sources of government funds
DESCRIPTION
Sources of Government Funds. T A X. Interest in Deposits BSP and Commercial Banks. Grants Foreign Government and Private Foundation. Sold Government Assets. Why is there TAX?. Protection. Welfare and Well-Being. LAWS Formulate, Implements and Interpret. Concepts on TAXATION. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Sources of Government
Funds
T A X
Interest in Deposits
BSP and Commercial Banks
GrantsForeign Government and Private
Foundation
Sold Government
Assets
Why is there TAX?
Protection
Welfare and Well-Being
LAWSFormulate, Implements and
Interpret
Concepts on TAXATION
Benefits Principle
Ability to Pay Principle
Kinds of TAXAbility to Pay
Inheritance Tax
Income Tax
How TAX is paid
Direct Tax
Indirect Tax
Progressiveness of Taxes
TAX BURDEN
IMPACT
INCIDENCE
MoreKinds of TAX
TAX BURDENS
Regressive
Proportional Taxation
Progressive
FISCAL POLICY – THE RAPPERS
Althea Rendal
Topics Measuring Income Distribution Equality Uses of Government Funds Income Determination and Government New Equilibrium New Multiplier Automatic Stabilizer Rigidity in Government Spending
Measuring Income Distribution Equality
Lorenz Curve Shows what percentage of total income
goes to the lowest 10% income class, the next decile and so on.
Gini Index (Distribution of Family Income)
Philippines 45.8 (2006)
46.6 (2003) Singapore 47.8 (2009)
48.1 (2008) United States 45 (2007)
40.8 (1997) China 41.5 (2007)
40 (2001
Germany 27 (2006)
30 (1994) Hungary 24.7 (2009)
24.4 (1998) Namibia 70.7 (2003) Source: www.cia.gov
The World Factbook,
Use of Government Funds Economic Services
Agricultural, trade and industry, power and energy, transport and communication sectors
Social Services Education and Health Services
Defense National Security
General Public Services Government branches, departments, agencies
Interest Payments
Income Determination with Government
New Equilibrium (1) Y = C + I + G
where : I and G are autonomous inflows (2) C = b + c Y
where: Yd = disposable income and (3) Yd = Y – T
Taxes depend on the level of income, so the tax function very similar to the savings function
(4) T= s + tY Where T= taxes s = the level of taxes if y=0 t = Marginal Propensity to Tax (MPT)
Ex. The change in the level of taxes corresponding to a change in the level of income, or change in T/ change in Y
Substituting, we get:
(5) Y = b + c (Y-T) + I + G
(6) Y = b + C [Y – (s + tY)] + I + G
New Equilibrium with Govt and Taxes
(7) Y = 1 . X (b – cs + I + G)1 – c + ct
Example…
New Multiplier
Multiplier (w/ G, T) = 1 .1- c + ct
Rigidity in Government Spending Govt MUST Cut Down Spending But WHERE? There is always a TRADE OFF. Address Debts High Interest Expense Minimize Corruption Strong Political Will
Relative
In TaxationFlexibility
OF FISCALDEFICITS
DEMAND and Output
1
2
3
WAYS
DOMESTIC MONEY MARKET
BORROWING FROM THE BSP
BORROWING FROM THE DOMESTIC MONEY MARKET
• Normal Route• Issuing Treasury Bills and Treasury Notes or
other debt instruments• Crowding effect
BORROWING FROM ABROAD
FISCAL POLICY AND GROWTH
TAXATION AND GROWTH
Tax effort Tax Reform
TAX EVASION
- not paying taxes correctly
- illegally
Government
fund = Therefore..
Inventing moretypes of taxes
and
Increasingtax rates
More efficient wayof tax collection
Government spending and growth
HOW TO SPEND TAX MONEY BETTER
• Public investments– Allow markets to widen– allows the operation of the economies of scale
• Education - investment in
human capital
• Bloated bureaucracy-(2008) 36% of national government spending= salaries and benefits of government personnel: Attrition Law of 1992-some are underpaid : Salary Standardization Law
• Interest payments-Lessen the amount available for necessary services/infrastructures
THEREFORE.. and
INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY
Shift in aggregate supply to the right
=growth with minimal inflation
EFFICIENT RESOURCE ALLOCATION
• tax on undesirable activities • tax exemptions and subsidies to activities important
for continued development• Agriculture• Promote achievement of economies of scale • provide adequate educational facilities