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 Sound Attenuation Sound Attenuation.doc 4/5/2002 1/16 INTRODUCTION In the broadest sense, a sound wave is any disturbance that is propa gated in an elastic medium, which may be a gas, a li quid, or a solid. Noise is defined as any unwanted sound perceived by the hearing sense of a human being. Excessive noise can impair hearing, and may also put stress on the heart, the circulatory system, and other parts of the body. Worker exposure to excessive noise over an extended period may res ult in a permanent loss of hearing. The introduction of a noise source into a given environment can be potentially hazardous, as well as objectionable to nearby tenants and residents – depending on its sound level. Numerous laws have been enacted at both national and local government levels to limit excessive noise. Such regulations are typically grouped together based upon the land use characteristics and the proximity to residential or other sensitive areas. Every situation in noise control involves a system composed of three basic elements: source,  path, and receiver. Before a solution to a complex noise problem can be designed, the dominant source of the noise must be known, the characteristics of the significant transmission path must  be understood, and a criterion for the level of noise considered permissible or desirable in this situation must be available. 25.1 BASICS OF SOUND 25.1.1 Concept of sound. A person perceives sound as an y vibration of the eardrum in the audible frequency range that results from an incremental variation in air pressure at the ear. A variation in pressure above and b elow the atmospheric pressure is called sound pressure and is measured in units of Pascal (Pa). The number of pressure variations per second is called the frequency of sound, which is measured in cycles per second, called Hertz (Hz). A young person with normal hearing can  perceive sound in the frequency range of roughly 20 − 20,000 Hz, defined as the normal audible frequency range. A sound that has only one frequency is known as a pure tone. Pure tones are

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