ft per acre Tolerance Resistance Tolerance Remarks

    COOL-SEASON

    Native

    western wheatgrass Rosana rhizomatous X X 4 8 Moderate Good Good forms open sod, bluish(Pascopyrum smithii) Rodan in color

    thickspike wheatgrass Critana rhizomatous X X X 3.5 6 Good Fair Fair finer leaved than western(Elymus lanceolatus) Bannock wheatgrass, good seedling

    Schwendimar vigor

    streambank wheatgrass Sodar rhizomatous X X X 3.5 6 Good Fair Fair similar to thickspike, good(Elymus lanceolatus) seedling vigor

    green needlegrass Lodorm bunchgrass X X 3 5 Moderate Fair Fair best in a mix with other(Nassella viridula) cool-season grasses

    Introduced

    crested wheatgrass Ephraim rhizomatous X X X 3 7 Excellent Good Good good drought resistance(Agropyron cristatum) Roadcrest

    sheep fescue Covar bunchgrass X X 1 2 Good Fair Good fine-leaved, competitive(Festuca ovina) Bighorn with other plants & weeds

    hard fescue Durar bunchgrass X X 1 2 Good Fair Good fine-leaved, short stature(Festuca trachyphylla)

    tall fescue Alta bunchgrass X X 2.5 6 Moderate Good Good coarse leaves, high(Festuca arundinacea) Fawn tolerance of trampling

    Canada bluegrass Reubens rhizomatous X X X 1 1 Moderate Good Good will form sod, but not as(Poa compressa) Talon tight as Kentucky bluegrass

    Foothills

    Russian wildrye Bozoisky-Select bunchgrass X X X 3 7 Excellent Good Fair excellent drought resistance(Psathyrostachys juncea) Mankota

    WARM-SEASON (Native)

    blue grama Bad River bunchgrass X X X 1 2 Excellent Excellent Good short stature, infrequent(Bouteloua gracilis) Willis mowing, late green-up

    Alma

    buffalograss Bismarck stoloniferous X X 9 15 Good Excellent Good short stature, infrequent(Buchloe dactyloides) Topgun mowing, late green-up,

    Plains best results with plugs

    sideoats grama Killdeer bunchgrass X X X 3 5 Moderate Fair Poor tallest of grama grasses(Bouteloua curtipendula) Pierre

    1 Seeding rates for sod are figured at approximately 500 PLS seeds per square foot.; 2 Seeding rates for a prairie grass stand are figured at approximately 25 PLS seeds per square foot;3 Rating scale: Excellent - Good - Moderate - Fair - Poor

  • Grasses

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Grasses

    8

    8

    Accent/Specimen

    Grasses

    Accent or specimen grasses areindividual plants or clusters thatare space-planted, usually withweed barrier and bark, gravel ordecorative rock mulching. Thesetypes of plants are best establishedusing containerized plant materialtransplanted in desired spacing andpatterns. Many of the warm-seasonand tall statured grasses are usedbecause of their fall colors andattractive seedheads, withsecondary advantages of wildlifefood and cover. Specimen plantsmay require some fall/winter orearly spring maintenance toremove dead plant material andunwanted plant litter. Thebunchgrass varieties of grasses areideal for specimen plantingsbecause they do not spread,retaining their individuality in aspace-planted design.

    Buying Seed

    Much of the grass utilized in native landscaping will be established from seed. Thebuyer must be aware of what they are buying, both in terms of quality and whatundesirable material may be in the seed lot. All seed sold in Montana and Wyoming isrequired to meet certain standards; i.e., the seed lot cant have more than 2 percentweed seed and must be totally free of certain noxious weeds. By buying certifiedseed you are guaranteed that it is indeed the species and variety/cultivar as labeled,has minimum purity and germination levels, and meets specific limits on the amountof weeds and other crops allowed.

    Bluebunch wheatgrass.

    Blue grama.

    Trailhead basinwildrye.

    Rimrock Indianricegrass.

    What Should A Seed Tag Tell You?

    Seed tags vary in layout and design from state to state,but all have generally the same information.

    Common name ofplant species

    Cultivar or varietyname

    Percentage ofbulk materialthat is actuallyseed of taggedspecies

    Percentage byweight of stems,dirt, insect parts,etc.

    Percentage of othergrass or agronomiccrops

    Percentage of weed seed

    Restricted weeds expressed asnumber/pound (varies by state).If prohibited seeds are present,the seed cant be sold.

    Origin of thecultivar, notnecessarilywhere it wasgrown

    Number assigned to theproduction field by the statecertification agency Germination

    determined bya standard labanalysis

    Seed that didntgerminate butwas determinedto be alive withTetrazolium (TZ)test

    Pure Live SeedPLSis determined bymultiplying totalgermination by purityand dividing by 100

    Total viability

    Date of themost currentgermination test

    meaning that 86.64percent of this bulkmaterial is actuallyviable seed of thetagged species.

    ( 97.35 x 89 = 86.64 ) 100

    Grasses for Landscape Accents

    Mature Fall Soil PreferenceSpecies Cultivars Life-form Height Color Sandy Loamy Clayey Remarks

    COOL-SEASON (Native)

    Indian ricegrass Rimrock bunchgrass 1-2 pale yellow X X attractive spreading seed head,Achnatherum hymenoides Nezpar seeds utilized by birds &

    Paloma mammals

    basin wildrye Trailhead bunchgrass 5-8 yellow/tan X X tall stature, good backgroundLeymus cinereus Magnar plant

    bluebunch wheatgrass Goldar bunchgrass 1-2 pale yellow X X X state grass of Montana,Pseudoroegneria spicata attractive plant at maturity

    prairie junegrass No releases bunchgrass 6-18 pale yellow X X X small stature, delicateKoeleria macrantha blue-green leaves with

    compact seed head

    WARM-SEASON (Native)

    big bluestem Bison bunchgrass 5-7 reddish/purple X X X tall stature, turkey-foot shapedAndropogon gerardii Bonilla seed head, good border or

    Sunnyview background plant

    little bluestem Badlands selection bunchgrass 2-3 reddish X X X shorter robust bunches withSchizachyrium scoparium Camper attractive red fall colors

    Blaze

    switchgrass Dacotah bunchgrass 3-5 golden yellow X X seed head is an open panicle,Panicum virgatum Forestburg seeds readily used by birds

    and small mammals

    Indiangrass Tomahawk bunchgrass 4-6 yellow/bronze X X X tall stature, good border orSorghastrum nutans background plant

    sideoats grama Killdeer bunchgrass 1-2 yellow X X X unique seed head with oat-likeBouteloua curtipendula Pierre spikelets along one side of spike

    blue grama Bad River selection bunchgrass 6-12" pale yellow X X X eyebrow-shaped seed head,Bouteloua gracilis Willis excellent drought tolerance,

    Alma good for rock garden

    prairie sandreed Goshen rhizomatous 5-7 pale yellow X X prefers sandy soil, good forCalamovilfa longifolia Pronghorn sandy soil stabilization

  • Perennial wildflowers live for more than 2 years.They offer somethingfor everyone and are relatively easy to maintain.

    Creeping phlox.

    area. Larger material will bereadily noticeable but cost moreto install.

    Planting. Prepare the soil wellahead of planting. Avoid plantingduring the hot, dry months ofsummer. Follow spacingrecommendations. Keep pottedplants watered prior to and aftertransplanting. Sow seed into afirm, moist seedbed, mulchlightly, and apply frequent, lightsprinkler irrigation. Monitor andinspect for insect pests andcontrol weeds as they appear.

    Maintenance. To extend theflowering period and promote re-bloom, deadhead the flowerafter it dies: use sharp pruningshears to cut and remove thedead blossom. When plants reachmaturity, divide the crown intosmaller portions and transplantinto another area, recycle to alike-minded gardener, or add tothe compost pile. In late fall orearly spring cut back all deadplant parts. By removing debris,pest and disease problems arereduced and interference withnew growth is minimized.

    Wildflowers

    9

    Blanket flower.

    Borders

    Border plants are used along theedge of a structure, hard surface,or lawn area. They function ashedges, screens, traffic guides,and foundation plantings. Openand semi-open space can bedefined with the use of borders.Avoid creating visual chaos bylimiting the number of plant types.

    Seeding. Wildflower seeds areoften very small, fluffy, orirregular-shaped, making itdifficult to control the totalamount dispersed. For example,aster and yarrow are betterinterplanted as small plugs, thatway there is less chance ofoverseeding and crowding outother species in the garden.

    Potted Plants. Containerizedmaterial should be healthyleafand stem colors appear normalwith little or no yellowing ordiscoloration. Smaller containersare less expensive but greaternumbers are required to fill an

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    Specimens are separate, individualplants that attract attention totheir ornamental beauty. They aregenerally selected for large sizeand stature, or for unusual shape,color or texture. Specimensfunction as solitary elements forviewing from all sides or as adominant piece in a mass planting.They should be used sparingly toavoid attracting attention to manydifferent points.

    Mass Plantings

    Massing similar plants in a group Spreading and low-growing plants

    Specimens

    Landscape Uses

    Wildflower use in the landscape isunlimited, as plants are available

    Senecio.

    Ground Covers

    Poisonous Plants

    Its wise to inquire about aplants potential toxicity beforeplacing it in a landscape. Thefoliage of some plants is knownto be poisonous to people, pets,and domestic livestock. A few ofthe more common ones includebleeding heart, buttercup,clematis, foxglove, goldenrod,horsechestnut, larkspur,locoweed, lupine, milkweed,

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Wildflowers

    9

    monkshood, oak, poppy, andwater hemlock. Visit your localbookstore or library, or thewebsite provided in thereference section.

    in many sizes, shapes and colors.The development of a landscapeplan is recommended andlandscape design professionalscan be consulted for assistance.Locate and group plants togetherthat have similar water and lightrequirements.

    mimics nature and creates a senseof unity in the design. Naturalenvironments have clusters ofvegetation that slowly shift incomposition with alteringconditions. Mass plantings act as anorderly connection among otherplanting groups.

    work well to cover areas that areimpractical to maintain as a lawn.They are used on slopes, alongpathways, under shade or treecanopies, and between plants inflower beds. Consider convertinglawn space to a ground cover forreduced water consumption.

    Wildflowers for Native Landscapes

    Common Name Scientific Name* Soil1 WHZ2 Precip. Longevity3 Color4 Light5 Ht. Bloom Season6 Feature7

    inches feet

    common yarrow Achillea millefolium C, M, F 2b-5a 9 LP W PSh-FS 1-2 S-Su Dr, M

    western pearlyeverlasting Anaphalis margaritacea C, M 3a-4b 10 SP W PSh-FS 1-2 Su M

    littleleaf pussytoes Antennaria microphylla C, M, F 2b-4b 12 SP W FS 1 LS-Su M

    smooth aster Aster laevis C, M, F 3a-4b 12 MP B PSh-FS 2-3 Su Bt, Dr

    white prairieclover Dalea candida C, M 3a-4b 12 LP W FS 1-3 Su Bt

    purple prairieclover Dalea purpurea C, M 3a-4b 14 LP Pu PSh-FS 1-2 Su Bt

    blacksampson echinacea Echinacea angustifolia M, F 3a-4a 12 LP P FS 2-3 Su Bt, M, Dr

    sulphur-flower buckwheat Eriogonum umbellatum C, M 3a-4b 10 LP W-Y FS 1 Su Bt, M

    blanket flower Gaillardia aristata C, M, F 3a-4b 10 LP Y FS 3 Su Bt, Dr, M

    sticky geranium Geranium viscosissimum C, M 3a-4b 14 LP P PSh-FS 2-3 LS-LSu M

    boreale sweetvetch Hedysarum boreale C, M, F 3a-4b 12 LP P FS 1-2 Su

    Maximilian sunflower Helianthus maximiliani C, M, F 3b-5a 14 SP Y FS 4-6 LSu-EF Bt, Dr

    showy goldeneye Heliomeris multiflora C, M 3b-4b 14 SP Y FS 3 MSu-EF Bt, Dr

    dotted gayfeather Liatris punctata C, M 3b-4b 10 LP P FS 1-2 LSu-EF Bt, Dr, M

    Lewis flax Linum lewisii C, M 3a-4b 10 SP B PSh-FS 1-2 LS-Su M

    lupine Lupinus C, M, F 2b-5a 14 LP All Sh-FS 1-2 S-Su

    wildbergamot beebalm Monarda fistulosa C, M, F 3a-4b 12 MP Pu PSh-FS 2-4 Su B, Bt, Dr, M

    plains pricklypear Opuntia polyacantha C, M, F 3b-4b 8 LP Y FS _ LS-ESu D, Mr

    beardtongue Penstemon C, M 3a-5a 10 A-SP All Sh-FS 1-4 LS-EF B, Bt

    silverleaf phacelia Phacelia hastata C, M, F 3b-4b 10 LP W FS 1-2 LS-Su

    spiny phlox Phlox hoodii C, M 3b-4b 10 LP W FS _ LS-Su Dr

    woolly cinquefoil Potentilla hippiana C, M 3b-4b 14 SP Y FS 1-2 ESu

    prairie coneflower Ratibida columnifera C, M, F 3a-4b 10 SP Y FS 1-3 Su Bt, Dr, M

    scarlet globemallow Sphaeralcea coccinea M, C 3a-5a 8 P O FS 1 Su Dr, M

    prairie thermopsis Thermopsis rhombilfolia M, F 3b-4b 8 LP Y FS 1-2 LS-Su Dr

    American vetch Vicea americana C, M, F 3b-5a 10 LP B FS 1 LS-Su

    soapweed yucca Yucca glauca C 4a-4b 8 LP W FS 1-2 LS-Su M

    * Taxonomy from USDA NRCS PLANTS Database; 1 C Coarse (sands to gravels), M Medium (intermediate combinations), F Fine (silts to clays); 2 USDA Winter Hardiness Zone; 3 A Annual, SPShort-lived Perennial, MP Moderate-lived Perennial, LP Long-lived Perennial; 4 W White, Y Yellow, R Red, B Blue, P Pink, Pu Purple, O Orange; 5 Sh Shade, PSh Partial Shade, FS Full Sun;6 S Spring, Su Summer, F Fall, E Early, M Mid, L Late; 7 B Birds, Bt Butterflies, Dr Deer-resistance, M Medicinal.

  • Trees and Shrubs

    10

    Trees and Shrubs for Native Landscapes

    USDA Winter Saline Overall 20-Year MatureCommon Scientific Rate of Minimum Hardiness Soil Landscape Height WidthName Name Growth1 Precip. (in.)2 Zone Tolerance3 Sun4 Aesthetic5 (feet) (feet)

    Trees

    bur oak Quercus macrocarpa s-m 12 2 mt f m-h 18 to 25 20 to 35

    green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica m 10 3 mt p-f m 20 to 30 30 to 40

    honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos m 12 3 mt f m 15 to 20 30 to 40

    ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa m 12 3 mt f m 16 to 20 25 to 30

    Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii s-m 14 3 nt-mt p-f m 12 to 18 20 to 30

    limber pine Pinus flexilis s-m 10 3 nt-mt f m-h 12 to 20 15 to 30

    Colorado spruce Picea pungens m 12 2 nt-mt p-f m 16 to 20 15 to 25

    common hackberry Celtis occidentalis m 12 3 mt p-f l-m 15 to 20 10 to 20

    western mountain ash Sorbus sitchensis m 15 3 nt p-f m-h 10 to 15 10 to 12

    paper birch Betula papyrifera m-r H 2 nt f m 25 to 35 20 to 30

    quaking aspen Populus tremuloides r H 1 nt-mt f m 15 to 20 15 to 20

    black cottonwood P. balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa r H 2 nt-mt f m 40 to 50 35 to 40

    narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia r H 2 nt-mt f m 30 to 40 25 to 35

    plains cottonwood P. deltoides spp. monilifera r H 2 nt-mt f m 40 to 50 35 to 40

    Shrubs

    Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum s-m 10 3 mt f m 10 to 12 12 to 20

    common juniper Juniperus communis s-m 12 2 mt f l-m 3 to 5 4 to 8

    silverberry Elaeagnus commutata m 12 2 mt-t p-f l-m 4 to 8 3 to 6

    American plum Prunus americana m 14 3 mt p-f m 8 to 10 8 to 10

    common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus m 14 3 nt-mt p-f l-m 1 to 3 1 to 3

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Trees and Shrubs

    10

    After purchase, the care and handling of plant material from the timeit is delivered until the time it is installed is the responsibility of thecustomer.

    Bareroot plants are shipped dormant and should be planted as soon aspossible, usually within 72 hours of receipt. Optimum storage is 34 to37F in refrigerated cooling at a relative humidity of 80 to 90 percent.For short storage intervals (less than 3 days), bareroot plants can bekept in cool, shaded locations outdoors. Keep the roots covered withsterile, moistened media. The media should be just moist enough thatonly a few drops of water can be squeezed from a single handful ofmaterial. Keep seedlings out of direct sun, protected from wind desic-cation and heat build-up, and keep the roots moist. Never allow theroots to dry out, even briefly, prior to planting. Keep bareroot plants incold storage until they are needed for outplanting. Bareroot plantsshould show no signs of active growth, even bud swell, prior toplanting.

    Container plants offer more flexibility in planting, handling, andstorage than bareroot stock. Potted plants have a limited reservoir ofwater and may require daily watering during active growth. Containerstock can be planted as either dormant or active-growing plants. Store

    potted plants in a wind-protected area underfiltered light. Water until drainage occurs fromthe bottom of the pot.

    Balled and Burlapped (B&B) materialoften requires special handling given thesize and weight of the plant, roots, andsoil. Do not move B&B plants by thetrunk alone. Support the trunk androotball simultaneously to assurethe roots are not broken at the trunksurface. Never drop a B&B plant abruptlyon the ground, even from a slight elevation.Gently slide or roll large B&B plants into theplanting hole. Never attempt to move anexcessively wet rootball. Store B&B materialas you would container plants. Media such as asand:peat mix may be needed to cover the rootballduring long-term storage. Special provisions may beneeded to secure the plants during storage in highwind locations.

    Intermediate Care, Storage, and Handling of Trees And Shrubs

    mallow ninebark Physocarpus malvaceus m 15 3 nt p-f l-m 2 to 3 3 to 4

    Lewis mockorange Philadelphus lewisii s-m 15 3 nt p-f m 3 to 6 3 to 6

    golden currant Ribes aureum m 12 2 mt p-f m 3 to 5 3 to 6

    silver buffaloberry Shepherdia argentea m 10 2 t f l-m 6 to 12 8 to 14

    Canada buffaloberry Shepherdia canadensis s 14 3 nt p-f m 3 to 5 6 to 8

    chokecherry Prunus virginiana m 12 2 mt p-f m 10 to 12 10 to 20

    western sandcherry Prunus pumila var. besseyi m 12 3 mt f m 3 to 5 3 to 5

    skunkbush sumac Rhus trilobata s-m 10 3 mt p-f l-m 3 to 6 4 to 8

    Woods rose Rosa woodsii m 12 2 nt-mt p-f m 4 to 5 4 to 6

    staghorn sumac Rhus typhina m 10 3 nt-mt p-f m 8 to 10 8 to 15

    shrubby cinquefoil Pentaphylloides floribunda m 14 2 mt p-f m 1 to 3 1 to 3

    serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia m 12 4 nt-mt p-f m 6 to 8 10 to 15

    fourwing saltbush Atriplex X aptera s-m 10 2 mt-t f l 1 to 3 2 to 5

    winterfat Krascheninnikovia lanata m 10 3 mt f l 1 to 3 1 to 3

    curlleaf mt. mahogany Cercocarpus ledifolius s 10 3 mt p-f m 4 to 8 2 to 6

    big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata s-m 8 3 mt f l-m 3 to 6 4 to 8

    redosier dogwood Cornus sericea m-r H 2 nt p-f m 6 to 8 10 to 15

    Groundcovers

    bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi s 14 2 nt-mt s-p-f m-h 0.25 to 0.5 2 to 3

    Oregon grape Mahonia repens s 14 3 nt-mt p-f m 0.5 to 1 4 to 6

    horizontal juniper Juniperus horizontalis s 12 3 mt f m 0.5 to 1.5 5 to 8

    Vine

    Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia m 14 3 nt-mt p-f m-h 0.5 to 0.75 25+

    1s-slow, m-moderate, r-rapid; 2H-hydric (needs moisture advantage); 3t-tolerant, mt-moderately tolerant, nt-not tolerant; 4f-full sun, p-partial, s-shade; 5l-low, m-medium, h-high

  • Containers and Balled and Burlapped

    Always

    call

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    local

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    pany

    before dig

    ging.

    Trees and ShrubsAnatomy of a Properly Planted Tree

    11

    TIP: The removal ofburlap is unnecessaryalthough it should beuntied from the trunkof the tree and rolledback into the plantinghole and covered withsoil to preventwicking. Synthetic

    TIP: Always removethe plant from the potprior to planting.

    Bareroot

    Adapted from Windbreaks for Montana A Landowners

    Guide, Cooperative Extension Service, Montana State

    University Bulletin 366, July 1986.

    TIP: Do not leave rootsexposed to the air for evenbrief periods. Keep barerootplants covered with moistburlap during the planting

    Step 12: 1-3 inches of highquality organic mulch. Avoidmulching against trunk.

    Step 11: Woven, water-permeable landscape fabric.

    Step 10: Protect trunk from guywires with hose. Attach supports1/2 to 2/3 up the tree.

    Step 9: For tall stock, 2-4 stakesto prevent wind damage; burystakes 1/3 to 1/2 their length.

    Step 8: Use protective devices toprotect trunks from mechanicaldamage from mowers and trimmers.

    Step 1: Dig hole 1.5times wider than therootball and slightlydeeper. Backfill thebottom of the hole withfriable, native soil forproper planting depth.

    Step 7: Small bermto retain water inrootball zone.

    Step 6: Backfillhole with native,friable soil andthen saturate toremove airpockets.

    Step 5: Removecontainer or roll backlaces and burlap andbury in hole.

    Step 4: Make suretrunk is vertical.

    Step 3: Finalplanting depthshould place top ofrootball level withexisting soil grade.

    Step 2: If present,break throughimpervious soillayers to allowroot penetration.

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Trees and Shrubs

    11

    process. Make sure rootsare fully extended andvertical in planting hole.Follow the B&B steps asappropriate.

    wraps must be totallyremoved to preventgirdling.

  • Water Conservation

    12

    Supplemental Water

    Requirements

    Seedings: A moist soil profile,prior to planting, will increaseseeding success. Wateringshould be done in frequent,light applications during thefirst 4-6 weeks to ensure goodseed germination, emergence,and root development. Theuse of an organic mulch canreduce the potentialfluctuations in surface soilmoisture and soil temperatureduring this criticalestablishment period.

    Transplants: Young trans-plants require frequent andregular watering until rootdevelopment can provide theproper shoot:root ratio. Somewoody species (oak in par-ticular) spend several yearsdeveloping an extensive root

    Water is wasted as runoff whenapplied too heavily or too rapidly.Excessive slope and poor locationfor turf area contribute to thissituation.

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    In the development and maintenance of a native landscape,

    water conservation is the driving force behind efficient and

    aesthetic designs. Plants should be grouped in separate water-

    use zones according to their water needs and function within a

    landscape. Monitoring soil moisture to determine when to

    irrigate is better than using a pre-set schedule. The soil water-

    holding capacity will vary with soil type, amount of organic

    matter and climatic conditions.

    Water Conservation Strategies

    Zoning

    Plants should be established in zones to maximize water use efficiency.These zones will also dictate the best irrigation system to be used, e.g.,underground sprinkler (high watering zones), drip/trickle (moderatewatering zones), or conventional hose (low watering zones).

    High Watering Zones Moderate Watering Zones Low Watering Zones

    20 gals. added per sq. ft. 10 gals. added per sq. ft. 2-3 gals. added per sq. ft.per growing season per growing season per growing season

    1/2" 3 times/wk 3/4" once/wk 1/2" bi-monthly

    Approx 30" added/season Approx. 16" added/season Approx. 5" added/season

    Shading/Shielding

    Plants that require more moistureor prefer shade can be locatedbeneath or on the shady side oflarger plants, fences, or buildings.Afternoon sunlight is more intense,so plants to be shaded should beput on the easterly side of largeplants or structures.

    Mulching/Landscape Fabric

    Mulches are used to minimizeevaporation, and to reduce weedgrowth and erosion. Apply mulchdirectly to the soil surface or overa landscape fabric. Dont use black

    How Much/How Often

    The amount of supplemental waterapplied and the duration of eachapplication depends on severalfactors:

    amount & type of plant cover amount of organic matter type of soil (infiltration rate) water application method soil compaction (bulk density) time of day weather (evapo-transpiration) slope (runoff potential)

    Infiltration Rates and SoilWater by Soil Texture

    Low pressure sprinkler systemsconserve water by delivering smallamounts exactly where needed.

    Other Considerations

    South and west exposuresrequire more frequent wateringthan north or east exposures.

    Sloping landscapes require waterto be applied more slowly thanflat surfaces to allow adequateinfiltration and prevent runoff.

    With severe slopes, establishberms or terraces to hold waterand stabilize the slope.

    Avoid using sprinklers that throwa fine mist high in the air.

    Avoid watering during hot,windy, or rainy weather.

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Water Conservation

    12

    Adapted from Better Homes and Gardens Complete Guide

    to Gardening copyright 1979 by Meredith Corporation.

    Caution: Rock mulch canserve as a heat sink and alsoreflect heat to surroundingplants and buildings.

    Soaker hoses deliver water slowlyand with very little loss toevaporation.

    Soil Infiltration Rate AvailableTexture (inches per hour) Water per

    foot of soil

    Vegetated Bare

    Sandy 2.5 1.2 0.50

    Silty 2.0 1.0 1.00

    Loamy 1.0 0.5 1.25

    Clayey 0.2 0.1 2.00

    The frequency of irrigation isdependent primarily on themoisture requirements of theplants and the water-holdingcapacity of the soil. Plants shouldbe carefully monitored for signs ofmoisture stress, i.e., loss of leafturgidity (drooping), curling of leafedges, and leaf discoloration.

    Root Lengths Vary

    trees perennials

    annuals

    grass

    shrubs

    Root depth is proportional to top growth. There are exceptions: grassroots are deep; bulb roots are short compared to their top growth.

    Mulches such asrock or bark canbe placed on topof the landscapefabric to attaina particular

    aesthetic appearance.

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    plastic unless its been perforated;it prevents air and water fromreaching plant roots and it reducesbeneficial soil organisms.

    Organic mulches such as woodchips or grass clippings decomposeand improve soil texture, but mustbe replenished periodically. Applyin a layer 1-3 inches deep betweenplants.

    Inorganic mulches such as rocks orgravel rarely need replacementand are good in windy areas. Applyin a layer 2-4 inches deep betweenplants.

    Newly seeded areas can bemulched with weed-free hay, strawor composted grass clippings. Thiswill help retain soil moisture,increase site stability (reduce soiland water erosion), and providemore uniform heat at the time ofseed germination. Apply mulch in alayer no more than 1/2 inch deepover the seeded area.

    system before a correspondingincrease in above-grounddevelopment is realized.

    Established Plantings: Thereare two times during the yearit is critical that the rootingzone of a plant be at or nearfield capacityfall and earlyspring. Fall moisture is essen-tial for the health and vigor ofthe plant as it prepares itselffor the winter months. Trees,in particular, should be deepwatered in the fall to preparefor possible warm periodsduring the winter months. Astemperatures warm up in thespring there is an urgent needfor water to support rapidearly growth.

    Drip Emitters

    The most efficient use of water isthe slow, deliberate metering ofwater directly to individual plants.Drip systems can be installed underground or laid across the soilsurface. Most drip systems workwith low pressure and oftenrequire a filtration system toprevent the clogging of emitters.Drip systems must be monitored toavoid oversaturation below the soilsurface.

  • Maintenance

    ph

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    Adapted from READERS DIGEST PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HOMELANDSCAPING copyright 1977 by The Readers DigestAssociation, Inc., Pleasantville, N.Y. www.rd.com. Original

    illustration by John Ballantine.

    Mowing

    When mowing, it is recommendedthat a 3-inch stubble height beleft. With taller-statured grassesan even higher stubble heightshould remain. Various grassspecies respond differently tomowing. Rhizomatous species arestimulated by frequent croppingwhile bunchgrasses are oftenstressed or even eliminated byfrequent cutting.

    The mowing frequency and in-tensity will vary according to thespecies and intended use of aparticular stand of grass:

    Aphids.

    Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

    Manicured Lawn. Maintainedat uniform height. Most sod-forming species are naturallyshort-statured.

    Biomass Removal. The pur-pose of mowing is to reducethe amount of dormant ordead stems and leaves for suchpurposes as fire prevention,reduction of potential snowdrifting or just removal ofmature plant material at theend of a growing season.

    Pruning/Trimming

    Pruning is usually done on woodyplants, but can also refer to theremoval of seedheads and othermature plant parts fromherbaceous plants.

    Herbaceous Plants

    Maturing seedheads can be prunedto stimulate secondary flowering orprolong vegetative growth later inthe growing season. Maturespecimen plants can be left to addwinter color or aid in trappingsnow. Otherwise, herbaceousmaterial should be trimmed andremoved in late fall or earlywinter. Herbaceous specimenplants left standing over wintershould be trimmed in early springto remove dead plant material andunwanted plant litter.

    Woody PlantsAt an early age woody plantsshould be pruned to conformwith the intended use andlandscape design. Trim to

    Fertilizer

    Most of the arid and semiaridnative plants do not need supple-mental fertilization if establishedon natural soil conditions. If subsoilis exposed or the soil is very sandy,some fertilization may bewarranted. Excess fertilization willincrease biomass production, thusincreasing soil moisturerequirements for the plants.

    Pest Control

    Adopt an Integrated Pest Manage-ment (IPM) approach to controllingweeds, insects, and disease. Thisapproach incorporates monitoringto determine the level ofinfestation with a combination ofcontrol measures, i.e., culturalpractices, pesticides, biologicalcontrol, choosing plants with pestand disease resistance, maintaininggood plant health (vigor),practicing good sanitation, andproperly timed control methods.Cultural practices include tillage,hand-pulling of weeds or hand-plucking of insects, and mowing.

    Insects

    Native vegetation will probably at-tract more desirable insects thanpests. Butterflies andother pollinators willbe attracted byflowering forbs andshrubs. Conscientioususe of pesticides, useof less toxiccompounds

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Maintenance

    13

    Using Chemicals

    Noxious weeds suchas this leafy spurge

    can take over anentire landscape ifallowed to spread

    unchecked.

    Avoid leaving a stub. Removethe entire limb, cutting asclose as possible to the branchcollar of the trunk or branchfrom which it is removed. Donot cut flush.

    Follow the label for properpesticide application ratesand target species.

    For insect and diseasedamage it is important toproperly identify the insect orpathogen before attemptingany control measures.

    Caution: Overuse of fertilizersmay result in the contamination ofsurface and ground water, and theunwise use of natural resources.Utilize a soil analysis to identify soilnutrient deficiencies and fertilizeaccordingly.

    Use sharp, high-quality pruners.Note: Sterilize pruners aftercutting a diseased branch.

    Seedlings

    Unless you are planting into a veryraw, mineral soil, fertilizers(particularly nitrogen) should notbe applied the seedling yearasyou would only be feeding theweeds rather than the seededplant material. However, theincorporation of supplementalphosphorus when preparing theseedbed helps promote rootdevelopment.

    Established Plant Material

    Grasses. Apply in the fall (early tomid-September) to promote wintersurvival and early spring growth.

    Wildflowers. Very low rates, if anyat all. High fertility levels willstimulate spindly and weak stemgrowth.

    Trees and Shrubs. Apply macro-nutrients (N-P-K) early in thegrowing season. Late summerapplication could delay properhardening off. Micro-nutrientsare available in foliar spray. Sincethe safe limits for application oftrace elements is narrow, they arebest applied with caution. High andlow soil pH can limit essentialmicro-nutrient availability toplants.

    Diseases

    Sanitation is the key to diseasecontrol and prevention. Withcareful monitoring and earlydetection, most diseases can beavoided. As with insects, nativeplants have evolved a naturalimmunity to many diseases. Withselective pruning, excess litterremoval, and in some cases, byusing fire, diseases in a naturallandscape will be minimal. Alsoavoid late afternoon or eveningwatering of foliage.

    Animals

    Native landscaping, especially inrural and suburban areas, will at-tract potentially damaging animals(deer, rabbits, rodents, beavers).Until plants are large enough towithstand browsing, some form ofplant protection may be necessary(see Plant Protection section). Theplanting of less palatable shrubsand trees is a feasible alternative.

    Weeds

    Perennial weeds should be dealtwith prior to implementation of alandscape plan. Annual weeds canbe reduced by not allowing themto go to seed. The first two estab-lishment years require the mostmaintenance, but once your land-

    scape plants are establishedmaintenance becomeseasier and more routine.Caution should be usedwhen using any herbicideswithin the rooting zone ofwoody plants.

    single stem or leave as multi-stem plant.

    Prune lower branches toprovide lower stem sanitationor alleviate shading ofadjacent ground cover plants.

    Prune disease or insect-affected plant parts tominimize spread.

    Remove rubbing, deformed,and dead branches.

    Prune interior limbs to reducewind resistance.

    Conifers should be pruned inspring or early summer.

    Deciduous trees and shrubsshould be dormant-pruned inlate fall or winter.

    Weed Control. Mowing,especially during theestablishment year, can help with weed control by not allowing annual weeds to set seed.

    Fire can be used as a substitutefor mowing to reduce biomasswhen the grasses are dormant,i.e. late fall or early spring.Mature warm season grasses, inparticular, benefit from theremoval of biomass, whichstimulates the next years growth.Extreme caution must be taken toavoid property damage andannoyance to neighbors. Burningpermits may be requiredinquire locally.

    (insecticidal soap, dormant oilspray, diatomaceous earth), andstrategic placement of insectdeterring plants should solve mostinsect pest problems. Monitor insectpopulations closely so that controlmeasures can be implemented inthe early stages of infestation.

  • Protecting Plants from

    Desiccation

    Desiccation occurs when the rateof water loss (transpiration) fromthe plant exceeds its ability toextract moisture from the soil.Numerous factors contribute todesiccation including temperature,wind speed, sun exposure, soiltexture, available soil moisture,and stage of plant growth. Protecting Plants from

    People

    People, through neglect, careless-ness, or even misguided effort,often injure landscape plants.Protection from people comes inmany forms including proper

    Protection is the preventative maintenance aspect of plant care.Although we often think of protection in terms of avoiding damage fromanimals or people, protection includes any proactive steps to minimizeplant stress and maintain health. An important first step in this process isto select well-adapted species and then maintain them in a vigorouscondition.

    Plant Protection

    14

    Sacrificial Crops. Highly palatable,low cost crops can sometimes beused to lure wildlife away fromlandscape plants. Caution shouldbe used when designing suchsystems to avoid attractingadditional animals into the area.This is probably best suited to farmor ranch situations.

    Water in anticipation of highplant demands.

    Saturate the soil in the fall andearly winter in order to reducewinter desiccation.

    Use anti-desiccant spray whenplanting seedlings, transplanting

    Livestock damage.Beaver damage to a cottonwoodtree.

    Protecting Plants from

    Animals

    Ornamental landscapes attract andprovide habitat for numerousanimals including deer, rabbits,gophers, mice, and other wildlife.Although some designsintentionally incorporate featuresto attract wildlife, damage tolandscape plants can be seriousand may warrant the need forprotection. The type and cost ofprotection varies with the value ofthe plants and the potential fordamage.

    Repellents. Repellents areproducts that, when applied to theplant or soil, discourage animals

    Common People ProtectiveProblems Measures

    Mower and install plastic wrap around base of trunkweed trimmer install weed barrier and mulch around base of treeinjury to trees install ornamental fenceand shrubs plant flowers or ground cover around base of tree

    Heavy traffic install physical barrier, even plants, to reduce traffic construct a sidewalk or path construct a fence or wall install warning signs (commercial)

    Misapplied apply pesticides only when absolutely necessarychemicals always follow label instructionsand fertilizers base fertilizer applications on soil test results

    (if some is good, more is not necessarily better) consult with a professional

    Improper mowing mowing too low is often a problem;raise mowing height to 3 inches

    keep blades sharp to prevent tearing

    Improper pruning become educated on proper pruning techniques use sharp, high-quality pruners if unsure, hire a professional

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains Plant Protection

    14

    A sunshade protects a ponderosapine seedling.

    A wire cylinder excludes browsinganimals.

    Sidewalks help protect plants in heavy traffic areas.

    Always consider public

    safety, especially that of

    children, when developing

    a protection plan.

    Strategies for Protection from People

    nursery stock, or in the fall toprotect exposed plants. Installlandscape fabric and mulch toconserve soil moisture.

    Use shingles or screens on thesouth and west sides of newlyplanted seedlings to reducewind desiccation and sunexposure.

    If possible, do not locate plantsin exceptionally windy areasunless temporary protection isprovided.

    from feeding on or otherwisedamaging the plant. They are:

    Usually low-cost products Well suited for use in gardens,

    orchards, nurseries, andornamental landscapes

    Generally only effective for ashort period of time and requiremultiple applications in order tocontinue providing protection

    Increasingly ineffective asbrowse and forage becomelimited

    Exclusion. In general, exclusionsystems provide more absoluteprotection than other techniques.These barriers may be physicaland/or electrical in mode ofaction. Physical barriers includewire cylinders and cages,ventilated plastic tubing, netting,wraps, fences, screens, andhardware cloth.

    Culture. Cultural practices such asweed control, brush management,pruning, and mowing can be usedto reduce cover in the vicinity ofthe target plant. Remove tall,dense herbaceous vegetation fromaround trees and shrubs todiscourage rodents.

    Plant Selection. Browsing damagecan sometimes be reduced byselecting plants that are notpreferred by wildlife and livestock.Keep in mind that starving animalswill utilize nearly all ediblevegetation.

    Using Domestic Animals for PlantProtection. Secured dogs andother domestic animals aresometimes effective in scaringaway unwanted wildlife. Newdesigns that incorporate wirelessfences have proven effective in thenursery industry.

    Animal Removal. In some cases, itmay be necessary to relocatedamaging animals. Contact yourcounty animal control department.

    landscape design, appropriatespecies selection, proper plantinglocation, installation of physicalbarriers, the use of warning signs,and proper education.

  • To Do List

    15

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    Controlling weeds with

    landscape fabric.

    Spring.

    Prune evergreen shrubs.

    Mow lawn to a height of 3 inches leaving clippings on the lawn.

    Check lawn to determine if it needs aeration.

    Compost garden prunings to reduce trash volume and recycle nutrients backinto the garden.

    Plant trees, shrubs, and most plants now.

    Pressurize and check all zones of automatic sprinkler system to make surethere are no leaks. Set the system for shorter and/or less frequent cyclesduring the cool spring months.

    Summer.

    Water plants in early morning, according to plant needs, to maintainhealthy root and top growth and to reduce water loss by evaporation.

    Control aphids and mites with insecticidal soaps to spare beneficial insectsand provide long-term pest control.

    Prune spring-flowering shrubs just after blooms are finished. Leave the

    Planting.

    Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains To Do List

    15

    Relax and enjoy your landscape!

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    Composting.

    Pruning.

    branch collar instead of making flush cuts.

    Keep ahead of the weeds by mowing and hand-pulling. Use herbicidessparingly and apply according to label recommendations.

    Fall.

    Compost equal parts of dry leaves and green plant materials for next year'ssoil amendment.

    Prepare the soil for next year's landscape plantings and vegetable garden.

    Water landscape plants for good establishment and winter survival.

    Drain and blow out irrigation system.

    Apply repellents and barriers to reduce animal damage.

    Install snow fence on the windward side of landscape plantings to trapadditional moisture and protect sensitive plants from winter desiccation.

    Fertilize lawn.

    Winter.

    Prune deciduous trees and late summer-blooming deciduous shrubs.

    Soak root zone on a monthly basis if there has been no winter precipitationand if soil is not frozen. Especially watch the evergreens.

    Watch south-facing slopes and windy areas for winter drying and wateras needed.

  • Additional information may beobtained from your local USDANatural Resources ConservationService Office listed in your phonebook under US Government,Department of Agriculture, USDAService Center.

    The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, nationalorigin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to allprograms.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape,etc.) should contact the USDAs TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD).

    To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue,SW, Washington, DC, 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

    MT11/01

    Photo this page:Alpine wildflowers at Logan Pass,Glacier National Park, Montana.

    For additional copies of thispublication, or permission toreproduce all or part of it, contact:

    Montana Association of Conservation Districts501 North SandersHelena, MT 59601(406) [email protected]

    or

    USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service10 E. Babcock, Rm. 443Bozeman, MT 59715(406) 587-6842

    About this

    Publication

    Authors:USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service Bridger PlantMaterials Center Staff: MarkMajerus, Plant Materials CenterManager; Connie Reynolds,Resource Conservationist; JoeScianna, Horticulturist; and SusanWinslow, Agronomist.

    USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service Staff: LarryHolzworth, Plant MaterialsSpecialist; Elizabeth Woodson,Resource Conservationist.

    Project Coordinator:

    Elizabeth Woodson, ResourceConservationist, USDA NaturalResources Conservation Service

    Developed in Cooperation with:

    Montana Association ofConservation Districts

    Lower Musselshell ConservationDistrict

    USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service

    With Special Assistance from:

    Marieanne Hanser, MontanaAssociation of ConservationDistricts Education Committee

    Cooperative Funding Provided by:

    Lower Musselshell ConservationDistrict

    Montana Association ofConservation Districts

    Montana Department of NaturalResources and Conservation,Conservation and ResourceDevelopment Division

    USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service

    References:

    A Consumers Guide to WaterConservation. 1993. AmericanWater Works Association.

    At Home With Xeriscape. XeriscapeColorado, Denver Water, Denver, CO.

    Backyard Conservation. 1998. USDANatural Resources ConservationService, National Association ofConservation Districts, WildlifeHabitat Council.

    Hill, C. and J. Knight, MinimizingDeer Damage to ResidentialPlantings, Montguide MT9814.

    Knopf, J. 1991. The XeriscapeFlower Gardener. Johnson Books,Boulder, CO.

    Knopf, J. 1999. WaterwiseLandscaping with Trees, Shrubs andVines. Charisma Books, Boulder, CO.

    Knowles, Hugh. 1995 edition. WoodyOrnamentals for the Prairies.University of Alberta, Faculty ofExtension, Edmonton, Alberta.

    Orthos Complete Guide toSuccessful Gardening. 1983.Chevron Chemical Co., SanFrancisco, CA.

    Phillips, H.W. 1999. Central RockyMountain Wildflowers. FalconPublishing Inc., Helena, MT.

    Tilford, Gregory L. 1997. Edibleand Medicinal Plants of the West.Mountain Press Publishing Co.,Missoula, MT.

    Tips on Land & Water Managementfor Small Farms and Ranches inMontana. Montana Department ofNatural Resources and Conservation,Conservation and ResourceDevelopment Division. Helena, MT.

    We would like to thank thefollowing people for their reviewof this booklet:

    Sandy BlakeTracy DougherGary FinstadJean HodgesJody HolzworthBob LogarTara Moberg

    Photography:

    Art Today (stock photos)Marieanne HanserLinda IversonTracy McReathUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service

    All photos are courtesy of USDANatural Resources ConservationService unless otherwise noted.

    Design and Illustration:

    Soil survey map (p.2) by SteveVanFossen, USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service

    CAD graphic (p.3) by MiguelCamacho Serna, University ofArizona

    B&B tree planting (p.11) by MaryMyers, USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service

    Above listed illustrations werecreated for this publication.Sources of illustrations adaptedfrom other publications are notedwith the illustration.

    Design by Mary Myers, USDANatural Resources ConservationService

    Other Sources of Information:

    Conservation DistrictsExtension ServiceGarden clubsLandscapersLocal garden centersNative plant societies

    Web Sites:

    www.plants.usda.gov

    www.xeriscape.org

    www.pprl.usu.edu(poisonous plants)

    www.firewise.org(Living With Wildfires/FirewiseLandscaping)

    www.nifc.gov(National Interagency Fire Center)

    Wind River Seed. Practical PlantingTips for Wildflowers. Manderson, WY.