THE PHONETIC ALPHABET IN THE CLASSROOM

BY JAIRO ORLANDO GAVIRIA CORAL

2015

CONTENTS

1. Vowel sounds…………………………………………………………………………………2

2. Consonant sounds……………………………………………………………………………..3

3. The alphabet sounds…………………………………………………………………………..4

4. Pronunciation of the vowels acording to the position…………………………………………5

5. Sound past endings of the regular verbs………………………………………………………6

6. Pronunciation of the numbers…………………………………………………………………7

7. Irregular verbs pronunciation………………………………………………………………….8

8. Pronunciation of the –s- endings………………………………………………………………9

9. Word stress……………………………………………………………………………………10

10. Intonation of questions………………………………………………………………………..11

VOWEL SOUNDS

[ i ] Spanish Vocal muy tensa y cerrada muy similar a la i deEspañol. Feel, we, here, these, see, sheep, least, he’ll, seat, beat, cheap.

[ I ] Cap ‘i’ Vocal breve, intermedia entre [ i ] y [e ].Listen, big, sit, will, ship, chip, fit, hill, fill, list.

[ e ] Print ‘e’ Diptongo ‘ei’; la i de este diptongo es muyrelajada y más abierta que en Español.

Gate, pain, late, sail, date, main, wait.

[ ɛ ] Epsylon Vocal tensa, similar a la ‘e’ del Español.Get, pen, let, sell, bet, debt, men, wet.

[ æ ] Diagraph Vocal intermedia entre la ‘a’ y la ‘e’. No existeen Español y muy frecuente en Inglés.Have, can’t, salad, sandwich, happy, last, rapid.

[ ə ] Shwa Vocal débil sin valor definido que generalmenterepresentan a cualquier vocal en sílaba no acentuada. Es intermedia entre la ‘a’ , la ‘e’ y la ‘i’ del Español. Es el sonido más frecuente en Inglés.Above, together, sofa, suggest, handsome, opinion.

[ Λ ] Wedge Vocal acentuada. Intermedia entre la ’e y la ‘o’Cup, much, some, butter, wonderful, hungry, but.

[ u ] Spanish Vocal cerrada. Similar a la del Español.Fool, pool, suit, food.

[ U ] Cap ‘u’ Vocal abierta. Para pronunciar este sonido loslabios deben tener la posición de una ‘o’ y la lengua debe producir una ‘u’.Full, pull, look, soot, could, foot.

[ o ] Print‘o’ Diptongo ou,la u de este diptongo es muy relajaday más abierta que es Español.Cold, boat, bowl, coat, toll.

[ ɔ ] Open ‘o’ Similar a la del Español, pero con mayor abertura.Ball, called, bought, tall, pause, walk.

[ ɑ ] Spanish Sonido similar a la del Español.Art, charge, father, comedy, congress, army.

[ ɚ ] Shwar Es una e muy relajada, articulada simultáneamente con la r.[ ə ] + [ r ]After, dollar, brother.

[ ɝ ] Wedeger Es un sonido intermedio entre la e y la o articulado simultáneamente con la r.[ Λ ] + [ r ]Were, thirty.

DIPHTHONGS

[ aI ] Find, cried, dine, high, grind, pride.

[ aU ] Found, crowd, down, how, ground, proud.

[ ɔI ] Boy, noise, boil, oil, destroy, enjoy.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS

bilabial alveolar velar[ p ] stop [ t ] stop [ k ] stop

voiceless voiceless voicelessEx: pen teacher kid

bilabial alveolar velar[ b ] stop [ d ] stop [ g ] stop

voiced voiced voicedEx: baby day gas

labiodental labiodental interdental[ f ] fricative [ v ] fricative [ θ ] fricative

voiceless voiced voicelessEx: family verb theater

interdental alveolar alveolar[ đ ] fricative [ s ] fricative [ z ] fricative

voiced voiceless voicedEx: the sit zoo

palatoalveolar palatoalveolar glottal[ ʃ ] fricative [ ʒ ] fricative [ h ] fricative

voiceless voiced voicelessEx: wish usually hand

palatoalveolar palatoalveolar bilabial[ ʧ ] fricative [ʤ ] affricate [ m ] nasal

voiceless voiced voicedEx: lunch juice meet

alveolar velar alveolar[n] nasal [ Ŋ ] nasal [ l ] liquids

voiced voiced voicedEx: night ring let

alveolar bilabiovelar palatoalveolar[ r ] liquids [ w ] glides [ j ] glides

voiced voiced voicedEx: car wet yes

THE ALPHABET SOUNDS

A B C D E F G[ e ] [ bi ] [ si ] [ di ] [ i ] [ ɛf ] [ ʤi ]

H I J K L M N[eʧ ] [ aI ] [ ʤe ] [ ke ] [ɛl ] [ɛm ] [ ɛn ]

O P Q R S T U[ o ] [ pi ] [ kju ] [ ɑr ] [ ɛs ] [ ti ] [ ju ]

V W X Y Z[ vi ] [dʌblju ] [ ɛks ] [ waI ] [ zi ]

GROUPS ACCORDING TO THE SOUND

[ e ] A H J K

[ i ] B C D E G P T V Z

[ ɛ ] F L M N S X

[aI] I Y

[ o ] O

[ u ] Q U W

[ ɑr ] R

REGULAR VERBSSOUND PAST ENDINGS

[t]

It’s used after verbs that end in a voiceless sound

Ask.ed [æsk] PREGUNTAR, PEDIR

Cook.ed [kUk] COCINAR

Dance.d [dæns] BAILAR

Divorce.d [dəvórs] DIVORCIARFinish.ed [fInI ʃ] FINALIZARFix.ed [fIks] REPARAR

Guess.ed [gɛs] ADIVINAR, SUPONERHope.d [hɑp] ESPERARKiss.ed [kIs] BESAR

Like.d [laIk] GUSTAR

Look.ed [lUk] MIRAR

Park.ed [pɑrk] PARQUEARPick.ed [pIk] LEVANTAR

Pass.ed [p æs] PASARPractice.d [præktIs] PRACTICARPromise.d [prɑmIs] PROMETERPronounce.d[prənaUns] PRONUNCIAR

Push.ed [pU ʃ] EMPUJARShop.ped [ʃɑp] COMPRARStop.ped [stɑp] PARARTalk.ed [tɔk] HABLARType.d [taIp] ESCRIBIR A MAQUINAWalk.ed [wɔk] CAMINAR

Wash.ed [wɑ ʃ] LAVARWatch.ed [wɑt ʃ] MIRARWork.ed [wɝk] TRABAJAR

[d]It’s used after verbs that end in a voiced sound

Advice.d [ədvaIz] ACONSEJARAnswer.ed [ænsɚ] RESPONDERArrive.d [əraIv] ARRIVAR, LLEGARBelieve.d [bəlív] CREERCall.ed [kɔl] LLAMARClean.ed [klin] LIMPIARClose.d [kloz] CERRAREnjoy.ed [InʤɔI] DISFRUTARHappen.ed [hæpən] OCURRIR, PASAR, SUCEDERListen.ed [lIsn] ESCUCHARLive.d [lIv] VIVIRLove.d [lΛv] AMAR Mail.ed [mel] ENVIAR (POR CORREO)Marry.ied [m ærI] CASARSE CONMove.d [muv] MOVEROffer.ed [ɔfɚ] OFRECEROrder.ed [ɔrdɚ] ORDENAR Plan.ed [plæn] PLANEARPlay.ed [ple] JUGARPrefer.ed [prIfɝ] PREFERIR Prepare.d [prIpɛr] PREPARARProve.d [pruv] DEMOSTRAR, PROBAR Pull.ed [pUl] TIRAR, HALAR Rain.ed [ren] LLOVERReceive.d [rIsIv] RECIBIRRemember.ed[rImɛmbɚ] RECORDAR Return.ed [rItɝn] REGRESAR, RETORNARServe.d [sɝv] SERVIRShare.d [ʃɛr] COMPARTIR Study.ied [stΛdI] ESTUDIARTravel.ed [trævl] VIAJARTry.ied [traI] TRATARTurn.ed [tɝn] GIRARUse.d [juz] USARWonder.ed [w Λndɚ] PREGUNTARSE

[Id]

It’s used after verbs that end in a /d/ or /t/ ending sound.

Accept.ed [əksɛpt] ACEPTARAttend.ed [ətɛnd] ATENDER, ACUDIR AEnd.ed [ɛnd] FINALIZARDepend.ed [dIpɛnd] DEPENDER Decide.d [dIsaId] DECIDIRInvite.d [InvaIt] INVITARLast.ed [læst] DURARNeed.ed [nid] NECESITARRecord.ed [rIkɔrd] GRABARRent.ed [rɛnt] RENTARRepeat.ed [rIpIt] REPETIR Rest.ed [rɛst] DESCANSARSeparate.d [sɛprIt] SEPARAR Shout.ed [ʃaUt] GRITARStart.ed [stɑrt] COMENZAR Want.ed [wɑnt] QUERER, NECESITARWait.ed [wet] ESPERAR

PRONUNCIATION OFTHE NUMBERS

CARDINAL NUMBERS

1one

2two

3three

4four

5five

6six

7seven[wʌn] [tu] [θri] [for] [faIv] [sIks] [sέvən]

8eight

9nine

10ten

11eleven

12twelve

13thirteen

14fourteen

[et] [naIn] [tɛn] [Ilέvən] [twəlv] [θɚtín] [fortín]

15fifteen

16sixteen

17seventeen

18eighteen

19nineteen

20twenty

21twenty-one

[fiftín] [sIkstín] sɛvəntín] [etín] [naIntín] [twέntI] [twέntIwʌn]

30thirty

40forty

50fifty

60sixty

70seventy

80eighty

90ninety

[θɝti] [fɔrtI] [fÍftI] [sÍkstI] [sέvəntI] [étI] [naIntI]

100a (one) hundred

200two

hundred

300three hundred

1,000a (one) thousand

2,000two

thousand

10,000ten

thousand

100,000a, one hundred thousand

[ə, wʌn hʌndrəd]

[tu hʌndrəd]

[θri hʌndrəd]

[ə, wʌn θaUzənd]

[tu θaUzənd]

[tɛn θaUzənd]

[ə, wʌn hʌndrəd θaUzənd]

1,000,000a, one million

1,000,000,000

a, one thousand million

1,000,000,000a, one billion

1,000,000,000,000a, one trillion

[ə, wʌn mÍljən]

[ə, wʌn θaUzənd mÍljən]

[ə, wʌn bÍljən]

[ə, wʌn trÍljən]

ORDINAL NUMBERS

1ST

first2ND

second3RD

third4TH

fourth5TH

fifth6TH

sixth7TH

seventh[fɝst] [sέkənd] [θɝd] [forθ] [fifθ] [sIksθ] [sέvənθ]

8th

eighth9TH

ninth10TH

tenth11th

eleventh12th

twelfth13th

thirteenth14th

fourteenth

[eθ] [naInθ] [tɛnθ] [Ilέvənθ] [twɛlfθ] [θɝtínθ] [fortínθ]

15th

fifteenth16th

sixteenth17th

seventeenth18th

eighteenth19th

nineteenth20th

twentieth21st

twenty-first

[fIftInθ] [sIkstínθ [sɛvəntínθ] [etínθ] [naIntínθ] [twɛntIθ] twɛntIfɝst40th 50th 60th 70th 80th

30th

thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth90th

ninetieth[θɝtIθ] [fɔrtIθ] [fÍftIθ] [sÍkstIθ] [sέvəntIθ] [étIθ] [naIntIθ]

100th

a (one) hundredth

101st

A (one) hundred first

1000th

a (one) thousandth

10000th

Ten thousandth

100,000a, one hundred

thousandth

1,000,000a, one

millionth

[ə, wʌn hʌndrədθ

]

[ə, wʌn hʌndrəd fɝst ]

[ə, wʌn θaUzəndθ]

[tɛn θaUzəndθ]

[ə, wʌn hʌndrəd

θaUzəndθ]

[ə, wʌn mÍljənθ]

IRREGULAR VERBS PRONUNCIATION

It is possible to classify irregular verbs into three types.

TYPE 1: THE SAME FORM IN THE THREE TENSES

The base form, the simple past tense form and the past participle form of the verb are the same.

BASE FORM PAST PAST PARTICIPLE MEANINGBID[bId] BID[bId] BID[bId] Ordenar, mandar

BEAT[bit] BEAT[bit] BEAT[bit] Batir, golpear

HIT[hIt] HIT[hIt] HIT[hIt] Pegar, golpear

KNIT[nIt] KNIT[nIt] KNIT[nIt] Tejer (aguja)

QUIT[kwIt] QUIT[kwIt] QUIT[kwIt] Dejar,abandonar

RID[rId] RID[rId] RID[rId] Librar

SLIT[slIt] SLIT[slIt] SLIT[slIt] Cortar,hacer

rendija

SPIT[spIt] SPIT[spIt] SPIT[spIt] Escupir

SPLIT[splIt] SPLIT[splIt] SPLIT[splIt] Partir,divider

OUTBID[aUtbId] OUTBID[aUtbId] OUTBID[aUtbId] Exceeder

READ[rid] READ[rɛd] READ[rɛd] LeerBISET[bIsɛt] BISET[bIsɛt] BISET[bIsɛt] Acometer,acosar

BET[bɛt] BET[bɛt] BET[bɛt] Apostar

LET[lɛt] LET[lɛt] LET[lɛt] Permitir

RESET[rIsɛt] RESET[rIsɛt] RESET[rIsɛt] Reestablecer

SET[sɛt] SET[sɛt] SET[sɛt] Poner,colocar

SHED[ʃɛd] SHED[ʃɛd] SHED[ʃɛd] Derramar,difundir

SHRED[ʃrɛd] SHRED[ʃrɛd] SHRED[ʃrɛd] Desmenuzar

SPREAD[sprɛd] SPREAD[sprɛd] SPREAD[sprɛd] Extender (se)

UPSET[Λpsɛt] UPSET[Λpsɛt] UPSET[Λpsɛt] Transtornar

WET[wɛt] WET[wɛt] WET[wɛt] Mojar

BROADCAST

[brɔdkæst]BROADCAST

[brɔdkæst]BROADCAST

[brɔdkæst]Radiodifundir

CAST[kæst] CAST[kæst] CAST[kæst] Echar (pesca)

FORECAST

[forkæst]

FORECAST

[forkæst]

FORECAST

[forkæst]

Pronosticar

MISCAST

[mIskæst]

MISCAST

[mIskæst]

MISCAST

[mIskæst]

Hacer mal el

reparto

OVERCAST[ovɚkæst]

OVERCAST[ovɚkæst]

OVERCAST[ovɚkæst]

Nublar

RECAST[rIkæst] RECAST[rIkæst] RECAST[rIkæst] Reconstruir(frase)

BURST[bɝst] BURST[bɝst] BURST[bɝst] Reventar

HURT[hɝt] HURT[hɝt] HURT[hɝt] Herir

CUT[k Λt] CUT[k Λt] CUT[k Λt] Cortar

SHUT[ʃ Λt] SHUT[ʃ Λt] SHUT[ʃ Λt] Cerrar

THRUST[θr Λst] THRUST[θr Λst] THRUST[θr Λst] Meter,encajar

COST[kɔst] COST[kɔst] COST[kɔst] Costar

PUT[pUt] PUT[pUt] PUT[pUt] Poner

TYPE 2: THE SAME FORM IN PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE

The simple past tense and past participle forms of the verb are the same.

BASE FORM PAST PAST PARTICIPLE MEANINGBESEECH[bIsIt ʃ ] BESOUGHT[bIsɔt] BESOUGHT[bIsɔt] Suplicar, rogarBETHINK[bIθIŊk] BETHOUGHT[bIθɔt] BETHOUGHT[bIθɔt] ConsidererBRING[brIŊg] BROUGHT[brɔt] BROUGHT[brɔt] TraerBUY[baI] BOUGHT[bɔt] BOUGHT[bɔt] ComprarCATCH[ kæt ʃ ] CAUGHT[ kɔt] CAUGHT [kɔt] Coger, atraparFIGHT[faIt] FOUGHT[fɔt] FOUGHT[fɔt] PelearSEEK[sik] SOUGHT[sɔk] SOUGHT[sɔk] BuscarTEACH[tit ʃ] TOUGHT[tɔt] TOUGHT[tɔt] EnseñarTHINK [θIŊk] THOUGHT [θɔt] THOUGHT [θɔt] PensarLOSE[luz] LOST[lɔst] LOST[lɔst] PerderBIND[baInd] BOUND[baUnd] BOUND[baUnd] Atar, unir

FIND[faInd] FOUND[faUnd] FOUND[faUnd] Encontrar

GRIND[graInd] GROUND[graUnd] GROUND[graUnd] Moler, afilar

REWIND[rIwaInd] REWOUND[rIwaUnd] REWOUND[rIwaUnd] Reenvolver

WIND[waInd] WOUND[waUnd] WOUND[waUnd] Enredar,envolver

BEREAVE[bIrIv] BEREFT[bIrɛft]BEREAVED[bIrIvd]

BEREFT[bIrɛft]BEREAVED[bIrIvd]

Despojar,privar

BLESS[blɛs] BLEST[blɛst]BLESSED[blɛst]

BLEST[blɛst]BLESSED[blɛst]

Bendecir

BLEED[blid] BLED[blɛd] BLED[blɛd] SangrarBREED[brid] BRED[brɛd] BRED[brɛd] Criar, procrearCLEAVE[klIv] CLEFT[klɛft]

CLEAVED[klIvd]CLEFT[klɛft]CLEAVED[klIvd]

Tajar, partir

CREEP[krIp] CREPT[krɛpt] CREPT[krɛpt] Arrastrarse,Gatear

DEAL[dil] DEALT[dɛlt] DEALT[dɛlt] Repartir, negociar

DREAM[drim] DREMT[drɛmt]DREAMED[drimt]

DREMT[drɛmt]DREAMED[drimt]

Sonar

DWELL[dwɛl] DWELT[dwɛlt] DWELT[dwɛlt] Residir, morarFEED[fid] FED[fɛd] FED[fɛd] AlimentarFEEL[fil] FELT[fɛlt] Felt[fɛlt] SentirFLEE[fli] FLED[flɛd] FLED[flɛd] Huir

HOLD[hold} HELD [hɛld] HELD[ hɛld] SostenerKEEP[Kip] KEPT[kɛpt] KEPT[kɛpt] Guardar,

conservarKNEEL[nil] KNELT[nɛlt] NELT[nɛlt] ArrodillarseLEAD[lid] LED[lɛd] LED[lɛd] Guiar, dirigirLEAN[lin] LEANT[lɛnt]

LEANED[lɛnd]LEANT[lɛnt]LEANED[lɛnd]

Prender, inclinarse, apoyarse

LEAP[lip] LEAPT[lɛpt]LEAPED[lipt]

LEAPT[lɛpt]LEAPED[lipt]

Saltar, brincar

LEAVE[liv] LEFT[lɛft] LEFT[lɛft] Dejar, salirLEND[lɛnd] LENT[lɛnt] LENT[lɛnt] PrestarMEET[mit] MET[mɛt] MET[mɛt] Encontrarse o

reunirse con, conocer

MEAN[min] MEANT[mɛnt] MEANT[mɛnt] Querer decir, significar

OVERSLEEP[ovɚslip]

OVERSLEPT[ovɚslɛpt]

OVERSLEPT[ovɚslɛpt]

Dormir demasiado tarde

SEND[sɛnd] SENT[sɛnt] SENT[sɛnt] EnviarSLEEP[slip] SLEPT[slɛpt] SLEPT[slɛpt] DormirSMELL[smɛl] SMELT[smɛlt] SMELT[smɛlt] OlerSPEED[Spid] SPED[spɛd] SPED[spɛd] Darse prisa,

acelerarSPELL[spɛl] SPELT[spɛlt]

SPELLED[spɛld]SPELT[spɛlt]SPELLED[spɛld]

Deletrear

SPEND[spɛnd] SPENT[spɛnt] SPENT[spɛnt] GastarSWEEP[swip] SWEPT[swɛpt] SWEPT[swɛpt] BarrerWED[wɛd] WEDDED[wɛdId] WEDDED[wɛdId]

WED[wɛd]Desposar

WEEP[wip] WEPT[wɛpt] WEPT[wɛpt] Llorar, lamenter

BITE[baIt] BIT[bIt]BITTEN[bItn]

BIT[bIt]BITTEN[bItn]

Morder

BUILD[bIld] BUILT[bIlt] BUILT[bIlt] ConstruirCHIDE[tʃaId] CHID[tʃId] CHID[tʃId]

CHIDDEN [tʃIdn]Reprender

GILD[gIld] GILT[gIlt] GILDED[gIld]

GILT[gIlt] GILDED[gIld]

Dorar

LIGHT[laIt] LIT[lIt]

LIGHTED[laItId]

LIT[lIt]

LIGHTED[laItId]

Encender,iluminar

SPILL[spIl] SPILT[spilt]SPILLED[spIld]

SPILT[spilt]SPILLED[spIld]

Verter,derrmar

SLIDE[slaId] SLID[slId]

SLIDDEN[slIdn]

SLID SLID[slId]

SLIDDEN[slIdn]

Resbalar

SPOIL[spɔIl] SPOILT[spɔIlt]SPOILED[spɔIld]

SPOILT[spɔIlt]SPOILED[spɔIld]

Echar a perder, estropear,mimar

FORETELL[fortɛl]

FORETOLD[fortold] FORETOLD[fortold] Predecir,Pronosticar

SHINE[ʃaIn] SHONE[ʃond]SHINED[ʃaInd]

SHONE[ʃond]SHINED[ʃaInd]

Brillar, lucir, resplandecer

SELL[sɛl] SOLD[sold] SOLD[sold] VenderTELL[tɛl] TOLD[told] TOLD[told] Decir,contarMISUNDERSTAND[mIsΛndɚstænd]

MISUNDERSTOOD[mIsΛndɚstUd]

MISUNDERSTOOD[mIsΛndɚstUd]

Entender mal

STAND[stænd] STOOD[stud] STOOD[stud] PararseUNDERSTAND[Λndɚstænd]

UNDERSTOOD[ΛndɚstUd]

UNDERSTOOD[ΛndɚstUd]

Entender

GAINSAY[gense] GAINSAID[Gensed] GAINSAID[Gensed] Contradecir, negar, prohibir

LAY[le] LAID[led] LAID[led] Colocar, tenderMAKE[mek] MADE[med] MADE[med] Hacer, fabricarPAY[pe] PAID[ped] PAID[ped] PagarSAY[se] SAID[sed] SAID[sed] DecirDIVE[daIv] DOVE[dΛv]

DIVED[daIvd]DOVE[dΛv]DIVED[daIvd]

Zambullirse, bucear

WIN[win] WON[wΛn] WON[wΛn] GanarHANG[hæŊg] HUNG[hΛŊg] HUNG[hΛŊg] Colgar, suspenderDIG[dIg] DUG[dΛg]

DIGGED[dIgd]DUG[dΛg]DIGGED[dIgd]

Cavar

STICK[stIk] STUCK[stΛk] STUCK[stΛk] Pegar, adhererSTING[stIŊ ] STUNG[stΛŊ] STUNG[stΛŊ] Picar,pincharSTRIKE[straIk] STRUCK[strΛk] STRUCK[strΛk] Golpear,chocar

conSWING[swiŊ] SWUNG[swΛŊ] SWUNG[swΛŊ] Columpiarse,

BalancearseHAVE[Hæv] HAD[hæd] HAD[hæd] Tener

HAS[hæs]SIT[sIt] SAT[sæt] SAT[sæt] SentarseFORGET[fɚgɛt] FORGOT[fɚgɑt]

FORGOTTEN[fɚgɑtn]

FORGOT[fɚgɑt]FORGOTTEN[fɚgɑtn]

Olvidar

GET[gɛt] GOT[gɑt]GOTTEN[gɑttn]

GET[gɑt ]GOTTEN[gɑttn]

Conseguir, llegar

SHOOT[ʃut] SHOT[ʃɑt] SHOT[ʃɑt] Tirar, lanzarBURN[bɝn] BURNT[bɝnt] BURNT[bɝnt] QuemarHEAR[hIr] HEARD[hɝd] HEARD[hɝd] Oir

LEARN[lɝn] LEARNT[lɝnt]LEARNED[lɝnd]

LEARNT[lɝnt]LEARNED[lɝnd]

Aprender

TYPE 3: DIFFERENT FORM IN THE THREE TENSES

The base form, the simple past tense form and the past participle form of the verb are all different.

Many of these verbs have a past participle form that ends in –n or –en.

BASE FORM PAST PAST PARTICIPLE MEANINGBEGIN[bIgIn] BEGAN[bIgæn] BEGUN[bIgΛn] ComenzarDRINK[drIŊk] DRANK[dræŊk] DRUNK[drΛŊk] BeberRING[rIŊ] RANG[rΛŊ] RUNG[ræŊ] Timbrar, sonarRUN[rΛn] RAN[ræn] RUN[rΛn] CorrerSING[sIŊ] SANG[sæŊ] SUNG[sΛŊ] Cantar SINK[sIŊk] SANK[sæŊk] SUNK[sΛŊk] Hundir

SWIM[swIm] SWAM[swΛm] SWUM[swæm] NadarARISE[əraIz] AROSE[əroz] ARISEN[ərIzn] LevantarseAWAKE[əwek]* AWOKE[əwok] AWOKEN[əwokən] Despertar BREAK[brek] BROKE[brok] BROKEN[brokən] Romper DRIVE[draIv] DROVE[drov] DRIVEN[drIvən] ConducirRIDE[raId] RODE[rod] RIDDEN[rIdn] MontarRISE[raIz] ROSE[roz] RISEN[rIzn] Subir, ascenderWRITE[raIt] WROTE[rot] WRITTEN[rItn] Escribir TEAR[tIr] TORE[tor] TORN[torn] Rasgar WEAR[wɛr] WORE[wor] WORN[worn] Usar, llevar

puestoCHOOSE[ʃuz] CHOSE[ʃo z] CHOSEN[ʃ ozn] EscogerFREEZE[friz] FROZE[froz] FROZEN[frozn] Congelar FALL[fɔl] FELL[fɛl] FALLEN[fɔlən] CaerSPEAK[spik] SPOKE[spok] SPOKEN[spokən] Hablar STEAL[stil] STOLE[stol] STOLEN[stolən] Robar BLOW[blo] BLEW[blu] BLOWN[blon] Soplar DRAW[drɔ] DREW[dru] DRAWN[drɔn] Dibujar Fly[flaI] FLEW[flu] FLOWN[flon] Volar GROW[gro] GREW[gru] GROWN[gron] Crecer, cultivarKNOW[no] KNEW[nju] KNOWN[non] Saber, conocerTHROW[θro] THREW[θru] THROWN[θron] Lanzar, tirarFORSAKE[fɚsek] FORSOOK[fɚsUk] FORSAKEN[fɚsekən] Abandonar MISTAKE[mIstek] MISTOOK[məstUk] MISTAKEN[məstekən] Errar SHAKE[ʃek] SHOOK[ʃUk] SHAKEN[ʃekən] Agitar TAKE[tek] TOOK[tUk] TAKEN[tekən] Tomar EAT[it] ATE[et] EATEN[itn] Comer FORGIVE[fɚgIv] FORGAVE[fɚgev] FORGIVEN[fɚgIvən] PerdonarGIVE[gIv] GAVE[gev] GIVEN[gIvən] DarDO[du] DID[dId] DONE[dΛn] Hacer UNDO[Λndu] UNDID[ΛndId] UNDONE[ΛndΛn] DeshacerBECOME[bIkΛm] BECAME[bIkem] BECOME[bIcΛm] Llegar a serCOME[kΛm] CAME[kem] COME[kΛm] VenirBE[bI] WAS[wɑz]

WERE[wɝ]BEEN[bIn] Ser o estar

GO[go] WENT[wɛnt] GONE[gɔn] Ir SEE[si] SAW[sɔ] SEEN[sin] Ver

MOST USED VERBS

It is a list of the most common irregular verbs. It includes verbs of the three types:

BASE FORM PAST PAST PARTICIPLE MEANINGBE[bI] WAS[wɑz]

WERE[wɝ]BEEN[bIn] Ser o estar

BECOME[bIkΛm] BECAME[bIkem] BECOME[bIcΛm] Llegar a serBEGIN[bIgIn] BEGAN[bIgæn] BEGUN[bIgΛn] ComenzarBET[bɛt] BET[bɛt] BET[bɛt] Apostar

BITE[baIt] BIT[bIt]BITTEN[bItn]

BIT[bIt]BITTEN[bItn]

Morder

BREAK[brek] BROKE[brok] BROKEN[brokən] Romper BUILD[bIld] BUILT[bIlt] BUILT[bIlt] ConstruirBUY[baI] BOUGHT[bɔt] BOUGHT[bɔt] ComprarCATCH[kæt ʃ ] CAUGHT[kɔt] CAUGHT [kɔt] Coger, atraparCHOOSE[ʃuz] CHOSE[ʃoz] CHOSEN[ʃozn] EscogerCOME[kΛm] CAME[kem] COME[kΛm] VenirCOST[kɔst] COST[kɔst] COST[kɔst] Costar

DO[du] DID[dId] DONE[dΛn] Hacer DRAW[drɔ] DREW[dru] DRAWN[drɔn] Dibujar DREAM[drim] DREAMT[drɛmt]

DREAMED[drimt]DREAMT[drɛmt]DREAMED[drimt]

Soñar

DRINK[drIŊk] DRANK[dræŊk] DRUNK[drΛŊk] BeberDRIVE[draIv] DROVE[drov] DRIVEN[drIvən] ConducirEAT[it] ATE[et] EATEN[itn] Comer FALL[fɔl] FELL[fɛl] FALLEN[fɔlən] CaerFEEL[fil] FELT[fɛlt] Felt[fɛlt] SentirFIGHT[faIt] FOUGHT[fɔt] FOUGHT[fɔt] PelearFIND[faInd] FOUND[faUnd] FOUND[faUnd] EncontrarFORGET[fɚgɛt] FORGOT[fɚgɑt]

FORGOTTEN[fɚgɑtnFORGOT[fɚgɑt]FORGOTTEN[fɚgɑtn

Olvidar

] ]FORGIVE[fɚgIv] FORGAVE[fɚgev] FORGIVEN[fɚgIvən] PerdonarGET[gɛt] GOT[gɑt]

GOTTEN[gɑttn]GET[gɑt ]GOTTEN[gɑttn]

Conseguir, llegar

GIVE[gIv] GAVE[gev] GIVEN[gIvən] DarGO[go] WENT[wɛnt] GONE[gɔn] Ir GROW[gro] GREW[gru] GROWN[gron] Crecer, cultivarHAVE[Hæv]HAS[hæs]

HAD[hæd] HAD[hæd] Tener

HEAR[hIr] HEARD[hɝd] HEARD[hɝd] OirHURT[hɝt] HURT[hɝt] HURT[hɝt] Herir

KEEP[Kip] KEPT[kɛpt] KEPT[kɛpt] Guardar, conservar

KNOW[no] KNEW[nju] KNOWN[non] Saber, conocerLEAVE[liv] LEFT[lɛft] LEFT[lɛft] Dejar, salirLEND[lɛnd] LENT[lɛnt] LENT[lɛnt] PrestarLET[lɛt] LET[lɛt] LET[lɛt] Permitir

LOSE[luz] LOST[lɔst] LOST[lɔst] PerderMAKE[mek] MADE[med] MADE[med] Hacer, fabricarMEAN[min] MEANT[mɛnt] MEANT[mɛnt] Querer decir,

significarMEET[mit] MET[mɛt] MET[mɛt] Encontrarse o

reunirse con, conocer

PAY[pe] PAID[ped] PAID[ped] PagarPUT[pUt] PUT[pUt] PUT[pUt] Poner

QUIT[kwIt] QUIT[kwIt] QUIT[kwIt] Dejar,abandoner

READ[rid] READ[rɛd] READ[rɛd] LeerRIDE[raId] RODE[rod] RIDDEN[rIdn] MontarRISE[raIz] ROSE[roz] RISEN[rIzn] Subir, ascenderRUN[rΛn] RAN[ræn] RUN[rΛn] CorrerSAY[se] SAID[sed] SAID[sed] DecirSEE[si] SAW[sɔ] SEEN[sin] Ver SEND[sɛnd] SENT[sɛnt] SENT[sɛnt] EnviarSET[sɛt] SET[sɛt] SET[sɛt] Poner,colocar

SHUT[ʃ Λt] SHUT[ʃ Λt] SHUT[ʃ Λt] Cerrar

SING[sIŊ] SANG[sæŊ] SUNG[sΛŊ] Cantar SIT[sIt] SAT[sæt] SAT[sæt] SentarseSLEEP[slip] SLEPT[slɛpt] SLEPT[slɛpt] DormirSMELL[smɛl] SMELT[smɛlt] SMELT[smɛlt] OlerSPEAK[spik] SPOKE[spok] SPOKEN[spokən] Hablar SPELL[spɛl] SPELT[spɛlt]

SPELLED[spɛld]SPELT[spɛlt]SPELLED[spɛld]

Deletrear

SPEND[spɛnd] SPENT[spɛnt] SPENT[spɛnt] GastarSPREAD[sprɛd] SPREAD[sprɛd] SPREAD[sprɛd] Extender (se)

STAND[stænd] STOOD[stud] STOOD[stud] PararseSWEEP[swip] SWEPT[swɛpt] SWEPT[swɛpt] BarrerSWIM[swIm] SWAM[swΛm] SWUM[swæm] NadarTAKE[tek] TOOK[tUk] TAKEN[tekən] Tomar TEACH[tit ʃ] TOUGHT[tɔt] TOUGHT[tɔt] EnseñarTEAR[tIr] TORE[tor] TORN[torn] Rasgar TELL[tɛl] TOLD[told] TOLD[told] Decir,contarTHINK [θIŊk] THOUGHT [θɔt] THOUGHT [θɔt] PensarTHROW[θro] THREW[θru] THROWN[θron] Lanzar, tirarUNDERSTAND[Λndɚstænd]

UNDERSTOOD[ΛndɚstUd]

UNDERSTOOD[ΛndɚstUd]

Entender

UPSET[Λpsɛt] UPSET[Λpsɛt] UPSET[Λpsɛt] Transtornar

WEAR[wɛr] WORE[wor] WORN[worn] Usar, llevar puesto

WIN[win] WON[wΛn] WON[wΛn] GanarWRITE[raIt] WROTE[rot] WRITTEN[rItn] Escribir

PRONUNCIATION OF THE –S- ENDINGS

The rules of the pronunciation of the third-person singular endings are the same as those for plural –s- endings.

/S/ /Z/ /IZ/It is used when the It is used when the It is use when the

base form of a verb ends in a voiceless sound.

VERBS

Like [laIk]

Work [wɝk]Hope [hɑp]Write [raIt]

Type [taIp]

NOUNSCat [kæt]

Lip [lIp]

base form of a verb ends in a voiced sound.

VERBS

Study [stΛdI]Try [traI]

Move [muv]

Live [lIv]

Love [lΛv]run [rΛn]

NOUNSDay [de]

Dog [dɔg]

base form of a verb ends in /S/, /Z/, /ʃ/, /ʧ/, ( /ʒ/, or /ʤ/ )VERBSPush [pU ʃ]Finish [fInI ʃ]Watch [wɑt ʃ]Fix [fIks]

Dance [dæns]

Advice [ədvaIz]

NOUNSPlace [ples]

Language[længwIʤ]

WORDS STRESS

Some two-syllable words changed their stress pattern depending on their

part of speech:

They made their first record in 1965.It was recorded in a studio

WORD NOUN VERBRECORD [r έkɚd]

[έksport][rIkɔ´rd[Ikspórt]

EXPORT

INSULT

IMPORT

[ÍnsΛlt][Ímport]

[InsΛlt][Impórt]

INTONATION OF QUESTIONS

YES-NO QUESTIONS WH-QUESTIONSHave an intonation pattern that rises at the end.

Is this your book?Do you like baseball?

Have an intonation pattern that falls at the end.

Where do you live?How are you?

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LETTER AND THE PHONEME

Sometimes it is possible to identify the sound just looking at the letter.

LETTER PHONEMESh [ ʃ ]Ph [ f ]

Wh [w][hw]

Gh [g][f]

Ch[ ʧ ][ ʃ ][k]

Th[ θ ][ đ ][t]

Ng[g][Ŋg][nʤ]

qu [kw]

Y [j]J [ʤ]

References

Celce-Murcia, M; Brinton, D. M.; Goodwin, J.Teaching

pronunciation: A reference for teacher of English to speakers of

other languages. Cambridge University Press. 2002

Lethaby, C. Skyline 5. Macmillan. Oxford. 2002.

Maurer, J. and Schoenberg, I. E. True Colors 1. Longman.

Castillo, C. Diccionario Universidad de Chicago

THANKS TO

God for your wisdom and my dear wife and daughters for all your support through my career as a student and as a teacher