sospeter muhongo director, icsu-regional office for africa (e-mail: s.muhongo@icsu-africa)
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The Role of the ICSU Regional Office for Africa in Sustainable Development of the Sub-Saharan Africa. Sospeter Muhongo Director, ICSU-Regional Office for Africa (E-mail: [email protected]) CODATA WORKSHOP 05-07 September 2005 Pretoria (South Africa). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Role of the ICSU Regional Office for Africa in Sustainable Development of the
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sospeter Muhongo
Director, ICSU-Regional Office for Africa
(E-mail: [email protected])
CODATA WORKSHOP
05-07 September 2005
Pretoria (South Africa)
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2003: Facts and Figures fromthe Sub-Saharan Africa
Population: ca. 703 millions
Annual Population Growth: 2.1%
Life Expectance at Birth: 45.8 years
Mortality rate:
(infants per 1000 live births): 103.1
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS:
% age of population aged 15-49: ca 8.5%
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Economic Status
Africa’s total public and private foreign debt is estimated at about US$ 500 billion
GNI: ca. US dollars 400 billion
GNI per capita: ca. US dollars 490
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The Harsh Reality
• About 40% of Sub-Saharan Africa (ca 250 million people) lives in absolute poverty
• About 58% of Sub-Saharan African children are annually enrolled in primary schools
• By January 2000, 73% of Somalia’s children were undernourished
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Millennium Goals
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a Global Partnership for Development
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2000: World GDP, Population, R&D
World
Population
World
Researchers
World GDP
World
GERD
Developing Countries 79% 28% 42% 20%
Developed Countries 21% 72% 58% 80%
Global-Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD): 2000- US$ 746 billion
1997- US$ 547 billion
World Researchers: 1997 – Developing Countries: 28%
1985 - “ 12%
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2000: Shares of World GERD (by region)
1
30
1
38
3
27
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Africa
Asia
Oceania
N America
Latin America&Caribbean
Europe
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2000: Shares of World GERD
0.6
0.3
1.6
6.7
7.1
35.6
13.2
0 10 20 30 40
Africa
S Africa
India
China
Germany
USA
Japan
% age
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2000: Researchers per million inhabitants
78
309
143
554
3109
4006
5206
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Africa
S Africa
India
China
Germany
USA
Japan
Researchers
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Water Resources(Safe Drinking Water)
51
97
7824
38
38
93
57
0 20 40 60 80 100
Nigeria
Libya
Algeria
Chad
Uganda
Tanzania
Botswana
Namibia
% of population
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Groundwater: Over 95% of the Earth’s useable fresh water is stored as groundwater
Transborder groundwater resources
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Annual Fertilizer Use(kg/hectare of cropland)
18
46
113
92
60
58
0.5
0.4
0.3
1.2
5.5
26World
N America
S America
CentralAmerica
Oceania
Africa
Million of Tractors
Fertilizer
Tractors
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World’s Commercial Energy (Production & Consumption)
6.2
2.633.6
30.7
2.31.4
4.93.4
2.528.6
24.6
2.8
0 10 20 30 40
AFRICA
ASIA
OCEANIA
S AMERICA
C AMERICA
N AMERICA
CONSUMPTION (%)
PRODUCTION (%)
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Energy ResourcesPhanerozoic Energy Resources
• Fossil Energy: gas, petroleum, coal
• Primary Energy: hydro, geothermal, nuclear (U-ores)
• Sea-bed energy source (future?)- Energy reserves equivalent to all oil, gas and coal on the planet
Earth lie beneath the sea-bed- Huge amounts of METHANE GAS trapped by water molecules at
super-high pressure (>50 atms/2500C) are found on the deep ocean sea-bed
- 1 cc of gas hydrate holds up to 60 cc of methane- NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES: global warming high sea-level changes (tidal waves)
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Africa’s Reserves of Selected Industrial Minerals
39
30
37.8
76.1
81.2
61
IndustrialDiamonds
Titanium
Rutile
Phosphates
Chromium
Manganese
World’s Share (%)
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Industrialization in Africa
Industrial Materials
• Gypsum: inland lake deposits: agriculture/cement/chalk/plaster of Paris
• Ceramic Clays: kaolin paper industry/refractory/pottery/fired clay bricks
• Limestone & Marble: tiles/lime (Au-processing, road stabilization, water purification)
• Bauxite: water purification/source of Al
• Volcanic tuff/pozzolana: construction of better houses
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STRATEGIC METALS
The New Information and Communication Technology
(NICT) industrial sector
is highly dependent on the supply of strategic metals such as:
Indium (In): Mobile electronics, Semi-Conductors
Tantalum (Ta): Laptop computers, and other electronics (e.g. Telephones)
Platinum: Exhaust catalysers for petrol engines (60%)
Palladium: Exhaust catalysers for diesel engines (50%)
Scandium & Rhenium metals: superalloy industry
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Environmental Problems: Man-made Hazards
• Water Pollution: heavy metals & toxic elements
• Deforestation: aridity, soil erosion, landslides
• Siltation: rivers, lakes, water pipes, dams
• Disposal of Tailings: mining waste disposal
• Acid Drainage: source: mines, chemical industries, etc
• Destruction of Eco-systems: ● sand-gravel mining
● construction of dams and houses ● over-harvesting of eatable animal & plant species
Social Problems: Child labour, Health Care, Immigration problems
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Natural Hazards: predictions(Geo-Information)
• Earthquakes• Volcanoes• Landslides• Floods• Collapse of Constructions: Engineering Geology
• Sea Level Changes: Tsunamis, Hurricanes, Tornadoes
• Global Warming: Greenhouses gases
• Solar System: Fall of Meteorites
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Environmental Problems: Air Pollution Total CO2 emissions
36.4
27.5
26
3.3
2.1
3.3
1.4
Asia
Europe
N America
S America
Caribbean
Africa
Oceania
% of total emission
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PRIORITY AREAS OF THE ICSU REGIONAL OFFICE
■ health and human-well being■ sustainable energy■ natural and man-induced hazards■ global climate change
Concomitant programs: cross–cutting projects: ♦ well-functioning secretariat♦ increase and sustain membership from Africa♦ promote the formation of African Networks of scientists♦ data base of African scientists, including those in diaspora♦ capacity building & maintenance♦ promotion of constructive indigenous science, knowledge and skills♦ gender balance♦ outreach (advocacy) activities