South AmericaSouth America

ObjectivesObjectives

Student will demonstrate Student will demonstrate knowledge of major knowledge of major civilizations of the civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan byAztec, and Incan by– Describing the geographic Describing the geographic

relationship, with emphasis relationship, with emphasis on patterns of development on patterns of development in terms of climate and in terms of climate and physical featuresphysical features

– Describing cultural patterns Describing cultural patterns and political and economic and political and economic structuresstructures

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions– What were the What were the

characteristics of Mayan, characteristics of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan Aztec, and Incan civilizationscivilizations

Early CivilizationsEarly Civilizations CaralCaral

– 1200 B.C.1200 B.C.– Located in the Supe River Located in the Supe River

Valley of PeruValley of Peru– Contains buildings, Contains buildings,

apartments, and stone apartments, and stone buildingsbuildings

– Irrigation systemsIrrigation systems

MocheMoche– 200 B.C.200 B.C.– Pacific coast of EcuadorPacific coast of Ecuador– Urban centerUrban center– Grew crops: maize, peanuts, Grew crops: maize, peanuts,

potatoes, cottonpotatoes, cotton– Capital of powerful stateCapital of powerful state– Pottery and paintingsPottery and paintings

Early CivilizationsEarly Civilizations

ChavinChavin– 850 B.C.850 B.C.– Huge temple complexHuge temple complex– Worshiped ferocious Worshiped ferocious

god, part jaguar-part god, part jaguar-part manman

NazcaNazca– Etched glyphs into Etched glyphs into

desertdesert– Southern PeruSouthern Peru

NazcaNazca

The IncaThe Inca Arose in 1200’sArose in 1200’s Inca started as small Inca started as small

group near Cuzcogroup near Cuzco– Word was originally the Word was originally the

name of the ruling family of name of the ruling family of a group of people living in a group of people living in high plateau of the Andeshigh plateau of the Andes

Located in the high Located in the high mountains in Perumountains in Peru

Incan beginningsIncan beginnings– Belief the Incan ruler was Belief the Incan ruler was

descended from the Sun descended from the Sun god Intigod Inti

– Worshiped dead rulers, Worshiped dead rulers, preserved as sacred preserved as sacred mummies mummies

PachacutiPachacuti PachacutiPachacuti

– 1438 C.E. took the throne1438 C.E. took the throne Claimed himself Sapa Inca, Claimed himself Sapa Inca,

or Emperoror Emperor– Expanded the Incan stateExpanded the Incan state

By 1500 C.E. the Incan By 1500 C.E. the Incan empire covered over 2500 empire covered over 2500 milesmiles

Accomplished through Accomplished through diplomacy and military diplomacy and military forceforce

– Lived in splendorLived in splendor Never wore same clothes Never wore same clothes

twicetwice– Built Cuzco into a capital Built Cuzco into a capital

citycity

Inca Political StructureInca Political Structure 12 million people in Incan 12 million people in Incan

empireempire– Incan state built on warIncan state built on war

Offered enemy an Offered enemy an honorable surrender honorable surrender before warbefore war– Allow them to keep customs Allow them to keep customs

and rulers in exchange for and rulers in exchange for loyalty to Incan stateloyalty to Incan state

All young men required to All young men required to serve in armyserve in army

Single official language: Single official language: QuechuaQuechua

Incans built cities in Incans built cities in conquered areasconquered areas

All roads led to CuzcoAll roads led to Cuzco– 24,800 miles built24,800 miles built– Two major roadways went Two major roadways went

north-southnorth-south– One in the Andes, one One in the Andes, one

along the coastalong the coast– Rest houses and storage Rest houses and storage

depots were placed along depots were placed along roadsroads

Incan RoadsIncan Roads

Incan Political StructureIncan Political Structure Empire divided into 4 Empire divided into 4

quartersquarters– Each ruled by a governorEach ruled by a governor

Quarters were divided Quarters were divided into provincesinto provinces

Each province had Each province had around 10,000 peoplearound 10,000 people

Families divided into Families divided into groups of 10, 100, 1000, groups of 10, 100, 1000, and 10000and 10000

– Emperor was at the top Emperor was at the top of the systemof the system

Descended from sun Descended from sun god, Intigod, Inti

Community cooperationCommunity cooperation– Small groups called ayllu Small groups called ayllu

worked together for the worked together for the common goodcommon good

Used to build roads, Used to build roads, irrigation canals, irrigation canals, agricultural terraces, agricultural terraces, and stored foodand stored food

– Labor was used as a Labor was used as a tribute, called Mitatribute, called Mita

Required all able-body Required all able-body citizens to work a citizens to work a certain number of days certain number of days every yearevery year

Socialist State?Socialist State?

Incan state controlled Incan state controlled most economic activitymost economic activity– Regulated the Regulated the

production and production and distribution of goodsdistribution of goods

– Allowed little private Allowed little private commerce or tradecommerce or trade

Land ownership divided Land ownership divided into three partsinto three parts– State, religious, and State, religious, and

community landscommunity lands

Citizens expected to Citizens expected to work for statework for state

Cared for in returnCared for in return– Aged and disabled Aged and disabled

were supported by were supported by statestate

People didn’t go People didn’t go hungry in bad harvesthungry in bad harvest– Government stored Government stored

freeze-dried potatoes freeze-dried potatoes in warehouses in case in warehouses in case of emergenciesof emergencies

Incan Social StructureIncan Social Structure Society and life was Society and life was

structuredstructured– Based on ayllu, extended Based on ayllu, extended

family groupfamily group

Chief led group, part of Chief led group, part of chain of commandchain of command

MarriageMarriage– Men and women required Men and women required

to pick partner from within to pick partner from within own social groupsown social groups

WomenWomen– Expected to care for Expected to care for

children and weave clothchildren and weave cloth– Only exception were Only exception were

priestessespriestesses Rural AreasRural Areas

– People lived by farmingPeople lived by farming– Created terraces and Created terraces and

irrigation systemirrigation system– Planted corn and potatoesPlanted corn and potatoes– Lived in stone homes or Lived in stone homes or

adobesadobes

Daily LifeDaily Life FarmingFarming

– Expanded hillside Expanded hillside terraces terraces

– Terraces kept rain Terraces kept rain from washing away from washing away soilsoil

– Spent part of year Spent part of year working for emperorworking for emperor

MetalworkingMetalworking– Best metalworkers in Best metalworkers in

AmericasAmericas– Learned to work and Learned to work and

alloy, or bend, copper, alloy, or bend, copper, bronze, silver, and bronze, silver, and goldgold

Medical AdvancesMedical Advances– Surgery on human Surgery on human

skullskull– Created clean Created clean

operating areasoperating areas– Made patient Made patient

unconscious with a unconscious with a drugdrug

Incan FarmingIncan Farming

Building and CultureBuilding and Culture

Great BuildersGreat Builders– CuzcoCuzco

Administrative and Administrative and ceremonial capital of ceremonial capital of Incan EmpireIncan Empire

Temples, plazas, and Temples, plazas, and palacespalaces

– Temple of the SunTemple of the Sun– Sacred shrineSacred shrine– Decorated in goldDecorated in gold

Fine streets, houses Fine streets, houses made of stonemade of stone

Did not use wheel for Did not use wheel for constructionconstruction

Machu PicchuMachu Picchu

– Machu PicchuMachu PicchuCeremonial Ceremonial

religious religious center? center?

Retreat for Retreat for Incan rulers?Incan rulers?

Sun templeSun templePublic Public

buildingsbuildingsCentral plazaCentral plazaWater systemWater system

Machu PicchuMachu Picchu

CultureCulture No writing systemNo writing system

– History and literature part History and literature part of oral traditionof oral tradition

Kept records with QuipuKept records with Quipu– System of knotted stringsSystem of knotted strings– Knots and their positions Knots and their positions

countedcounted– Colors told what was being Colors told what was being

countedcounted i.e. yellow= goldi.e. yellow= gold

Court theaterCourt theater– Tragedies and comediesTragedies and comedies– Actors were members of Actors were members of

nobilitynobility– Poetry recited and music Poetry recited and music

playedplayed

ReligionReligion Reinforced power of the Reinforced power of the

statestate

Worshipped less gods Worshipped less gods than the Aztecthan the Aztec

Focused on key natural Focused on key natural spiritsspirits– Moon, stars, thunderMoon, stars, thunder

Balance of natureBalance of nature– Patterns in how humans Patterns in how humans

should relate to each other should relate to each other and the earthand the earth

Religious PracticesReligious Practices– Sun-worship servicesSun-worship services

Priestesses-Led Priestesses-Led servicesservices

Trained in ritualsTrained in rituals– Sacrificed IlamasSacrificed Ilamas

Conquest of the IncaConquest of the Inca Breakdown of IncaBreakdown of Inca

– Began to occur in early Began to occur in early 1500s at height of empire1500s at height of empire

15311531– Francisco Pizarro arrives with Francisco Pizarro arrives with

180 men on pacific coast180 men on pacific coast Brings steel weapons, Brings steel weapons,

gunpowder, and horsesgunpowder, and horses Also brought smallpoxAlso brought smallpox

– Emperor died of smallpox, Emperor died of smallpox, his sons fought over ruling his sons fought over ruling the empire the empire

Led to civil warLed to civil war Pizarro took advantage and Pizarro took advantage and

took Cuzcotook Cuzco

By 1535, Pizarro had By 1535, Pizarro had established Lima as the established Lima as the new capital of the colony of new capital of the colony of the Spanish Empirethe Spanish Empire

Incan MummiesIncan Mummies Death was important Death was important

part of lifepart of life

Worshiped spirits and Worshiped spirits and bodies of ancestorsbodies of ancestors

Believed in afterlifeBelieved in afterlife– Tombs and mummies Tombs and mummies

considered holyconsidered holy

MummiesMummies– EmbalmedEmbalmed– Bundled with offerings like Bundled with offerings like

food, tools, precious itemsfood, tools, precious items

Review - ObjectivesReview - Objectives

Student will demonstrate Student will demonstrate knowledge of major knowledge of major civilizations of the civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan byAztec, and Incan by– Describing the geographic Describing the geographic

relationship, with emphasis relationship, with emphasis on patterns of development on patterns of development in terms of climate and in terms of climate and physical featuresphysical features

– Describing cultural patterns Describing cultural patterns and political and economic and political and economic structuresstructures

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions– What were the What were the

characteristics of Mayan, characteristics of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan Aztec, and Incan civilizationscivilizations