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i

GENETIC VARIABILITY AND CHARACTER

ASSOCIATION FOR YIELD AND YIELD

ATTRIBUTES IN SORGHUM

(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

D. PEDDA SWAMY

B.Sc. (Ag.)

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING)

2013

ii

GENETIC VARIABILITY AND CHARACTER


ATTRIBUTES IN SORGHUM

(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

BY

D. PEDDA SWAMY

B.Sc. (Ag.)

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE

ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING)

CHAIRPERSON: Dr. B. NARENDRA

DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MAHANANDI

ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD – 500 030

2013

iii

DECLARATION

I, Mr. D. PEDDA SWAMY, hereby declare that the thesis entitled

“GENETIC VARIABILITY AND CHARACTER ASSOCIATION FOR YIELD

AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES IN SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)”

submitted to the Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University for the award

of degree of Master of Science in Agriculture is the result of original

research work done by me. I also declare that no material contained in the

thesis has been published earlier in any manner.

Place :

Date :

(D. PEDDA SWAMY)

I.D. No.: MAM-2011/006

iv

CERTIFICATE

Mr. D. PEDDA SWAMY has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of

research and that thesis entitled “ GENETIC VARIABILITY AND CHARACTER

ASSOCIATION FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES IN SORGHUM

(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)” submitted is the result of original research

work and is of sufficiently high standard to warrant its presentation to the

examination. I also certify that neither the thesis nor its part thereof has been

previously submitted by him for a degree of any University.

Date : Chairperson

(Dr. B. NARENDRA)

Principal

Agricultural Polytechnic College

Madakasira, Ananthapur (Dt.)

v

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “GENETIC VARIABILITY AND

CHARACTER ASSOCIATION FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES IN

SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)” submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN

AGRICULTURE to the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University,

Hyderabad, is a record of the bonafide research work carried out by Mr. D.

PEDDA SWAMY under our guidance and supervision.

No part of the thesis has been submitted by the student for any other

degree or diploma. The published part and all assistance received during the

course of the investigations have been duly acknowledged by the author of the

thesis.

Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee

Chairperson : Dr. B. Narendra

Principal

Agricultural Polytechnic College

Madakasira, Ananthapur (Dt.) A.P

______________

Member : Dr. V. Jayalakshmi

Principal Scientist (PB)

AICRP on Chickpea

Regional Agricultural Research Station

Nandyal. Kurnool (Dt.) A.P.

______________

Member : Dr. P. Umamaheswari

Assistant Professor & Head

Department of Crop Physiology

Agricultural College

Mahanandi – 518502

Kurnool (Dt.) A.P.

______________

Date of final viva-voce:

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is by the immense blessing of almighty Mahanandiswara and Sai baba

for his grace and blessings showered on me in each and every moment of my life.

In explicable in fervent to my parents. Smt. D. Hussainbi and Sri. D.

Moulali my loving brother D. Chinna Swamy for their undiminishing love,

benign care and zealous encouragement throughout this endeavour.

I am inexpressibly ecstatic to extend my deep sense of my gratitude to

luminous educationalist and esteemed Chairman of my advisory committee

Dr. B. Narendra, Principal, Agricultural Polytechnic, Madakasira,

Anantapuram for his guidance, suggestions and unremitting assistance

throughout the period of study, research and in completion of this thesis.

I am ineffable to express my esteemed thanks to the revered member of

my advisory committee Dr. V. Jayalakshmi, Principal Scientist (PB), AICRP

on Chickpea, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal for her keen

interest, ardent support and persistent encouragement showered to me.

I sincerely accentuate my everlasting gratitude to the revered member

of my advisory committee Dr. P. Umamaheswari, Assistant Professor& Head,

Department of Crop Physiology, Agricultural College, Mahanandi for her

inspiring, meticulous and valuable guidance during the entire period of my

investigation.

Diction is my predilection to express my heartfelt thanks to Smt. D.

Bharathi, Assistant professor, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,

Agricultural College, Mahanandi for her dexterous guidance, illuminating

suggestions and unremitting assistance throughout the period of study,

research and in completion of this thesis.

I owe my sincere thanks to Dr. H. D. Upadhyaya, Principal Scientist

and Head, Genebank, ICRISAT, Dr. M. Elangovan, Senior Scientist,

vii

Directorate of Sorghum Research, Hyderabad for their generous help by

providing seed material for the present study.

It is my honour to portray Dr. A. Prasanna Rajesh, Associate

Professor& Head, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agricultural

College, Mahanandi and Dr. Sudheer kumar, Professor, Department of

Genetics and PlantBreeding, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad for their valuable suggestions and persistent encouragement

during the course of this study.

I acknowledge the enormous help of my colleagues Jagadish,

Thimmappa, Srinu, Bindu, Santhosh, Ravi, Nagarjun, Venkatesh Babu,

Chandana, Basha, Jaggu, Ramesh and Laxmipathi and my seniors Vijaya

kumar, Nirmala, Javed, Bhanu, Madhu, Siva Jyothi, Uday, Yamini,

Nagaraju, Rajesh and Nagendra Reddy and my juniors Guru, Damodhara

chari, Sameera, Ramakrishna, Siva Prasad and U.G. students for their

friendly assistance and valuable cooperation and suggestions during my

research work, without them my work would have been incomplete.

I extend my special thanks to Tirumala Reddy, Farm superindent,

A.E.O. Nageswara Reddy, R.A. Siva shankar and all Farm Labours for

providing me constant help in farm for their cooperation in various activities

of my field work.

I am grateful to Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University,

Hyderabad for providing me with the opportunity for prosecuting my post

graduation programme and also the facilities and financial assistance

provided during my study.

In finale, I thank all my well wishers and others who helped me directly

or indirectly not placed here, for their kind cooperation and support rendered

to me.

D. Pedda Swamy …

viii

LIST OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

I INTRODUCTION 1

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5

III MATERIAL AND METHODS 31

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 46

V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 79

LITERATURE CITED 83

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table

No. Title

Page

No.

2.1

Literature showing direct and indirect effects of various

characters on grain yield per plant in 81 sorghum (Sorghum

bicolor L. Moench) genotypes.

26

3.1 List of 81 genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). 32

4.1 Analysis of variance for ten yield components in sorghum

(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes. 47

4.2 Mean performance of 81genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor

L. Moench) for ten quantitative characters. 48

4.3

Estimation of GCV, PCV, heritability (broad sense), genetic

advance and genetic advance as per cent of mean for ten

characters in 81 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

genotypes.

56

4.4

Phenotypic and genotypic correlation co-efficients among grain

yield and its components in 81sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.

Moench) genotypes.

66

4.5

Phenotypic path co-efficients among grain yield and yield

components in 81 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

genotypes.

73

5.1 Prominent genotypes for different characters in 81 sorghum

(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes 81

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig.

No. Title

Page

No.

3.1 Experimental field layout. 35

4.1

Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic

coefficient of variation (GCV) for ten characters in 81sorghum

(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes.

57

4.2

Heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as per cent of mean

for ten characters in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

genotypes.

62

4.3 Phenotypic path diagram of yield and yield components in

81sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes.

74

xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

X : Grand mean

% : Per cent

< : Less than

ANOVA : Analysis of Variance

CD : Critical Difference

cm : Centimetre

CV : Co-efficient of variation

df : Degrees of Freedom

et al. : And others

F1 : First filial generation

Fig. : Figure

g : Gram

GA : Genetic Advance

GAM : Genetic Advance as per cent of Mean

GCV : Genotypic Co-efficient of Variation

H : Heritability in broad sense

ha : Hectare

Kg : Kilogram

L : Lakh

M : Million

m : Metre

No. : Number

PCV : Phenotypic Co-efficient of Variation

per se : As such with mean

SLD : Simple Lattice Design

rg : Genotypic correlation coefficient

rp : Phenotypic correlation coefficient

SE : Standard Error

SEm : Standard error of Mean

t : Tonne

viz., : Namely

σ2 : Variance

xii

ABSTRACT

Name of the Author : D. PEDDA SWAMY

Title of the Thesis : “GENETIC VARIABILITY AND CHARACTER


ATTRIBUTES IN SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor

L. Moench)”

Major Advisor : Dr. B. NARENDRA

Degree to which it

is submitted

: MASTER OF SCIENCE

Faculty : AGRICULTURE

Major field : GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

University : ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL

UNIVERSITY

Year of submission : 2013

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out in sorghum during early rabi season

(Popularly known as maghi season in Kurnool district), 2012-13 at

Agricultural College, Mahanandi (ANGRAU) in simple lattice design with

two replications and data were recorded on various yield and yield

components to estimate nature and magnitude of genetic variability, character

association and path coefficient analysis among 81 sorghum genotypes for ten

yield and yield attributing characters.

Analysis of variance indicated the existence of significant genotypic

differences for all the ten traits. Mean performance of 81 sorghum genotypes

for ten quantitative traits revealed that the genotypes IC 15466, IC 305920, IC

18039, IC 17941and IC 343589 were promising donors for grain yield per

plant; IC 343582, IC 15744, IC 29100, IC 23891 and IC 30838 were

promising donors for panicle weight; IC 7679, IC 7987, IC 30838, IC 32349

and IC 7131 were promising donors for panicle length; IC 23891, IC 343582,

IC 5919, IC 29100 and IC 29091 were promising donors for 1000-seed

weight; IC 305920, IC 343554, IC 18039, IC 343589 and IC 343590 were

promising donors for days to maturity; IC 15466, IC 305920, IC 18039, IC

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17941and IC 343589 were promising donors for days to 50 per cent

flowering; IC 7679, IC 30838, IC 15931, IC 24139 and IC 28747 were

promising donors for plant height (cm); IC 29100, IC 343554, IC 343573, IC

18039 and IC 343567 were promising donors for number of primaries per

panicle; IC 343589, IC 343588, IC 343587, IC 343590 and IC 343591 were

promising donors for stover yield per plant; IC 29565, IC 19859, IC 29100,

IC 29519 and IC 14779 were promising donors for harvest index.

Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability were high for

grain yield per plant, panicle weight, stover yield per plant, harvest index,

1000-seed weight, panicle length and number of primaries per panicle. High

heritability coupled with a high genetic advance as per cent of mean was

observed for grain yield per plant, panicle weight, stover yield per plant,

harvest index, 1000-seed weight, panicle length and plant height.

Character association studies indicated that the character grain yield per

plant had positive and significant association with panicle weight followed by

1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of primaries per panicle, stover yield

per plant, days to maturity, days to fifty per cent flowering and plant height,

whereas grain yield per plant had negative and significant correlation with

panicle length. Thus selection for above characters can increase the grain yield

in sorghum as the characters highly correlated with grain yield per plant.

Path coefficient analysis revealed that panicle weight had the highest

positive direct effect on grain yield per plant followed by harvest index, stover

yield per plant and 1000-seed weight. Thus direct selection for more panicle

weight, harvest index and 1000-seed weight can increase the grain yield in

sorghum genotypes.

It is concluded that the characters panicle weight, 1000-seed weight and

harvest index show high variability, high heritability and high genetic advance

and these characters also show positive and direct effect on grain yield per

plant. So selecting the genotypes having high panicle weight, 1000-seed

weight and harvest index is pre-requisite for improving the grain yield in

sorghum genotypes.

1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, Poaceae, 2n=20) is one of the

most important staple diets popular among the farmers in the arid and semi

arid tropics of the world. It is called as "The camel of crops" due to its ability

to grow in semi arid soils and withstand prolonged drought. Sorghum is

important staple diet for human being and also used as feed for poultry and

livestock. About 55% of sorghum grain is used for food purposes, consumed

in the form of flat breads and porridges. Stover is an important source of dry

season maintainance rations for livestock, especially in dry lands and it is also

an important feed grain (33%), especially in the America.

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop globally and is the

dietary staple of more than 500 million people in 30 countries. It is grown on

40 M ha in 105 countries of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the America. More

than 70% of global sorghum area is mainly in Africa and India.

India has the largest share (32.3%) of world’s sorghum area and ranks

second in the production after USA. Sorghum is cultivated in an area of 6.32

M ha with a production of 6.03 M t and productivity of 954 kg ha-1 in 2011-12

(Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of India, 2012). Andhra

Pradesh is fourth largest sorghum producer in India after Maharashtra,

Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. In Andhra Pradesh, sorghum was cultivated

in an area of 2.8 lakh ha with a production of 3.8 lakh tonnes with an average

productivity of 1365 kg ha-1. In Kurnool district, sorghum is cultivated in an

area of 56 thousand ha with a production of 103 thousand tonnes with an

average productivity of 1859 kg ha-1. (Directorate of Economics and Statistics,

Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 2010-11).

Sorghum is a self-pollinating, diploid (2n = 2x = 20) C4 plant with a

small genome (730 Mbp, about 25% the size of maize or sugarcane). It has a

2

higher photosynthetic efficiency and higher abiotic stress tolerance. Drought

tolerance makes sorghum especially important in dry regions. So, sorghum is

one among the climate resilient crops that can better adapt to climate change

conditions. Nearly 65% of the total area is cultivated during post monsoon

season under receding soil moisture situation contributing to 45% of total

production.

Sorghum is fourth most important food crops of India, next to rice,

wheat and maize. It is a subsistence crop grown by small farmers with few

inputs under rainfed conditions and is highly adaptable to hot and dry agro

ecological regions compared to other food crops which require more

congenial environment. However, sorghum area is fast declining for the past

10 decades (Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of India, 2012) due

to the restricted cultivation mostly confined to dry lands of low fertility status

with insufficient soil moisture availability, lack of improved high yielding

cultivars, delayed sowing, low fertilizer use, improper adoption of

management practices, lower yields and competition from high value

commercial crops, coupled with stagnant yields. Sorghum growers have

shifted to other crops.

With the introduction of sorghum hybrids and high yielding varieties,

this crop is in position to compete with crops such as maize under favorable

conditions. As population increases, more marginal lands have to be brought

under cultivation. Under such circumstances, crops like sorghum can assure

great importance due to its greater adaptability. In addition to sorghum as a

food crop, there are possibilities of other alternative uses of sorghum such as

novel foods, processed foods, feed for dairy animals, and industrial uses –

starch, beverages (beer) and ethanol. Thus, commercialization of alternative

food, feed and industrial products is one of the ways to increase demand for

sorghum. It is therefore of a paramount importance that technological

developments are extended to increase the productivity and sustainability of

sorghum production. Hence, sorghum production can be achieved through

growing high yielding varieties with tolerance to major abiotic and biotic

3

stresses. Therefore, keeping in view the current demand for high yielding

genotypes, there is an urgent need to breed suitable varieties on available

genetic diversity.

In order to reach this goal, genetic assessment and identification of

diverse sorghum cultivars for yield is essential to identify and concentrate on

the important traits that could give rise to optimum and stable yields. Thus,

utmost requirement of any breeding programme is genetic study. It is the most

essential pre-requisite for successful improvement through conventional and

advanced breeding techniques. The genetic improvement of crop species to

improve the production and productivity through selection strategies are

chiefly influenced by the choice of germplasm.

Variability refers to the presence of difference among the individuals

of plant population. Variability results due to difference either in the genetic

constitution of the individuals of a population or in the environment in which

they are grown. The existence of variability is essential for resistance to biotic

and abiotic factors as well as for wide adaptability. Selection is also effective

when there is genetic variability among the individuals in a population.

Hence, insight into the magnitude of genetic variability present in a population

is of paramount importance to a plant breeder for starting a judicious breeding

programme.

Knowledge of heritability and genetic advance of the character

indicate the scope for the improvement through selection. Heritability

estimates along with genetic advance are normally more helpful in predicting

the gain under selection than heritability estimates alone (Johnson et al.,

1955).

A clear understanding of the association between yield and yield

components is necessary for successful crop improvement programme, since

grain yield is a complex character and is influenced by several genetic factors

interacting with environment. Correlation coefficient analysis reveals the

magnitude and direction of yield components, while path analysis identifies

components which directly or indirectly influences yield. Both character

4

association and path analysis helps in formulating an effective breeding

strategy to further develop productive lines in sorghum.

Keeping in view the above facts, the present research was conducted

to determine various parameters of genetic variability and nature of inter

relationships among 81 sorghum germplasm accessions affecting grain yield

with following objectives.

1. To estimate the variability parameters for yield and yield contributing

characters.

2. To work out heritability and genetic advance for different traits.

3. To study the extent of association (correlation) existing among different

yield components with grain yield.

4. To study the direct and indirect contributions (path analysis) of each

component character towards yield.

5

Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A brief review of available literature in consonance with the

objectives of present investigation in respect of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.

Moench) is presented under the following headings.

2.1 Genetic variability, Heritability and Genetic advance

2.2 Character association

2.3 Path coefficient analysis

2.1 GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND

GENETIC ADVANCE

The success of any breeding programme depends on the amount of

variability present for different characters in a population and it’s efficient

management. The genetic co-efficient of variability gives an useful measure

of the magnitude of genetic variance present in the population. Estimation of

genetic variability alone cannot indicate the possible improvement achieved

through selection, but it should be used in conjunction with heritability and

genetic advance.

The degree of success depends on the magnitude of heritability as it

measures the relative amount of the heritable portion of variability. Genetic

advance under selection gives an idea about how much of the genetic gain

obtained was due to selection. Hence, the estimates of genetic variability,

heritability and genetic advance had an immense value in identifying the

superior genotypes.

Swarup and Chaugale (1962a) reported that most of the plant

characters showed wide range of phenotypic variation. Plant height, leaf

number, length of peduncle, length and weight of panicle, yields of grain and

6

fodder, 100 seed weight were observed to have a high genetic coefficient of

variation. Plant height was found to have a high heritability and high genetic

gain which indicated that most probably the heritability is mainly due to the

additive gene effects.

Sindagi et al. (1970) reported that all characters showed high genotypic

variation except 100-grain weight. Heritability estimates were high for grain

and fodder yield and expected genetic advance was also high.

Basu (1971) reported that heritability values were high to moderately

high for plant height, days to flower, panicle girth and panicle length. Genetic

advance as per centage of F2 mean was maximum for plant height followed by

panicle girth, grain yield and days to flower.

Liang et al. (1972) stated that days to first bloom, plant height and

kernel weight showed high narrow sense heritability, suggests additive genetic

variability. Grain yield had low heritability, suggests environmental and non

additive genetic effects.

Singh and Singh (1973) studied thirteen quantitative characters in 62

promising sorghum varieties. High heritability values were observed for 100-

grain weight, panicle length and flowering date. Heritability for yield and

most of the other characteristics were low. The highest expected genetic gain

was estimated for 100-grain weight (38.04%) and the lowest for stem length

(1.31%).

Crook and Casady (1974) studied that high heritability values were

obtained from correlations for protein percentage, height and panicles per

plant, medium heritability estimates were obtained for yield and kernel

weight, low heritability estimates were obtained for days to 50 per cent bloom,

panicle excertion, leaf area and test weight.

Naphade and Ailwar (1976) noticed narrow range of heritability

estimates i.e., 65.7 per cent for leaf number and 96.8 per cent for 100-grain

7

weight among 30 tested lines of sorghum. Estimates of genetic advance

ranged from 16.7 per cent for leaf number to 60.5 per cent for plant height.

Eckebil et al. (1977) tested 200 S2 families from three random mating

populations of sorghum, i.e NP 3R, NP 7BR, NP 5R and reported that broad

sense heritability estimates for bloom date, plant height, yield and kernel

weight were high in all populations. Heads per plant had the lowest

heritability, especially in NP3R and NP5R.

Wanjari and Patil (1977) examined seven improved varieties,

heritability estimates for plant height, panicle length, panicle breadth and

grain yield per panicle were 97.4, 97.6, 85.4 and 77.5 per cent respectively.

While the expected genetic advance was 158.6, 92.7, 49.9 and 99.5 per cent

respectively for the above traits.

Goud et al. (1980) noticed the highest coefficient of phenotypic and

genotypic variances for ear length followed by ear weight among nine

varieties and three hybrids of sorghum. Heritability was 96, 95, 95 and 91

per cent respectively for ear weight, grain weight per ear, ear length and plot

yield. Genetic advance was the highest for ear length and ear weight.

Patel et al. (1980a) noticed high estimates of heritability in plant

height (85.07%) and 100-grain weight (80.56%) among 3 female and 33 male

lines.

Patel et al. (1980b) tested F2’s of cross between three females and

eight males; the result revealed that estimates of genotypic coefficient of

variability for five characters ranged from 6.93 for days to 50 per cent

flowering to 37.69 for grain yield per plant. The broad sense heritability

values for all the characters ranged from 54.48 per cent for days to 50 per cent

flowering to 98.42 per cent for ear length. Grain yield per plant, ear length and

plant height showed the highest expected genetic gain accompanied by high

heritability values.

8

Singh and Makne (1980b) noticed genotypic coefficients of variability

ranged from 4.10 for days to maturity to 29.60 for plant height. Genotypic and

phenotypic variation in plant height and test weight was high. Estimates of

heritability were high for plant height, days to 50 per cent flowering and days

to maturity. Estimated genetic advance was high for plant height, grain yield

per plant and test weight.

Kumar and Singh (1986) analyzed the data on grain yield per plant

and 13 related traits from 40 diverse genotypes and revealed that differences

among genotypes for all traits were significant, the coefficient of variability

ranged from 5.70 to 39.18 per cent. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of

variability were high for grain yield per plant, heritability and genetic advance

for plant height, panicle weight, inter node length and 1000-grain weight

ranged from 85.30 to 93.99 per cent indicating that selection for these traits

should lead to crop improvement.

Nimbalkar et al. (1988) noticed the highest (11.6) and the lowest (1.7)

coefficients of variation for grain yield and days to 50 per cent flowering

while heritability was high for all characters except number of leaves.

Cheralu and Rao (1989) recorded observations on heritability and

yield correlation among nine yield components in 30 genotypes of sorghum.

High heritability was obtained for grain yield, total dry matter, ear length and

ear weight.

Amrithadevarathinam and Sankarapandian (1994) noticed high

heritability and low genetic advance for plant height and leaf area among 30

genotypes of sorghum.

Biradar et al. (1996) noticed high value of genotypic and phenotypic

coefficients of variation in inter node length, length and breadth of panicle and

grain yield per plant in 128 sorghum genotypes including restorers and

maintainers. Components of grain yield such as plant height, number of leaves

per plant, panicle length, number of whorls per panicle, number of primaries

9

per panicle, length of panicle and ear weight exhibited high genetic advance

over mean.

Chaudhary and Balai (1996) revealed high magnitude of GCV for ear

head exertion index, grain yield per plant, plant height, panicle length, flag

leaf area, number of primaries per panicle and number of leaves per plant,

indicating a good deal of genetic variability. High heritability was recorded

for stover yield per plant, days to flowering, plant height, panicle length, grain

yield per plant, number of leaves per plant, harvest index, days to maturity and

number of whorls of primaries per panicle. High selection response is

expected for grain yield per plant, harvest index, stover yield per plant, plant

height and panicle length as these characters had higher estimates of expected

genetic gain with high variability and heritability.

Sankarapandian et al. (1996) reported high heritability and high

genetic advance as per cent of mean for plant height, stem girth, length of

fourth internode, green stalk yield, juice yield and jaggery yield.

El-Nagar (1997) observed significant genotypic difference and

genotype x year interaction. Genetic variance was considerably greater than

genotype x year interactions for grain yield, head weight, grains per panicle,

1000 grain weight, threshing rate and protein content.

Nguyen et al. (1998) noticed that phenotypic coefficient of variation

was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for all seven characters

under study in 13 sorghum genotypes. The highest PCV and GCV were

obtained for dry weight of leaves. High heritability estimates coupled with

high genetic advance were observed for dry weight of leaves, plant height and

100-grain weight, indicating that these traits are controlled by additive gene

action.

Amit et al. (1999) noticed that estimates of genotypic coefficient of

variation, heritability and genetic gain were of higher order for characters such

10

as peduncle length, panicle weight, biological yield and harvest index in 34

genotypes of sorghum studied at two environments.

Lata Chaudhary and Shailesh Arora (2001) noticed that genotypic

coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation were higher for

stover yield, biological yield and panicle weight. High heritability was

associated with high genetic advance for stover yield and biological yield,

which reflected that additive gene effect were important in genetic control of

these characters.

Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001) reported that high estimates of PCV and

GCV, heritability and genetic advance were observed for days to maturity, ear

head width, grain yield per panicle and plant height.

Narkhede et al. (2001) noticed that phenotypic coefficient of variation

was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for twenty two yield

related traits in 168 genotypes. However, variations of both estimates were

within meager range, indicating the phenotypic variability is a reliable

measure of genotypic variability. All the traits showed moderate to high

estimates of broad sense heritability.

Prabhakar (2001) noticed that phenotypic coefficient of variation was

higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation of all the characters studied

in 48 rabi sorghum genotypes which provides the extent of variability present

in the population. Higher PCV and GCV values were observed for 100-grain

weight and grain yield per plant, whereas low GCV and PCV values were

recorded for days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity. Heritability

for all the characters was higher ranging from 65.76 to 82.81 per cent.

Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001) studied the genetic variability in

75 genotypes of sorghum and inferred that 100-grain weight and grain yield

showed high genetic and phenotypic coefficients of variation. The highest

heritability was recorded in grain yield per plant (99.9%) followed by days to

50 per cent flowering (96.9%). Among the characters studied 100-grain

11

weight and grain yield exhibited the highest heritability coupled with high

genetic advance.

Tiwari et al. (2003) observed higher estimates of heritability and

genetic advance for plant height, length of leaf, length of internode, days to

maturity, grain yield per plant and test weight in 10 diverse genotypes of

sorghum indicating contribution of additive genes.

Arunkumar et al. (2004) noticed high phenotypic and genotypic

coefficients of variation for grain yield per plant, plant height, ear head length,

number of primaries per panicle and leaves per plant in 138 genotypes of rabi

sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). High heritability coupled with high genetic

advance over mean was observed for ear head length, ear head diameter and

number of leaves per plant.

Umakanth et al. (2004) studied range, phenotypic and genotypic

coefficients of variation, heritability, genetic advance and the relationship

between yield and yield components in 40 landraces and three established

lines. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance were

observed for panicle length and 100-seed weight.

Kishore and Singh (2005) stated that high estimates of phenotypic and

genotypic coefficient of variability for green fodder and dry matter yield were

recorded. The heritability estimates were high for days to 50 per cent

flowering and crude protein per centage and moderate for almost all the traits.

High genetic advance was observed for days to 50 per cent flowering, flag leaf

area, green fodder yield and dry matter yield under irrigated conditions.

Negash et al. (2005) reported more than 12% of genotypic and

phenotypic coefficients of variation for plant height, panicle length, head

weight, grain yield per plant, 100-kernel weight and kernel number per

panicle. Higher estimates of heritability coupled with higher predicted genetic

advance was obtained for plant height, panicle length and 100-kernel weight

in 64 sorghum germplasm accessions.

12

Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006) reported that high estimates of PCV and

GCV were observed for grain yield per plant, panicle length and 100-seed

weight. Maximum heritability was exhibited by panicle length.

Kenga et al. (2006) noticed that genetic variance components were

much higher for plant height and grain yield than for days to anthesis, seed

mass and threshability. Heritability estimates for plant height and

inflorescence length were high (77 and 54 per cent respectively) while the

estimates for grain yield and threshability were low (14 and 5 per cent

respectively).

Bello et al. (2007) reported that characters such as plant height, days

to 50 per cent flowering, number of nodes per plant, panicle length, number of

leaves per plant and days to 95 per cent maturity having high broad sense

heritability estimates.

Bheemashankar (2007) reported that grain yield per plant and 1000-

seed weight exhibited high GCV and PCV. High heritability coupled with

high genetic advance was observed for plant height.

Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007) reported high heritability

accompanied with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for

the characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, number of

leaves per plant, leaf length, ear head weight, number of primaries per panicle,

100-grain weight, grain mould score and single plant yield suggesting that

these characters are under additive gene action and thus gives better scope for

selection.

Khapre et al. (2007) reported that high GCV values were observed

for leaf area (cm2), number of grains per ear head, number of primaries per ear

head and grain yield per plant.

Rajkumar and Kuruvinashetti (2007) studied a set of 93 recombinant

sorghum inbred lines. High values of phenotypic coefficient of variation

13

(PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were observed for early

seedling vigour, head exertion, number of grains per spike, threshability, stem

thickness, seed yield per plant, number of internodes and per cent lodging

with infection. Ear head length, number of spikelets per plant and 1000-seed

weight had moderate PCV and GCV.

Warkad et al. (2008) revealed that highest PCV and GCV values were

observed for dry fodder yield per plant followed by earhead breadth and

length, grain yield per plant, stem girth and 1000 seed weight. High

heritability accompanied with high genetic advance over mean was observed

for the characters- grain and dry fodder yield, stem girth, earhead length and

breadth, suggesting the influence of additive genes and provides scope for

selection. High value of heritability along with low genetic advance over

mean were observed for the characters days to maturity and number of leaves

per plant indicating that variability is mainly due to the non-additive gene

effects and hence heterosis breeding can be fruitfully exploited in improving

such characters.

Kusalkar et al. (2009) stated that the heritability in broad sense for

growth characters 1000 seed weight, grain yield, number of leaves per plant,

leaf width, inter node length, peduncle length and ear head length was highest.

High heritability accompanied with high genetic advance was observed for

growth traits viz; grain yield, 1000 grain weight, number of leaves per plant,

ear head length, leaf width, inter node length, peduncle length and plant height

suggesting additive gene control in the inheritance of their traits and scope per

selection in the improvement of these characters. On the basis of superiority

of the different genotypes over better check some genotypes were isolated and

suggested for further improvement programme of rabi sorghum. Sufficient

variability was present in germplasm under study for all characters.

Magnitude of PCV was found more than GCV for all characters.

Umadevi and Kumaravadivel (2009) studied the genetic variability in

60 sorghum germplasm lines. Among the seven characters studied, plant

height, ear head length, stem girth, leaf length, single plant yield and 100 seed

14

weight had high heritability. The highest and moderate genetic advance was

recorded for plant height and single plant yield respectively.

Chavan et al. (2010) observed high heritability for grain yield per

panicle followed by harvest index, panicle width, number of primary branches

per panicle, plant height and number of grains per panicle. Moderate

heritability estimates were obtained for days to 50 per cent flowering and

panicle length. Heritability estimates were low for test weight and days to

maturity. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed

for number of grains per panicle, plant height and grain yield per panicle.

Whereas, high heritability combined with low genetic advance was recorded

by panicle width, panicle length and test weight.

Godbharle et al. (2010) stated that high genotypic and phenotypic

variance, heritability and genetic advance were observed for the characters

panicle length, fodder yield, primary branches per panicle, grains per primary

branches, harvest index, grain yield and plant height indicating that additive

gene effects were operating for these traits.

Shinde et al. (2010) assessed the extent of genetic variability for yield

and its component traits among the 120 F6 lines derived from B X B, B X R

and R X R crosses in rabi sorghum found that B X B and B X R exhibited

higher PCV and GCV for number of grains per panicle and grain yield per

plant, while R X R derivatives showed high PCV and GCV for number of

primaries per plant, number of grains per panicle and grain yield per plant.

B X B and B X R exhibited high heritability coupled with genetic advance for

all the characters except number of leaves and number of internodes at both

locations. The R X R exhibited high heritability coupled with genetic advance

for the characters like plant height, number of leaves, number of internodes,

panicle length, panicle breadth, number of primaries, test weight, number of

grains per panicle, fodder yield per plant and grain yield per plant. Low

variability for days to 50 per cent flowering was observed among the

derivatives of B X B, B X R and R X R crosses.

15

Mahajan et al. (2011) reported that high phenotypic coefficient of

variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for harvest index

followed by grain yield per panicle, panicle width and number of grains per

panicle. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for

number of grains per panicle, plant height and grain yield per panicle.

Navneet Kumar et al. (2011) revealed that the estimates of PCV were

generally higher than their corresponding GCV for all the characters studied

indicating that all traits were influenced by environment. The genotypic

coefficient of variability (GCV) was found maximum for leaf stem ratio

followed by leaf area, green fodder yield, total soluble solid, stem girth,

protein content and inter node length whereas minimum being for leaf

breadth, leaves per plant, plant height, leaf length, nodes per plant and days to

50 per cent flowering. The highest phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV)

was observed for leaf stem ratio followed by leaf area, green fodder yield,

total soluble sand, protein content, stem girth, nodes per plant and internodes

length whereas leaf breadth, leaves per plant, plant height, leaf length, and

days to 50 per cent flowering exhibited lowest value. The high heritability

(> 75%) in broad sense was recorded for all the traits except nodes per plant

and protein content. The genetic advance as per cent of mean was maximum

for leaf area followed by leaf stem ratio, green fodder yield, total soluble solid

and stem girth whereas, it was minimum for inter node length, leaf breadth,

plant height, leaves per plant, leaf length, days to 50 per cent flowering, nodes

per plant and protein content.

Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) studied the genetic variability in 29

segregating progenies of two inter specific crosses in F4 generation viz.,

Sorghum bicolor (cs3541) X Sorghum usumberense (Sb X Su) and Sorghum

bicolor (cs3541) X Sorghum lewisonii (Sb X Sl) and reported that the relative

magnitude of PCV per cent was higher than the corresponding GCV per cent

for all the characters studied, which indicated that these traits are having

interaction with environment. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of

variation ranging from 3.51 to 49.01 and 3.44 to 100.31, respectively, were

16

highest for fodder yield and seed yield in the cross Sb X Su and lowest for

days to maturity in both the crosses. The genetic variability was comparatively

high for fodder yield and seed yield in both the crosses whereas for panicle

length and test weight in Sb X Su only. The genetic advance as percentage of

mean ranged from 3.69 to 100.43 and 3.63 to 53.38 in both the crosses,

respectively. High heritability estimates were recorded for days to maturity,

plant height, test weight and seed yield indicating lesser influence of

environment in both the crosses. Days to 50 per cent flowering, panicle length

and fodder yield exhibited low heritability values and were highly influenced

by environmental conditions in both crosses.

Jain and Patel (2012) revealed that high heritability accompanied with

high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for days to 50 per cent

flowering, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length and fodder

yield per plant suggested that these characters are under additive gene action

and gives better scope for selection.

2.2 CHARACTER ASSOCIATION

Correlation refers to the degree and direction of association between

two or more characters. Correlation studies are useful in developing an

effective basis of phenotypic selection in plant population. Correlation studies

help the plant breeder to know how the improvement in a character will bring

simultaneous improvement in the other character. Yield depends on number of

component characters. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of the extent of

association between various yield contributing characters is essential for

developing high yielding genotypes in any crop. When attempts are made to

establish correlation it is essential to calculate the coefficient of correlation

between the character of interest with regard to the type of variability viz.,

environmental, genotypic and phenotypic.

Swarup and Chaugale (1962b) reported that genotypic correlation

coefficients were found to be higher than the phenotypic and environmental

17

correlation coefficients. Plant height was observed to be positively correlated

with grain yield. Fodder yield was positively correlated with number of days

for panicle emergence, plant height, stalk diameter and number of leaves.

Liang et al. (1969) studied genotypic and phenotypic correlations

among 12 characters in segregating population and in pure lines of sorghum

and reported that grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with

head weight, kernel number, half bloom date and leaf number, but negatively

correlated with germination percentage and protein percentage.

Crook and Casady (1974) reported that yields of hybrids were

positively correlated with days to 50 per cent bloom, plant height, leaf area,

panicles per plant, kernel weight and test weight but negatively correlated

with protein percentage and panicle excertion.

Chauvan and Singh (1975) reported positive association between plant

height and panicle length.

Naphade and Ailwar (1976) noticed that panicle weight was highly

correlated with grain yield followed by 100-grain weight, panicle breadth and

plant height.

Eckebil et al. (1977) reported that grain yield per unit area was best

correlated with grain yield per head, plant height and threshing percentage.

Days to bloom and grain protein percentage were negatively correlated with

yield and had low values.

Wanjari and Patil (1977) noticed that plant height was negatively

correlated with the panicle length, panicle width and grain yield per plant.

Grain yield per panicle was significantly and positively correlated with

panicle length.

Panchal et al. (1979) found negative correlation of panicle length with

plant height.

18

Patel et al. (1980b) reported that a day to 50 per cent flowering was

positively correlated with panicle length, while plant height was positively

associated with number of grains per panicle.

Patel et al. (1983) studied 23 genotypes and reported that grain number

per plant was highly correlated with grain yield per plant (r = 0.7).

Bohra et al. (1985) reported that grain yield per plant showed

significant and positive correlation with harvest index and panicle length in

both environments.

Nimbalkar et al. (1988) noticed positive, highly significant correlation

coefficient between grain yield per plant and panicle weight, panicle breadth,

number of secondaries and 1000-grain weight.

Bakheit (1989) reported that plant height and 1000-grain weight were

highly positively correlated with grain yield per plant.

Youngquist et al. (1990) reported that grain yield was positively

correlated with the percentage of plants reaching anthesis, duration of the

flowering period, plant height, head number, seed weight, number of seeds/ha,

stover yield and harvest index.

Raut et al. (1992) studied 20 sorghum genotypes and observed that

number of leaves per plant and panicle weight had positive and significant

association with yield.

Potdukhe et al. (1994) studied ten yield related traits in 42 sorghum

genotypes and revealed that grain yield was positively and significantly

correlated at the genotypic and phenotypic level with panicle length, panicle

weight and 100-grain weight.

Patil et al. (1995) reported positive association between days to 50 per

cent flowering and fodder yield.

Chaudhary and Balai (1996) revealed that genotypic correlation of

grain yield per plant was positive and significant with harvest index, 500 grain

19

weight, flag leaf area and leaf area per plant. Panicle length had significant

positive correlation with harvest index and flag leaf area.

Pawer and Jadhav (1996) reported that plant height, leaf area, total dry

matter per plant, ear head length, girth and ear head weight, grain number per

ear head and 1000 grain weight were positively correlated with grain yield per

plant under dry land and irrigated conditions.

Jeyaprakash et al. (1997) correlated 65 sorghum genotypes and

inferred that grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with

panicle weight, panicle length and dry fodder yield. Plant height also had a

positive significant association with grain yield at the genotypic level.

Kumaravadivel and Amirthadevarathinam (2000) reported that grain

yield showed significant positive correlation with harvest index and panicle

length in F2 .

Muhammad Basheeruddin et al. (2000) studied the grain yield was

positively correlated with days from flowering to grain formation initiation,

days from flowering to physiological maturity and 100-seed weight, and

negatively correlated with days to flowering, days from grain formation

initiation to physiological maturity and days from sowing to physiological

maturity.

Muppidathi et al. (2000) observations were recorded for days to 50

per cent flowering, plant height, panicle length and width, stem thickness,

peduncle girth, days to maturity, number of rachis per panicle and 100-grain

weight apart from grain yield per plant. The number of rachis per panicle,

stem thickness and 100-grain weight were found to be the most important

traits in improving grain yield. Positive and significant association was

observed between grain yield and yield components except for days to 50 per

cent flowering and days to maturity, at both the genotypic and phenotypic

levels.

20

Bhongle et al. (2001) reported the grain yield per plant showed

significant and positive correlation with germination per centage, plant height,

head breadth and grain hardness.

Iyanar et al. (2001) studied 54 sorghum genotypes involving 4 male

sterile lines, 10 restorers and 40 hybrids. The results revealed that seed yield

was significantly and positively correlated with panicle weight and panicle

length.

Lata Chaudhary and Shailesh Arora (2001) noticed that grain yield

was positively correlated with biological yield, stover yield and number of

leaves per plant.

Navale et al. (2001) noticed that ear weight and ear girth showed

highly significant and positive correlation with grain yield. Ear weight, ear

girth and harvest index could explain 87 per cent of the variation in grain yield

among the genotypes.

Prabhakar (2001) noticed the genotypic correlation coefficients were

of higher magnitude than the corresponding phenotypic correlations for the

characters, viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, 100-grain weight and grain

yield.

Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001) correlated 75 sorghum genotypes

and noticed that estimate of genotypic correlation was generally higher than

that of phenotypic correlation. Grain yield per plant exhibited significant

positive correlation with 100-grain weight.

Sunku et al. (2002) observed significant and strong correlation among

dry matter, grain yield, fodder yield, plant height, number of leaves per plant

and leaf width.

Yadav et al. (2003) noticed that plant height showed significant

positive correlation with leaf length, number of leaves per plant, growth rate,

green fodder yield (GFY) per plant, and dry fodder yield (DFY) per plant and

21

negative correlation with leaf:stem ratio, shoot fly attack and brix per centage.

Growth rate at 0-30 days after sowing (DAS) was positively correlated with

plant height, leaf length, number of nodes per plant, growth rates at 30-45 and

45-60 DAS, GFY and DFY and negatively correlated with leaf:stem ratio,

days to 50 per cent flowering and shoot fly attack. Leaf area per plant was

positively correlated with number of tillers per plant, GFY and DFY, and

negatively with regeneration potential. GFY and DFY were positively

associated with plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, number of leaves per

plant, leaf area per plant, stem girth, number of nodes per plant, growth rates

and negatively correlated with leaf stem ratio.

Umakanth et al. (2004) opined that selection could be practiced for

head weight, plant height, panicle length, number of primaries per panicle and

100-seed weight as these characters manifested positive and significant

correlation with grain yield.

Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006) reported that grain yield per plant

showed significant positive correlation with head weight and 1000-seed

weight. 1000-seed weight show positive significant association with head

weight.

Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006) reported that grain yield per plant was

significant positive correlation with 100-seed weight.

Kenga et al. (2006) noticed that grain yield had positive genotypic

correlation with days to anthesis, plant height and inflorescence length.

Whereas days to anthesis was negatively correlated with vegetative and

reproductive traits. The results suggest that improvement of days to anthesis,

plant height, and inflorescence length should be faster because of higher

heritabilities and greater phenotypic variation.

Premalatha et al. (2006) reported that grain yield was significantly and

positively correlated with number of grains per panicle and 100-grain weight.

22

Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007) reported that seed yield was

positively and significantly correlated with days to maturity, number of leaves

per plant, ear head weight and number of primaries per panicle, but there was

negative and significant correlation with grain mould score.

Elangovan et al. (2007) reported that grain yield/fodder yield showed

positive correlation with number of leaves, plant height and ear head width.

100-seed weight showed positive correlation with plant height, ear head width

and grain yield.

Rajkumar and Kuruvinashetti (2007) reported a negative and

significant association of plant height with ear head length and head exertion

at the genotypic level. Stem thickness showed negative and significant

association with ear head length and positive and significant association with

head exertion and number of spikelets per plant at both phenotypic and

genotypic levels. The days to 50 per cent flowering had positive and

significant association with ear head length, number of spikelets per spike,

head exertion and 1000-seed weight and plant height at genotypic level.

Tariq et al. (2007) conducted an experiment to determine the

relationship of harvest index with the economic and biological yields of seven

sorghum genotypes. A significant positive correlation was observed between

economic yield and biological yield.

Alhassan et al. (2008) reported that days to 50 per cent flowering and

grain yield per plant were positively and significantly associated with grain

yield per hectare (rP=0.5336 and rg=0.6944, respectively).

Aruna and Audilakshmi (2008) reported that grain yield per plant

showed positive significant association with panicle weight, number of

primaries per panicle, panicle length and 100-seed weight. Panicle weight

show positive significant association with number of primaries per panicle,

panicle length and 100-seed weight. Number of primaries per panicle showed

23

positive significant association with panicle length, whereas panicle length

observed negative significant association with 100-seed weight.

Sukhchain and Karnail Singh (2008) studied to study the interrelations

between forage yield and dry matter yield with various vegetative traits. Data

were recorded for plant height, number of tillers, stem thickness, leaves per

plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf: stem ratio and green forage yield. Dry

matter yield showed highly significant positive correlation coefficients with

green forage yield and also with leaves per plant, leaf length and leaf breadth.

However, these characters showed negative phenotypic correlation coefficient

with leaf: stem ratio. Genotypic correlation coefficients were higher in

magnitude than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients.

Godbharle et al. (2010) observed positive and significant correlation

between grain yield and harvest index, total biomass, fodder yield and leaf

area index at both phenotypic and genotypic level, while the characters field

grade score , threshed grade score and days to 50 per cent flowering exhibited

negative correlation with grain yield

Prakash et al. (2010) reported that green fodder yield per plant was

found to be significantly and positively correlated with plant height, number

of tillers, leaf length, leaf breadth, stem diameter, hydrocyanic acid and crude

fibre. Days to 50 per cent flowering and crude protein showed a negative

association with green fodder yield per plant.

Warkad et al. (2010) revealed that 1000-seed weight showed highly

significant association with grain yield per plant at both genotypic and

phenotypic level. Among the yield components, days to 50 per cent flowering

showed highly significant positive association with days to maturity, plant

height, dry fodder weight per plant and number of leaves per plant. The

character, number of internodes per plant exhibited very strong positive

correlation with number of leaves per plant and stem girth, while number of

leaves showed moderately significant positive association with stem girth.

24

Mahajan et al. (2011) reported that grain yield per panicle showed

positive significant correlation with panicle length, panicle width, plant

height, number of primary branches per panicle, number of grains per panicle,

test weight and harvest index at both phenotypic and genotypic levels.

Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) revealed that seed yield showed positive

significant correlation with days to maturity in the cross Sb X Sl and test

weight and fodder yield in both the crosses. Days to 50 per cent flowering

exhibited significant positive association with days to maturity in the cross

Sb X Sl and plant height in the cross Sb X Su. Days to maturity recorded

significant positive correlation with fodder yield in the cross Sb X Sl. Plant

height recorded significant positive correlation with panicle length and test

weight in the cross Sb X Sl. Whereas test weight showed positive significant

correlation with panicle length in Sb X Sl and fodder yield in Sb X Su.

Shinde et al. (2011) revealed that plant height, number of leaves per

plant, number of internodes per plant, panicle length, panicle breadth, number

of primaries per panicle, test weight, number of grains per panicle and fodder

yield per plant had positive association with grain yield per plant at both the

locations (Bijapur and Dharwad). Days to 50 per cent flowering had negative

association with grain yield per plant.

El-Din et al. (2012) reported that number of kernels/head had positive

and highly significant (p<0.01) correlation with grain yield (0.920), whereas,

the positive and significant (p<0.05) correlation was found between panicle

length and grain yield (0.233). On the other hand there are negative and non-

significant correlation (-0.034) between panicle width and grain yield/panicle.

Jain and Patel (2012) revealed that fodder yield was positively and

significantly correlated with number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width

and panicle length.

Mohammad Yazdani (2012) reported that biological yield, was

positively correlated with grain yield (P<0.01) and obtained high amount of

correlation coefficient. Lowest significant and positive correlation was

observed between plant height and grain yield. Among evaluated traits, the

25

values of the correlation coefficient with grain yield were ordered as

biological yield>grain number per panicle>harvest index>plant height with

0.760, 0.749, 0.623 and 0.333, respectively.

Prasuna et al. (2012) reported that grain yield per plant was found to

be significantly positive association with plant height, panicle length, panicle

weight, number of grains per primary branch, 100-seed weight and number of

grains per panicle at both phenotypic and genotypic levels.

Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012) reported that grain yield per plant was found

to be significant and positively correlated with panicle weight, harvest index,

100-seed weight and panicle length.

2.3 PATH ANALYSIS IN SORGHUM

Path analysis is done with the main purpose of understanding the

direct and indirect contributions of different characters towards the grain

yield. The direct contribution of each component to the yield and the indirect

effects and its association with other characters cannot be differentiated by

simple correlations. Path coefficient analysis fulfils this lacuna. It was first

developed and described by Wright (1921) as a tool in genetic analysis for

deriving the direct and indirect effects of any set of variables themselves

related to one another. Later Dewey and Lu (1959) used this technique in

crested wheat grass. Since then, its application has been extended to numerous

other crops.

Path analysis in sorghum is done with the main purpose of

understanding the direct and indirect contributions of grain yield components

like days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, panicle length, panicle weight,

number of primaries per panicle, 1000 seed weight, harvest index etc.

A review on path analysis briefed in Table 2.1.

26

Table 2.1. Literature showing direct and indirect effects of various characters on grain yield per plant in 81

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes

Cont……

SI.

No.

Character

Direct effect

Indirect effect

References

1

Days to 50 per cent

Flowering

Positive

Mahajan et al. (2011), Sameer Kumar et al. (2011),

Warkad et al. (2010), Alhassan et al. (2008),

Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Premalatha et al.(2006),

Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Iyanar et al. (2001),

Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Ashtana et al.

(1996) and Pokle et al. (1973)

Negative

Prasuna et al. (2012) and Deepalakshmi and

Ganesamurthy (2007)

Negative Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) and Pokriyal et al. (1976)

Positive

Mahajan et al. (2011), Warkad et al. (2010),

Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Potdukhe et al. (1992),

Kukadia et al. (1980) and Patel et al. (1980b)

2 Days to Maturity Negative

Sameer Kumar et al. (2011)

27

SI.

No. Character Direct effect Indirect effect References

3

Plant Height

Positive

Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011),

Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Bisen et al. (2010),

Prakash et al. (2010), Premalatha et al. (2006),

Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Asthana et al. (1996),

Potdukhe et al. (1994), Potdukhe et al. (1992), Kukadia

et al. (1980), Wanjari and Patil (1977) and Pokle et al.

(1973)

Negative Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007)

Positive

El-Din et al. (2012), Jeyaprakash et al. (1997),

Potdukhe et al. (1992), Berenji (1990) and Patel et al.

(1980b)

4

Panicle Weight (g)

Positive

Prasuna et al. (2012), Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012),

Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007), Khapre et

al.(2007), Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006), Iyanar et al.

(2001), Potdukhe et al. (1992), Raut et al. (1992),

Thombre and Patil (1985), Naphade and Ailwar (1976)

and Singh et al. (1976)

Positive Iyanar et al. (2001), Jeyaprakash et al. (1997) and

Asthana et al. (1996)

Cont…..

28

SI.

No. Character Direct effect Indirect effect References

5

Panicle Length (cm)

Positive

El-Din et al. (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011), Sameer

kumar et al. (2011), Bisen et al. (2010), Warkad et al.

(2010), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007),

Iyanar et al. (2001), Lata Chaudhary et al.(2001),

Kukadia et al. (1980), Wanjari and Patil (1977) and

Pokle et al. (1973)

Negative Prasuna et al. (2012)

Positive

El-Din et al. (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011),

Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006), Patel et al. (1983)

and Jeyaprakash et al. (1997)

6

No. of Primaries per

Panicle

Positive

Mahajan et al. (2011), Shinde et al. (2011),

Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007),

Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001) and

Thombre and Patil (1985)

Negative Prasuna et al. (2012), Mahajan et al.(2011)

Positive Kukadia et al.(1980) and Singh and Baghel (1977)

Cont…..

29

SI.No. Character Direct effect Indirect effect References

7

1000 Seed Weight (g)

Positive

Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012), Sameer Kumar et al.

(2011), Bisen et al. (2010), Warkad et al. (2010),

Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Premalatha et al.

(2006), Iyanar et al. (2001), Veerabadhiran and

Kennedy (2001), Potdukhe et al. (1994), Geremew

and Gebeychu (1993), Berenji (1990), Gomez et al.

(1986), Patel et al. (1980b) and Abu-El-Gasim and

Kambal (1975)

Negative

Mahajan et al. (2011), Deepalakshmi and

Ganesamurthy (2007) and El-Nagar (1997)

Negative El-Din et al. (2012)

Positive

Sameer Kumar et al. (2011),

Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006),

Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006),

Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001),

Geremew and Gebeyechu (1993),

Potdukhe et al. (1992) and Gomez et al. (1986)

Cont…….

30

SI.No. Character Direct effect Indirect effect References

8 Stover Yield per Plant

(g)

Positive Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012), Pokle et al. (1973)

Positive Jeyaprakash et al. (1997)

9 Harvest Index Positive Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012)

Negative Mahajan et al. (2011)

Negative Mahajan et al. (2011)

31

Chapter-III

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present investigation on “Genetic variability and character

association for yield and yield attributes in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.

Moench)” was carried out during early rabi season, 2012 at College Farm,

Agricultural college, Mahanandi. Popularly known as maghi season in

Kurnool district. It is situated at an altitude of 233.48 m above mean sea level,

15° 51| N latitude and 78° 61| E longitude. Which falls under scarce rainfall

Agro-climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh. The materials used and methods

followed pertaining to the present investigation are presented here under.

3.1 MATERIAL

The experimental material for the present study comprised of 81

diverse genotypes and their sources were furnished in Table 3.1.

3.2 METHODS

3.2.1 Field Layout

The experiment was laid in a Simple Lattice Design (SLD) with two

replications at College Farm, Agricultural College, Mahanandi. The crop was

sown/planted on 14th September, 2012. Each genotype was planted in single

row of 3m length with spacing of 45 cm between rows and 15 cm between

plants within row (Figure 3.1.).

3.2.2 Data Recording

Observations were recorded on randomly selected five plants in each

genotype in each replication for all the characters except for days to 50 per

cent flowering and days to maturity.

32

Table 3.1. List of 81 genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

S.No. Name of the genotypes Origin Source

1 IC 1004 India ICRISAT


3 IC 1219 China ICRISAT


5 IC 2379 South Africa ICRISAT






11 IC 7131 Uganda ICRISAT

12 IC 7305 Nigeria ICRISAT



15 IC 8777 Uganda ICRISAT

16 IC 10302 Thailand ICRISAT

17 IC 10969 USA ICRISAT

18 IC 12965 Cuba ICRISAT

19 IC 14779 Cameroon ICRISAT









Cont……..

33


28 IC 19153 Sudan ICRISAT

29 IC 19676 Zimbabwe ICRISAT


31 IC 20679 USA ICRISAT

32 IC 20956 Indonesia ICRISAT

33 IC 21512 Malawi ICRISAT

34 IC 21645 Malawi ICRISAT

35 IC 21863 Syrian Arab Public ICRISAT

36 IC 22239 Botswana ICRISAT

37 IC 23644 Gambia ICRISAT

38 IC 23684 Mozambique ICRISAT

39 IC 23891 Yemen ICRISAT

40 IC 24139 Tanzania ICRISAT

41 IC 25732 Mali ICRISAT

42 IC 27557 Burkina Faso ICRISAT

43 IC 27786 Morocco ICRISAT





48 IC 29358 Lesotho ICRISAT




52 IC 29627 South Africa ICRISAT




Cont…….

34




58 IC 305919 India DSR
























ICRISAT: International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Crops,

Patancheru, Hyderabad.

DSR : Directorate of Sorghum Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.

35

Figure 3.1. Experimental field layout

36

The mean of these five plants were used as the mean of the entry in

the statistical analysis. The procedure followed for recording observations is

described below.

3.2.2.1 Days to 50 per cent flowering

The number of days from the day of sowing to first flowering in 50

per cent of plants were counted and recorded as days to 50 per cent flowering.

3.2.2.2 Days to Maturity

The number of days from sowing to maturity of the grains at the

bottom of the panicle was recorded as days to maturity.

3.2.2.3 Plant Height (cm)

Plant height was recorded from ground level to the tip of panicle of

the matured panicle of the plant from randomly tagged five plants in each

genotype. Data on five random plants was recorded.

3.2.2.4 Panicle Weight (g)

The fully dried panicle before separation of seeds was weighed and

mean weight of five plants was recorded and expressed in grams.

3.2.2.5 Panicle length (cm)

Panicle length was recorded from the base of the panicle to the tip of

the panicle and expressed in centimetres.

3.2.2.6 Number of Primaries per Panicle

The total number of primary branches on the main rachis of the

panicle was counted and average of five ear heads in each entry was recorded.

3.2.2.7 Grain Yield per Plant (g)

Grains harvested from the five selected plants of each treatment were

dried and weighed. The average grain weight of five plants was expressed as

grain yield per plant in grams.

37

3.2.2.8 1000-Seed Weight (g)

The weight of 1000-seeds drawn randomly from each of the five

randomly selected plants was recorded and expressed in grams.

3.2.2.9 Stover Yield per Plant (g)

Stem harvested after panicle cutting from the five selected plants of

each treatment were dried and weighed. The average fodder weight of five

plants was expressed as fodder yield per plant in grams.

3.2.2.10 Harvest Index (%)

It was computed by dividing the grain yield with biological yield per

plant and expressed in per centage.

Harvest Index (HI) = 100 x (g) yield Biological

(g) YieldGrain

3.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA

The treatment means obtained for each character over two replications

were subjected to the following statistical analysis.

1. Analysis of variance

2. Estimation of genetic parameters viz., genotypic and phenotypic

coefficient of variation, broad sense heritability, genetic advance

and genetic advance as per cent of mean.

3. Estimation of phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients.

4. Path-coefficient analysis.

38

3.3.1 Analysis of Variance

Differences between 81 sorghum genotypes for different characters

were tested for significance by using analysis of variance technique on the

basis of model given by Panse and Sukhatme (1967).

Yij = μ + rj + gi + eij

where,

Yij = phenotypic observation in ith genotype in jth replication

μ = General mean

rj = True effect of jth replication

gi = True effect of ith genotype

eij = Random error associated with ith genotype and jth replication.

The analysis of variance for each character was carried out as indicated

below.

Source of

variation

Degree of

freedom

Sum of

squares

Mean sum of

squares F Cal. Values

Replications (r) r-1 RSS RMSS /

EMSS

Treatments (t)

Unadjusted p2-1 TSS TMSS

TMSS /

EMSS

Blocks (b) with

in replication r (p-1) BSS BMSS

BMSS/

EMSS

Intra block

error (E) (p-1) (rp-p-1) ESS EMSS

Total rp2-1 TSS

39

Where,

r = Number of replications

p = Square root of total treatments

RSS = Replication Sum of squares

TSS = Treatment Sum of squares

ESS = Error Sum of squares

RMSS = Mean sum of squares due to replications

TMSS = Mean sum of squares due to treatments (genotypes)

EMSS = Mean sum of squares due to error

The significance test was carried out by referring to ‘F’ table values

given by Fisher and Yates (1967).

3.3.2 Genetic Parameters

3.3.2.1 Variances

The genotypic and phenotypic variances were calculated as per the

formulae (Burton and Devane, 1953)

Genotypic variance (σ2g) = nsreplicaito ofNumber

error todue MSS- genotypes todue MSS

Phenotypic variance (σ2p) = σ2g + σ2e

Error variance = σ2e

3.3.2.2 Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation

The genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic (PCV) coefficients of variation

were calculated by the formulae given by Burton (1952).

40

GCV (%) = X

σ gx 100

PCV (%) = X

σ px 100

Where,

g, p and X are genotypic standard deviation and phenotypic standard

deviation and general mean of the character, respectively.

Categorization of the range of variation was effected as proposed by

Sivasubramanian and Menon (1973).

Less than 10% : Low

10-20% : Moderate

More than 20% : High

3.3.2.3 Heritability (Broad Sense)

Heritability in broad sense refers to the proportion of genotypic

variance to the total variance. Heritability in broad sense (H) was calculated

according to the formula given by Burton (1952).

H = 100x p2σ

g2σ

Where,

σ2g = Genotypic variance

σ2p = phenotypic variance

41

As suggested by Johnson et al. (1955), heritability estimates were categorized as

Low : 0-30 %

Medium : 30-60 %

High : 61 % and above

3.3.2.4 Genetic Advance (GA)

Genetic advance refers to the expected gain (or) improvement in the

next generation by selecting the superior individuals under certain amount of

selection pressure. From the heritability estimates, the genetic advance was

estimated by the following formula given by Burton (1952).

G A = (K) (σp) (H)

where,

G A = Genetic Advance

σp = Phenotypic standard deviation

H = Heritability (broad sense)

K = Selection differential at 5% selection intensity (2.06)

3.3.2.5 Genetic Advance as per cent of mean (GA as per cent of mean)

Genetic Advance as per cent of mean was calculated as per the formula:

GA as per cent of mean=X

GAx100

where,

GA = Genetic Advance

X = Grand mean of the character

42

The range of genetic advance as per cent of mean was classified as

suggested by Johnson et al. (1955).

Low : Less than 10%

Medium : 10-20 %

High : More than 20%

3.3.3 Character Associations

The correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the

association of characters with yield and also among the yield components.

Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were calculated using the

method given by Johnson et al. (1955).

3.3.3.1 Phenotypic correlation coefficient (rp)

rp (xixj) = )()(

)(

jpip

jip

xVxV

xxCov

where,

Vp(Xi) = Phenotypic variance of ‘ith’ character

Vp(Xj) = Phenotypic variance of ‘jth’ character

Cov (XiXj) = Phenotypic covariance between ‘ith’ and ‘jth’ characters.

3.3.3.2 Genotypic correlation coefficient (rg)

rg (xi xj) = )()(

)(

jgig

jig

xVxV

xxCov

where,

rg (Xi Xj) = Genotypic correlation between ‘ith’ and ‘jth’ characters

Vg (Xi) = Genotypic variance of ‘ith’ character

43

Vg (Xj) = Genotypic variance of ‘jth’ character

Cov(g) (Xi Xj ) = Genotypic covariance between ‘ith’ and ‘jth’ characters.

Significance of correlation coefficients was tested by comparing the

genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients with table value [Fisher and

Yates (1967)] at (n-2) degree of freedom at 5% and 1% level where, ‘n’

denotes the number of treatments used in the calculations.

3.3.4 Path Coefficient Analysis

To know the direct and indirect effects of the individual characters on

yield, path coefficient analysis was carried out by the procedure originally

proposed by Wright (1921) which was subsequently elaborated by Dewey and

Lu (1959).

The following set of simultaneous equations were formulated and

solved for estimating various direct and indirect effects.

r1y = P1y + r12 P2y + r13 P3y +………. + r1i Piy

r2y = r21 P1y + P2y + r23 P3y +………. + r2 i Pi y

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

riy = ri1 P1y + ri2 P2y + ri3 P3y +…….. + Pi y

Where,

r1y to riy = Coefficient of correlation between causal factors 1 to i and

dependent character ‘y’

P1y to Piy = Direct effects of characters 1 to ‘I’ on character ‘y’.

The above equations were written in the matrix form as under.

44

A C B

r1y 1 r12 r13 . . r1i P1y

r2y r21 1 r23 . . r2i P2y

r3y r31 r32 1 . . r3i P3y

. . . . .

. . . . .

riy ri1 ri2 ri3 . . 1 Piy

Then B = [C]-1 A

Where,

C11 C12 C13 . . ……… C1i

C21 C22 C23. . ……… C2i

. . . .

[C] = . . . .

. . . .

Ci1 Ci2 Ci3 . . ……… C ii

Then, direct effects were calculated as follows:

P1y =

I

i 1

C1i r1y

P2y =

I

i 2

C2i r2y

Piy =

I

i 1

Cii riy

45

Besides the direct and indirect effects, the residual effect, which

measures the contribution of the characters not considered in the causal

scheme was obtained as Residual effect.

Residual effect (PRy) = 2

iyiy2y2y1y1y ]rp rp r[P-1

Where,

PRy = Residual effect

Piy = Direct effect of ‘Xi’ on ‘y’

riy = Correlation coefficient of ‘xi’ on ‘y’

The direct and indirect effects were classified based on the scale given

by Lenka and Mishra (1973)

More than 1.0 - Very high

0.3 to 0.99 - High

0.2 to 0.29 - Moderate

0.1 to 0.19 - Low

0.00 to 0.09 - Negligible

46

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Eighty one genotypes of sorghum were evaluated for variability,

genetic parameters, character association analysis and path coefficient

analysis for ten yield and its component characters, viz., days to 50 per cent

flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), panicle weight (g), panicle

length (cm), number of primaries per panicle, 1000-seed weight (g), stover

yield per plant (g), harvest index and grain yield per plant (g). The data

collected on these characters were utilized for biometrical studies.

The results obtained from these investigations are furnished in this

chapter under the following sub-heads:

4.1 Analysis of Variance

4.2 Mean Performance

4.3 Genetic Parameters

4.4 Character Association Analysis

4.5 Path Coefficient Analysis

4.1 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

The analysis of variance for ten characters recorded highly significant

differences among the entries. The results of ANOVA are presented in Table

4.1

4.2 MEAN PERFORMANCE

Mean performance of 81 genotypes for ten characters are presented in

Table 4.2

4.2.1 Days to 50 per cent Flowering

Days to 50 per cent flowering ranged from 47 to 80.5 days with a

mean flowering of 60.98 days. Among all the genotypes IC 12965 flowered

early whereas IC 15466 flowered very lately. Forty five genotypes were

earlier in flowering when compared to the mean flowering of the genotypes.

47

Table 4.1. Analysis of variance for ten yield components in 81 Sorghum genotypes (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

S.

No.

Character

Mean sum of squares

Replications Treatments

(unadjusted)

Blocks within

replication Intra block error

Degrees of freedom (d f) 1 80 16 64

1 Days to 50 % Flowering 11.95 150.60** 3.37 1.94

2 Days to Maturity 51.11 257.36** 14.96 9.67

3 Plant Height (cm) 9879.44 3822.98** 446.940 174.96

4 Panicle Weight (g) 2.17 2636.64** 36.30 60.85

5 Panicle Length (cm) 57.37 60.97** 24.23 8.41

6 Number of Primaries per

Panicle 137.95 396.83** 109.51 185.21

7 1000 Seed Weight (g) 10.32 202.80** 34.78 29.34

8 Stover Yield per Plant (g) 4728.60 33543.83** 7573.12 2870.35

9 Harvest Index 0.01 124.52** 24.60 10.14

10 Grain Yield per Plant (g) 146.06 1945.55** 35.50 29.11

** Significant at 1% level of significance

F table value for F 80, 64 = 1.75 (1% level of significance )

48

Table: 4.2. Mean performance of 81 genotypes of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) for ten quantitative

characters

S.N

O Genotypes

Days to

50%

Flowering

Days to

Maturity

Plant

Height

(cm)

Panicle

Weight

(g)

Panicle

Length

(cm)

Number

of

Primaries

per

panicle

1000

Seed

weight

(g)

Stover

Yield

per

Plant

(g)

Harvest

Index

(%)

Grain

Yield

per

Plant

(g)

1 IC 1004 75.00 117.00 291.60 92.62 11.40 56.50 29.13 437.60 14.04 71.41

2 IC 1041 53.00 97.50 228.50 69.19 21.30 41.30 28.74 155.10 24.83 50.78

3 IC 1219 47.50 86.00 224.40 48.39 18.40 36.40 23.14 79.45 31.26 36.00

4 IC 2205 64.00 90.50 259.50 53.24 16.80 56.90 20.62 284.70 12.53 36.20

5 IC 2379 47.50 87.00 184.90 63.61 18.80 25.40 24.27 91.90 33.52 46.34

6 IC 4360 52.50 92.50 252.30 76.29 16.70 36.60 29.96 254.90 18.70 58.10

7 IC 4951 67.00 111.50 233.10 36.63 25.00 25.30 14.07 228.60 11.15 18.79

8 IC 5295 58.50 99.50 248.90 33.99 25.40 29.40 13.11 173.00 11.41 19.10

9 IC 5301 59.00 96.50 213.70 37.36 19.40 18.70 16.88 213.00 12.32 23.37

10 IC 5919 59.50 99.00 248.10 56.01 25.80 44.20 60.89 254.40 13.66 40.26

11 IC 7131 60.00 106.50 217.60 80.28 28.80 44.20 31.91 406.80 13.40 62.71

12 IC 7305 54.00 89.50 251.20 71.95 22.40 40.60 28.62 208.70 21.56 51.77

13 IC 7679 73.00 117.00 363.60 41.53 34.90 37.10 29.43 439.70 11.49 37.92

14 IC 7987 59.00 98.50 278.10 78.77 34.10 49.80 34.98 274.20 17.87 57.50

15 IC 8777 53.00 91.50 196.30 44.06 23.10 45.30 16.05 170.90 14.82 29.77

16 IC 10302 58.00 95.00 243.00 55.71 22.00 61.90 29.47 329.20 10.67 39.13

Cont……

49

S.NO Genotypes

Days to

50%

Flowering

Days to

Maturity

Plant

height

(cm)

Panicle

weight

(g)

Panicle

length

(cm)

Number

of

Primaries

per

panicle

1000

Seed

weight

(g)

Stover

Yield

per

Plant

(g)

Harvest

Index

(%)

Grain

Yield

per

Plant

(g)

17 IC 10969 47.50 87.00 221.90 60.17 22.40 30.00 27.63 140.50 23.35 42.18

18 IC 12965 47.00 86.00 119.80 46.97 25.20 31.80 22.70 116.70 20.16 28.84

19 IC 14779 55.50 95.50 233.70 145.12 18.40 29.80 36.53 214.70 34.18 108.98

20 IC 15170 51.00 96.50 218.40 100.49 19.90 37.10 33.34 197.40 26.86 71.82

21 IC 15466 80.50 116.50 257.20 64.44 13.70 44.70 27.84 338.20 12.16 46.68

22 IC 15478 55.00 111.50 299.30 134.53 26.35 36.30 36.09 332.80 24.22 105.15

23 IC 15744 70.50 113.00 260.10 179.56 16.00 60.20 49.82 456.20 24.79 146.56

24 IC 15931 64.50 107.50 340.40 84.96 26.70 32.80 36.06 331.80 16.05 63.42

25 IC 15945 65.00 109.00 304.60 91.39 23.50 37.60 37.36 343.80 16.75 68.91

26 IC 17941 77.00 118.00 222.80 149.02 10.80 60.60 44.40 381.60 23.65 118.41

27 IC 18039 78.50 122.50 277.30 59.89 15.40 71.35 28.09 351.20 11.83 42.36

28 IC 19153 58.00 97.00 180.50 71.01 21.20 45.80 30.32 286.80 15.33 51.83

29 IC 19676 64.00 106.00 176.40 56.81 28.74 56.60 22.49 161.60 21.65 42.58

30 IC 19859 49.50 88.50 212.50 111.59 16.50 42.40 29.62 140.50 37.33 83.67

31 IC 20679 47.50 87.00 204.20 89.87 21.20 23.70 31.52 154.40 30.56 67.42

32 IC 20956 56.00 95.00 245.70 78.70 26.60 33.70 32.05 273.60 18.03 57.48

33 IC 21512 51.50 90.50 203.40 44.13 20.90 35.00 17.46 110.00 21.36 29.61

34 IC 21645 53.50 92.50 219.00 47.38 20.40 44.80 18.31 261.30 16.61 34.97

35 IC 21863 47.00 82.50 191.80 75.33 25.60 39.50 31.69 226.60 22.72 56.78

36 IC 22239 57.50 92.50 188.10 67.82 25.70 33.80 23.30 117.30 29.90 49.11

Cont….

50

S.NO Genotypes

Days to

50%

Flowering

Days to

Maturity

Plant

height

(cm)

Panicle

weight

(g)

Panicle

length

(cm)

Number

of

Primaries

per

panicle

1000

Seed

weight

(g)

Stover

Yield

per

Plant

(g)

Harvest

Index

(%)

Grain

Yield

per

Plant

(g)

37 IC 23644 56.00 94.50 269.50 57.90 20.17 29.20 19.06 152.40 20.75 39.60

38 IC 23684 59.50 97.00 283.80 40.23 22.30 35.30 19.64 163.30 11.69 21.60

39 IC 23891 60.00 99.00 273.80 174.58 16.80 59.80 65.03 410.40 26.33 142.69

40 IC 24139 68.00 110.00 338.60 56.84 19.50 36.40 18.00 225.40 14.72 38.72

41 IC 25732 57.00 95.50 233.40 111.14 14.60 35.50 34.11 269.80 24.23 85.62

42 IC 27557 53.50 86.00 242.10 77.24 14.00 34.20 25.90 145.00 25.37 49.35

43 IC 27786 47.50 80.50 150.30 73.02 21.10 27.00 26.20 108.60 31.17 48.39

44 IC 28449 55.00 91.00 278.10 85.42 19.50 39.80 29.79 215.60 26.40 59.68

45 IC 28747 55.00 94.00 322.20 62.48 13.10 56.20 24.46 348.65 10.68 41.69

46 IC 29091 65.50 108.50 232.05 160.32 10.58 51.30 50.38 310.30 30.61 136.69

47 IC 29100 59.50 104.00 295.40 176.87 12.90 99.00 50.56 241.40 36.70 139.39

48 IC 29358 54.50 91.00 184.10 76.40 17.50 33.10 26.59 145.20 28.45 57.60

49 IC 29441 53.00 89.50 166.60 74.03 19.40 44.00 28.49 136.50 27.53 52.14

50 IC 29519 55.50 91.00 242.00 81.72 22.40 41.40 24.74 116.70 34.96 61.41

51 IC 29565 54.00 92.50 192.00 125.89 16.10 37.20 42.19 140.40 40.02 94.05

52 IC 29627 52.50 92.00 218.10 81.66 27.30 47.60 25.30 142.50 30.72 62.94

53 IC 29654 55.50 94.50 245.70 58.30 24.20 54.30 20.45 192.40 18.36 41.86

54 IC 30400 48.50 84.50 243.10 72.94 21.40 40.70 23.77 182.30 24.52 58.25

55 IC 30838 63.50 108.50 355.10 161.19 33.50 50.40 43.46 335.40 26.59 121.56

56 IC 32349 56.00 93.50 282.40 45.47 30.30 34.50 18.18 246.60 10.93 30.27

Cont…..

51

S.NO Genotypes

Days to

50%

Flowering

Days to

Maturity

Plant

height

(cm)

Panicle

weight

(g)

Panicle

length

(cm)

Number

of

Primaries

per

panicle

1000

Seed

weight

(g)

Stover

Yield

per

Plant

(g)

Harvest

Index

(%)

Grain

Yield

per

Plant

(g)

57 IC 32439 56.00 93.50 255.68 67.09 22.93 32.70 28.54 271.20 14.84 47.12

58 IC 305919 71.00 117.50 261.15 100.92 15.94 48.40 32.85 491.20 14.12 80.54

59 IC 305920 78.50 125.50 254.95 92.76 14.34 54.88 26.56 364.00 16.97 72.71

60 IC 305921 67.50 110.00 278.60 133.13 17.10 58.20 36.69 332.90 24.39 106.69

61 IC 305931 65.50 107.00 284.90 130.69 18.20 63.40 45.54 446.00 16.75 89.71

62 IC 305932 69.00 120.50 274.05 108.23 15.03 44.70 33.00 430.00 18.21 90.32

63 IC 343554 70.50 122.50 258.70 82.66 15.20 74.00 27.36 464.20 12.12 63.63

64 IC 343565 70.00 113.00 272.90 85.27 18.90 52.50 31.95 569.00 10.93 66.29

65 IC 343567 69.50 109.50 244.40 90.55 17.20 68.90 34.19 439.70 15.52 80.04

66 IC 343568 65.00 107.50 284.90 66.40 20.60 63.20 28.53 358.40 11.68 47.44

67 IC 343571 64.00 107.50 273.20 90.27 16.20 43.00 29.50 426.80 14.05 69.47

68 IC 343573 59.50 96.50 241.50 63.29 14.30 73.50 23.79 227.50 16.53 45.04

69 IC 343582 68.00 109.50 265.80 192.69 13.80 56.20 61.09 344.50 32.46 165.53

70 IC 343584 64.50 105.00 262.70 67.69 19.40 57.30 28.82 355.20 12.51 50.56

71 IC 343587 70.50 114.50 276.60 151.82 11.20 60.80 42.48 536.90 18.18 119.32

72 IC 343588 72.50 117.50 258.20 81.78 11.50 64.30 27.15 552.60 10.64 62.00

73 IC 343589 76.50 122.00 252.60 88.69 10.20 55.40 33.65 574.60 10.92 69.87

74 IC 343590 75.00 121.00 282.90 93.08 11.20 68.40 32.47 511.40 12.18 70.78

75 IC 343591 68.50 112.00 260.00 68.79 15.90 64.80 28.31 500.00 10.75 50.47

76 IC 343594 68.00 108.50 264.80 90.27 17.10 53.70 30.64 406.40 14.28 65.64

77 IC 343595 67.00 107.50 251.00 98.11 17.40 51.20 33.56 266.60 23.58 79.38

Cont…..

52

S.NO. Genotypes

Days to

50%

Flowering

Days to

Maturity

Plant

height

(cm)

Panicle

weight

(g)

Panicle

length

(cm)

Number

of

Primaries

per

panicle

1000

Seed

weight

(g)

Stover

Yield

per

Plant

(g)

Harvest

Index

(%)

Grain

Yield

per

Plant

(g)

78 IC 345198 69.50 111.00 303.00 71.54 20.50 59.20 26.42 466.80 11.16 55.39

79 IC 345205 65.00 104.50 267.80 60.20 22.10 49.80 24.13 414.60 12.01 42.41

80 IC 345718 60.00 99.50 272.60 72.47 18.40 45.10 27.71 381.10 11.98 51.64

81 IC 345726 61.50 95.00 238.40 66.94 16.50 49.40 24.81 300.60 14.46 51.47

Mean 60.98 101.54 249.40 84.78 19.72 46.62 30.42 291.36 19.78 63.86

CV % 2.38 3.17 5.62 8.56 15.64 27.10 18.08 19.50 17.02 8.60

SE m ± 1.45 3.22 14.00 7.34 3.08 12.63 5.50 56.80 3.37 5.49

C D 5% (in same

block) 2.85 6.33 27.30 14.99 6.00 26.12 10.91 110.66 6.57 10.89

C D 5% (in

different block) 2.91 6.45 28.15 14.37 6.20 25.01 11.00 114.18 6.77 10.99

53

4.2.2 Days to Maturity

Days to maturity was ranged from 80.5 to 125.5 days with a mean of

101.54 days. Among all genotypes IC 27786 matured early when compared to

IC 305920, matured lately. Forty Four genotypes were found to mature earlier

when compared to grand mean.

4.2.3 Plant Height (cm)

The mean values of genotypes for plant height ranged from 119.80 cm

to 363.60 cm with a general mean height of 249.40 cm. Among all the

genotypes IC 12965 was the shortest, whereas IC 7679 was the tallest. Forty

three genotypes were found taller in height compared to their grand mean

height.

4.2.4 Panicle Weight (g)

The mean values of genotypes for panicle weight ranged from 33.99 g

to 192.69 g with a general mean weight of 84.78 g. Among all the genotypes

IC 5295 had low panicle weight, whereas IC 343582 with the high panicle

weight. Thirty one genotypes were found high panicle weight than their

general mean weight.

4.2.5 Panicle Length (cm)

The trait panicle length ranged from 10.2 cm to 34.99 cm with a mean

panicle length of 19.72 cm. The longest panicle was produced by the genotype

IC 7679 whereas the shortest panicle was recorded by the genotype IC

343589. Among all genotypes, 37 genotypes had greater panicle length when

compared to mean panicle length of the genotypes.

4.2.6 Number of Primaries per Panicle

Number of primaries per panicle ranged from 18.7 to 99.00 with a

mean Number of primaries per panicle of 46.63. The maximum number of

54

primaries per panicle was recorded in the genotype IC 29100 whereas

minimum in the genotypes IC 5301. Thirty seven genotypes have recorded

more number of primaries per panicle when compared to general mean of this

character.

4.2.7 1000-Seed Weight (g)

This character mean ranged from 13.11 g to 65.03 g. The genotype IC

23891 recorded the highest 1000-seed weight whereas IC 5295 registered the

lowest 1000-seed weight. Thirteen genotypes displayed high 1000-seed

weight than the general mean 30.42 g.

4.2.8 Stover Yield per Plant (g)

This character mean ranged from 79.45g to 574.6g. The genotype IC

343589 recorded the highest stover yield per plant whereas IC 1219 registered

the lowest stover yield per plant. Thirty seven genotypes displayed more

stover yield per plant than the general mean 291.360 g.

4.2.9 Harvest Index

The highest harvest index was observed in IC 29565 (40.02 %) while

IC 343588 had the lowest harvest index (10.64 %) with a mean harvest index

of 19.78 per cent. Thirty five genotypes surpassed their mean value for harvest

index.

4.2.10 Grain Yield per Plant (g)

This character mean in the genotypes ranged from 18.79 g to 165.53 g.

The genotype IC 343582 recorded the highest grain yield whereas IC 4951

registered the lowest grain yield per plant. Twelve genotypes recorded higher

grain yield than the general mean 63.86 g.

55

In the present study the genotype IC 343582 recorded the highest per

se performance for grain yield per plant followed by IC 15744. The increased

grain yield in genotype IC 343582 was due to high panicle weight, high 1000-

seed weight, more number of primaries per panicle and high harvest index.

The genotype IC 15744 also recorded promising yield potential as it had high

panicle weight, more number of primaries per panicle, high 1000-seed weight

and high harvest index. Similarly, the genotype IC 23891 showed fairly high

grain yield due to relatively high panicle weight and high 1000-seed weight.

Thus the genotypes IC 343582, IC 15744 and IC 23891 appeared to be

promising donors for grain yield and other economic traits. The genotype IC

343589 had high stover yield per plant. Similarly IC 29100 recorded high for

1000-seed weight (50.55g) and number of primaries per panicle (99) and IC

7679 for plant height (363.6 cm). The above genotypes are worthy of

utilization in improvement of above respective characters. These can be

utilized as donors in the hybridization programme.

4.3 GENETIC PARAMETERS

The estimates of variability as phenotypic and genotypic coefficients

of variation, heritability in broad sense, genetic advance and genetic advance

as per cent of mean of 10 quantitative characters in 81 genotypes of sorghum

were furnished in Table 4.3 and Figure 4.1

4.3.1 Variability

The highest estimates of coefficients of variation were registered for

grain yield per plant (GCV = 48.46; PCV = 48.84 ) followed by panicle

weight (GCV = 42.37; PCV = 42.82), stover yield per plant (GCV = 41.85;

PCV = 44.45), harvest index (GCV = 37.74; PCV = 39.88), 1000-seed weight

(GCV = 30.52; PCV = 33.11), panicle length (GCV = 25.2; PCV = 28) and

number of primaries per panicle (GCV = 22.84; PCV = 30.21) in the

decreasing order of their magnitude. Similar kind of high estimates of

variability were reported by Mahajan et al. (2011), Shinde et al. (2010),

56

Table 4.3: Estimation of GCV, PCV, h2b, GA and expected genetic gain as per cent of mean in 81 sorghum genotypes

GCV : Genotypic Coefficient of Variation h2

b : Heritability in broad sense

PCV : Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation GA : Genetic Advance

S.NO. Character Mean Range GCV

(%)

PCV

(%)

h2b

(%) G A

GA as % of

mean Min Max

1 Days to 50 % Flowering 60.98 47.00 80.50 14.13 14.23 98.52 17.61 28.88

2 Days to Maturity 101.54 80.50 125.50 10.94 11.17 95.83 22.40 22.05

3 Plant Height (cm) 249.40 119.80 363.60 16.70 17.53 94.00 84.66 33.95

4 Panicle Weight (g) 84.78 33.99 192.69 42.37 42.82 97.88 73.21 86.35

5 Panicle Length (cm) 19.71 10.20 34.90 25.20 28.00 81.01 9.21 46.72

6 Number of Primaries per

Panicle 46.63 18.70 99.00 22.84 30.21 57.14 16.58 35.56

7 1000 Seed Weight (g) 30.42 13.11 65.03 30.52 33.11 85.00 17.63 57.97

8 Stover Yield per Plant (g) 291.36 79.45 574.60 41.85 44.45 88.64 236.47 81.16

9 Harvest Index 19.78 10.64 40.02 37.74 39.88 89.53 14.55 73.56

10 Grain Yield per Plant (g) 63.86 18.79 165.53 48.46 48.84 98.44 63.25 99.04

57

Figure 4.1. Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) and Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) for ten characters in 81

sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotype

58

Warkad et al. (2008), Bheemashankar (2007), Khapre et al. (2007), Rajkumar

and Kuruvinashetti (2007), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Arunkumar et al.

(2004) , Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Prabhakar (2001), Veerabadhiran and

Kennedy (2001), Biradar et al. (1996), Chaudhary and Balai (1996),

Nimbalkar et al. (1988), Kumar and Singh (1986), Patel et al. (1980b) and

Swarup and Chaugale (1962a) for grain yield per plant; Lata Chaudhary and

Shailesh Arora (2001), Amit et al. (1999), Goud et al. (1980) and Swarup and

Chaugale (1962a) for panicle weight; Warkad et al. (2008), Lata Chaudhary

and Shailesh Arora (2001) and Swarup and Chaugale (1962a) for stover yield

per plant; Mahajan et al. (2011) and Amit et al. (1999) for harvest index;

Warkad et al. (2008), Bheemashankar (2007), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006),

Prabhakar (2001), Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Singh and Makne

(1980b) and Swarup and Chaugale (1962a) for 1000-seed weight; Warkad et

al. (2008), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Arunkumar et al. (2004), Biradar et

al. (1996), Chaudhary and Balai (1996) and Goud et al. (1980) and Swarup

and Chaugale (1962a) for panicle length; Shinde et al. (2010), Khapre et al.

(2007), Arunkumar et al. (2004) and Chaudhary and Balai (1996) for number

of primaries per panicle. Comparatively high estimates of variability observed

in the above characters especially grain yield per plant, panicle weight, stover

yield per plant, harvest index, 1000-seed weight and panicle length shows that

there is ample scope for selection.

The moderate estimates of coefficients of variation were observed for

plant height (GCV = 16.7, PCV =17.53), days to 50 per cent flowering (GCV

= 14.13, PCV =14.23), days to maturity (GCV = 10.94, PCV =11.17). Similar

kind of moderate estimates of variability were reported by Negash et al.

(2005) for plant height. The difference between PCV and GCV values for

number of primaries per panicle was high indicating the effect of

environment. However, the difference between the PCV and GCV values for

other characters was low indicating minimum effect of environment.

59

4.3.2 Heritability

High heritability in broad sense was registered for all the characters

under study. The highest heritability was recorded for days to 50 per cent

flowering (98.52%) followed by grain yield per plant (98.44%), panicle

weight (97.88%), days to maturity (95.83%), plant height (94.00%), harvest

index (89.53%), stover yield per plant (88.64%), 1000-seed weight (85.00%)

and panicle length (81.01%) in the decreasing order of their magnitude

(Figure 4.2). Similar kind of high estimates of high heritability were reported

by Bello et al. (2007), Kishore and Singh (2005), Prabhakar (2001),

Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Nimbalkar et al. (1988) and Singh and

Makne (1980b) for days to 50 per cent flowering; Sameer Kumar et al.

(2011), Chavan et al. (2010), Kusalkar et al. (2009), Tiwari et al. (2003), Lata

Chaudhary et al. (2001), Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Chaudhary and

Balai (1996) , Eckebil et al. (1997), Cheralu and Rao (1989), Goud et al.

(1980), Wanjari and Patil (1977) and Sindagi et al. (1970) for grain yield per

plant; Amit et al. (1999), Eckebil et al. (1997), Cheralu and Rao (1989),

Kumar and Singh (1986), Goud et al. (1980) and Liang et al. (1972) for

panicle weight; Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Tiwari et al. (2003), Lata

Chaudhary et al. (2001) , Chaudhary and Balai (1996) and Singh and Makne

(1980b) for days to maturity; Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Chavan et al.

(2010), Umadevi and Kumaravadivel (2009), Bello et al. (2007), Tiwari et al.

(2003), Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Eckebil et al. (1997), Chaudhary and

Balai (1996), Amrithadevarathinam and Sankarapandian (1994), Kumar and

Singh (1986), Patel et al. (1980a), Singh and Makne (1980b), Wanjari and

Patil (1977), Liang et al. (1972) , Basu (1971) and Swarup and Chaugale

(1962a) for plant height; Chavan et al. (2010), Amit et al. (1999) and

Chaudhary and Balai (1996) for harvest index; Chaudhary and Balai (1996)

and Sindagi et al. (1970) for stover yield per plant; Sameer Kumar et al.

(2011), Kusalkar et al. (2009), Umadevi and Kumaravadivel (2009), Tiwari et

al. (2003), Kumar and Singh (1986), Patel et al. (1980a), Naphade and

Ailwar (1976) and Singh and Singh (1973) for 1000 seed weight; Kusalkar et

60

al. (2009), Umadevi and Kumaravadivel (2009), Warkad et al. (2008), Bello

et al. (2007), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Chaudhary and Balai (1996),

Cheralu and Rao (1989), Patel et al. (1980b), Goud et al. (1980), Wanjari and

Patil (1977) and Singh and Singh (1973) for panicle length.

Moderate heritability was exhibited by number of primaries per

panicle (57.14). Similar results are not available for this character.

In the present study, the estimates of heritability in broad sense were

computed, which includes both additive and non additive gene effects. High

value of heritability in broad sense indicates that the character is least

influenced by environmental effects.

4.3.3 Genetic Advance

The highest genetic advance was recorded for stover yield per plant

(236.47%) followed by plant height (84.66%), panicle weight (73.21 %), grain

yield per plant (63.25%), days to maturity (22.4%) in the decreasing order of

their magnitude (Figure 4.2).

Moderate value of genetic advance was observed for 1000-seed weight

(17.63%) followed by days to 50 per cent flowering (17.61%), number of

primary branches (16.58%), harvest index (14.55%) where as panicle length

(9.21%) was registered low estimates of genetic advance in decreasing order

of their magnitude.

4.3.4 Genetic Advance as per cent of Mean

The maximum genetic advance as per cent of mean was registered for

grain yield per plant (99.04%) followed by panicle weight (86.35%), stover

yield per plant (81.16%), harvest index (73.56%), 1000-seed weight (57.97%),

panicle length (46.72.%), number of primaries per panicle (35.56%), plant

height (33.95%), days to 50 per cent flowering (28.88%), days to maturity

(22.05%) and in decreasing order of their magnitude.

The high heritability value alone provides no indication of the amount

of genetic progress that would result from the selection of the best individuals.

61

The heritability and genetic advance when calculated together are most useful

for predicting the resultant effect, thus, selecting the best individuals than

considering heritability or genetic advance alone. Since, magnitude of genetic

advance is influenced by units of measurement, genetic advance as percentage

of mean was computed.

In the present investigation high heritability coupled with high genetic

advance as percentage of mean was recorded for majority of characters viz.,


1000-seed weight, panicle length, plant height, days to 50 per cent flowering

and days to maturity. Similar kind of high estimates of high heritability

coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were reported by

Mahajan et al. (2011), Chavan et al. (2010), Kusalkar et al. (2009) , Warkad

et al. (2008), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007), Tiwari et al. (2003),

Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Chaudhary and Balai (1996) , Patel et al.

(1980b), Singh and Makne (1980b), Wanjari and Patil (1977), Basu (1971)

and Sindagi et al. (1970) for grain yield per plant; Deepalakshmi and

Ganesamurthy (2007), Amit et al. (1999), Biradar et al. (1996), Kumar and

Singh (1986) and Goud et al. (1980) for panicle weight; Jain and Patel (2012),

Shinde et al. (2010), Warkad et al. (2008), Lata Chaudhary and Shailesh

Arora (2001), Chaudhary and Balai (1996) and Sindagi et al. (1970) for stover

yield per plant; Amit et al. (1999), Chaudhary and Balai (1996) for harvest

index; Kusalkar et al. (2009), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007),

Negash et al. (2005), Umakanth et al. (2004), Tiwari et al. (2003),

Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Nguyen et al. (1998), Kumar and Singh

(1986), Singh and Makne (1980b) and Singh and Singh (1973) for 1000-seed

weight; Kusalkar et al. (2009), Warkad et al. (2008), Bello et al. (2007),

Negash et al. (2005), Umakanth et al. (2004), Arunkumar et al. (2004), Amit

et al. (1999), Biradar et al. (1996), Chaudhary and Balai (1996), Patel et al.

(1980b), Goud et al. (1980) and Wanjari and Patel (1977) for panicle length;

Jain and Patel (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011), Chavan et al. (2010), Shinde et

al. (2010), Kusalkar et al. (2009), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007),

62

Figure 4.2. Heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance (GA) as per cent of mean for ten characters in 81

sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotype

63

Negash el al. (2005), Tiwari et al. (2003), Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001),

Nguyen et al. (1998), Biradar et al. (1996), Chaudhary and Balai (1996) ,

Sankarapandian et al. (1996), Kumar and Singh (1986), Patel et al. (1980b),

Singh and Makne (1980b) and Wanjari and Patil (1977), Basu (1971) and

Swarup and Chaugale (1962a) for plant height; Jain and Patel (2012),

Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007) and Basu (1971) for days to 50 per

cent flowering, Tiwari et al. (2003) and Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001) for days

to maturity. Thus these traits are most probably controlled by additive gene

action and hence these traits can be fixed by selection.

Moderate heritability with high genetic advance was registered for

number of primaries per panicle. These results are not accordance with the

any author. Thus the trait is controlled by additive gene action. The decrease

in heritability for this character is slightly influenced by environment. Hence,

this trait is less amenable for selection.

4.4 CHARACTER ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS

Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients were computed in

order to assess the direction and magnitude of association existing between

grain yield and other component characters and were furnished in Table 4.4.

In general, the genotypic correlations were higher than the corresponding

phenotypic correlations, similar kind of results were reported by Mahajan et

al. (2011), Sukhchain and Karnail Singh (2008), Ezeaku and Mohammed

(2006), Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Prabhakar (2001) and Swarup

and Chaugale (1962b). Grain yield per plant had highly significant positive

phenotypic and very strong positive genotypic correlation with panicle weight

(rg = 1.001***; rp = 0.993***) followed by 1000-seed weight (rg = 0.910 ***;

rp = 0.835***), harvest index (rg = 0.500***; rp = 0.477***). Similarly, it had

also showed significant positive phenotypic and significant positive genotypic

association with number of primaries per panicle (rg = 0.487 ***; rp =

0.397***), stover yield per plant (rg = 0.378***; rp = 0.356***), days to

maturity (rg = 0.359***; rp = 0.343***), days to 50 per cent flowering

64

(rg=0.276 ***; rp = 0.269***) and plant height (rg = 0.208**; rp = 0.209**).

Similar kind of results was made by Prasuna et al. (2012), Vijaya kumar et al.

(2012), Aruna and Audilakshmi (2008), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy

(2007), Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006), Umakanth et al. (2004), Iyanar et al.

(2001), Navale et al. (2001), Jeyaprakash et al. (1997), Potdukhe et al. (1994),

Raut et al. (1992), Nimbalkar et al. (1988) and Naphade and Ailwar (1976)

and Liang et al. (1969) were indicating that panicle weight is significant

positive associated with grain yield per plant. Similarly, Prasuna et al. (2012),

Vijaya kumar et al. (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011), Sameer Kumar et al.

(2011), Warkad et al. (2010), Aruna and Audilakshmi (2008), Hemlata

Sharma et al. (2006), Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006), Premalatha et al.

(2006), Umakanth et al. (2004), Veerabadiran and Kennedy (2001),

Muppidathi et al. (2000), Chaudhary and Balai (1996), Potudukhe et al.

(1994) and Nimbalkar et al. (1988) reported that 1000-seed weight is positive

significant associated with grain yield per plant. Mohammad Yazdani (2012),

Vijaya Kumar et al. (2012), Mahajan et al. (2011), Godbharle et al. (2010),

Tariq et al. (2007), Kumaravadivel and Amirthadevarathinam (2000),

Chaudhary and Balai (1996) and Bohra et al. (1985) reported that harvest

index is significant positive associated with grain yield per plant. Mahajan et

al. (2011), Aruna and Audilakshmi (2008), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy

(2007) and Umakanth et al. (2004) reported that number of primaries per

panicle is significant positive associated with grain yield per plant. Thus the

panicle weight, 1000-seed weight and number of primaries per panicle seems

to have predominant effect on grain yield per plant. Hence there is ample

scope in the improvement of yield by selecting a genotype having higher

panicle weight, higher 1000-seed weight and number of primary branches per

panicle since they are highly correlated with grain yield per plant at both

phenotypic and genotypic levels.

Similarly grain yield per plant has significant negative phenotypic and

genotypic association with panicle length (rg = -0.417***; rp = -0.374***).

Similar results were not reported by others.

65

4.4.1. Days to 50 per cent Flowering

Days to 50 per cent flowering had highly significant positive phenotypic

and very strong significant positive genotypic association with days to

maturity (rg = 0.951***; rp = 0.936***), stover yield per plant (rg = 0.847***;

rp = 0.790***), number of primaries per panicle (rg = 0.733***; rp =

0.552***), plant height (rg = 0.537***; rp = 0.517***), panicle weight (rg =

0.240**; rp = 0.236**) and 1000-seed weight (rg = 0.244**; rp = 0.228**).

Similarly, it had also showed highly significant negative phenotypic and

strong significant negative genotypic association with harvest index (rg = -

0.537***; rp = -0.505***) and panicle length (rg= -0.425***; rp = -0.374***).

Similar results were reported by Rajkumar and Kuruvinashetti (2007)

indicating the days to 50 per cent flowering had positive and significant

association with 1000-seed weight and plant height at genotypic level.

Warkad et al. (2010) and Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) also reported the days to

50 per cent flowering had positive and significant association with days to

maturity and plant height.

4.4.2. Days to Maturity

Days to maturity had highly significant positive phenotypic and very

strong positive genotypic association with stover yield per plant (rg =

0.866***; rp = 0.808***), plant height (rg = 0.573***; rp = 0.537***), number

of primaries per panicle (rg = 0.758***; rp = 0.528***), panicle weight (rg =

0.327***; rp = 0.310***) and 1000-seed weight (rg = 0.290***; rp =

0.274***). On contrary, it had highly significant negative phenotypic and very

strong negative significant genotypic association with harvest index (rg = -

0.477***; rp = -0.450***) and panicle length (rg = -0.352***; rp = -0.310***).

Similar results were reported by Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) indicating days

to maturity had significant positive correlation with fodder yield.

66

Table 4.4. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation co-efficients among grain yield and its components in 81 sorghum

(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes

Characters

DFF DTM P H

(cm)

P W

(g)

P L

(cm) N P P

1000 S W

(g) S Y P P (g) H I

G Y P P

(g)

DFF rp 1.000 0.936*** 0.517*** 0.236** -0.374*** 0.552*** 0.228** 0.790*** -0.505*** 0.269*** rg 0.951*** 0.537*** 0.240** -0.425*** 0.733*** 0.244** 0.847*** -0.537*** 0.276***

DTM rp 1.000 0.537*** 0.310*** -0.310*** 0.528*** 0.274*** 0.808*** -0.450*** 0.343*** rg 0.573*** 0.327*** -0.352*** 0.758*** 0.290*** 0.866*** -0.477*** 0.359***

P H (cm) rp 1.000 0.204** 0.018 0.314*** 0.213** 0.550*** -0.386*** 0.209*

rg 0.207** -0.001 0.412*** 0.257** 0.586*** -0.414 0.208*

P W (g) rp 1.000 -0.370*** 0.379*** 0.830*** 0.327*** 0.496*** 0.992*** rg -0.420*** 0.426*** 0.904*** 0.350*** 0.520*** 1.00***

P L (cm) rp 1.000 -0.428*** -0.221** -0.343*** -0.047 -0.374***

rg -0.657** -0.260** -0.450*** -0.026 -0.417***

N P P rp 1.000 0.368*** 0.575*** -0.197* 0.397***

rg 0.514*** 0.825*** -0.303*** 0.487***

1000 S W(g) rp 1.000 0.356*** 0.325*** 0.835*** rg 0.411*** 0.372*** 0.91***

S Y P P (g) rp 1.000 -0.571*** 0.356*** rg -0.554*** 0.378***

H I rp 1.000 0.477 *** rg 0.500***

* Significant at 1% level ** Significant at 0.5% level, *** Significant at 0.1% level DFF= Days to 50 per cent Flowering, DTM = Days to Maturity,

PH = Plant Height (cm), PW = Panicle Weight, PL = Panicle Length (cm), NPP=Number of Primaries per Panicle, 1000 SW = 1000 Seed Weight(g),

SYPP = Stover Yield per Plant (g,), HI = Harvest Index (%) and GYPP = Grain Yield per Plant (g)

67

4.4.3. Plant Height

Plant height showed highly significant positive genotypic and strong

phenotypic association with stover yield per plant (rg = 0.586***; rp =

0.550***), number of primaries per panicle (rg = 0.412***; rp = 0.314***),

1000-seed weight (rg = 0.257**; rp = 0.213**) and panicle weight (rg =

0.207**; rp = 0.204**). On contrary, it had also showed significant negative

phenotypic and genotypic association with harvest index (rg = - 0.414***; rp =

-0.386***). Panicle length (rg = -0.001; rp = 0.018) showed non significant

positive phenotypic and non significant negative genotypic association with

plant height. Similar kind of results were reported by Sameer Kumar et al.

(2011) indicating plant height had significant positive correlation with test

(1000-seed weight) weight. Similar kind of results were reported by Chauvan

and Singh (1975) indicating positive association between plant height and

panicle length. Wanjari and Patil (1977) and Panchal et al. (1979) reported

that plant height was negatively correlated with the panicle length. But

Rajkumar and Kuruvinashetti (2007) reported a negative and significant

association of plant height with ear head length at the genotypic level.

4.4.4. Panicle Weight

Panicle weight showed highly significant positive phenotypic and very

strong positive genotypic association with 1000-seed weight (rg = 0.904***;

rp = 0.830***) followed by harvest index (rg = 0.520***; rp = 0.496***),

number of primaries per panicle (rg = 0.426***; rp = 0.379***) and

stover yield per plant (rg = 0.350***; rp = 0.327***). Panicle weight recorded

the significant negative phenotypic and genotypic association with panicle

length (rg = -0.420***; rp = -0.370***). Similar kind of results was reported

by Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006) indicating significant positive association

of panicle weight with 1000-seed weight. Aruna and Audilakshmi (2008) also

indicating the positive significant association with number of primaries per

panicle and 100-seed weight.

68

4.4.5. Panicle Length

Panicle Length recorded the high significant negative genotypic and

phenotypic association with number of primaries per panicle (rg = -0.657***;

rp = -0.428***) followed by stover yield per plant (rg = -0.450***; rp = -

0.343***) and 1000-seed weight (rg = -0.260***; rp = -0.221**). While its non

significant negative phenotypic and genotypic association with harvest index

(rg = -0.026; rp = -0.047). A similar result was reported by Aruna and

Audilakshmi (2008) for panicle length showed negative significant correlation

with 1000 seed weight.

4.4.6. Number of Primaries per Panicle

Number of primaries per panicle recorded the highly significant

positive phenotypic and very strong positive genotypic association with stover

yield per plant (rg = 0.825***; rp = 0.575***) followed by 1000-seed weight

(rg = 0.514***; rp = 0.368***). While its lowest significant negative

phenotypic and genotypic association with harvest index (rg = -0.303***; rp =

-0.197*).

4.4.7. 1000-Seed Weight

1000-seed weight recorded highly significant positive phenotypic and

genotypic association with stover yield per plant (rg = 0.411***; rp =

0.356***) followed by harvest index (rg = 0.372***; rp = 0.325***). Similar

kind of results were reported by Sameer Kumar et al. (2011) indicating 1000-

seed weight had significant positive correlation with fodder yield. Mahajan et

al. (2011) indicating positive significant association of 1000-seed weight with

harvest index.

1.4.8. Stover Yield per Plant

Stover yield per plant showed highly significant negative phenotypic

and very strong negative genotypic association with harvest index (rg = -

0.554***; rp = -0.571***).

69

Besides the correlation studies between yield and yield components,

inter se association studies reveal the favourable or unfavourable association

existing among yield components. Therefore, inter se association studies also

provide an opportunity to select only those characters which are favourably

associated among themselves as well as with yield. In the present

investigation also, studies on inter se association among yield components

revealed the highest significant favourable association existed between days to

50 per cent flowering with days to maturity followed by stover yield per plant,

number of primaries per panicle and plant height; days to maturity with stover

yield per plant, plant height, number of primaries per panicle and panicle

weight; plant height with stover yield per plant and number of primaries per

panicle; panicle weight with 1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of

primaries per panicle and stover yield per plant; number of primaries per

panicle with stover yield per plant and 1000-seed weight; 1000-seed weight

with stover yield per plant and harvest index. Similar kind of result was

reported by Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006) indicating significant positive

association of panicle weight with 100-seed weight; Mahajan et al. (2011) for

100-seed weight with harvest index. Highly significant favourable correlation

among yield attributes indicates that, the unit increase in one trait will cause a

unit increase in the associated trait, which inturn will cause an increase in the

yield.

In the present study, it was observed that, among the yield components

grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant positive association with

most of the traits viz., panicle weight, 1000-seed weight, harvest index,

number of primaries per panicle, stover yield per plant and days to maturity

whereas panicle length exhibited highly significant negative correlation with

grain yield per plant.

To conclude, correlation studies in general suggested that

improvement in grain yield per plant can be obtained by applying selection on

panicle weight, 1000-seed weight, harvest index and number of primaries per

70

panicle as they represent more sink to source ratio, finally resulting in more

grain yield per plant.

4.5 PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS

Path coefficient analysis helps in the partitioning of correlation

coefficient into direct and indirect effects of various characters on grain yield.

It provides an effective means of finding out direct and indirect causes of

association and presents a critical examination of the specific forces acting to

produce a given correlation and measures the relative importance of each

causal factor.

The path coefficient analysis of different characters on grain yield per

plant in eighty one genotypes of sorghum were presented in Table 4.5 and

Figure 4.3.

4.5.1 Direct effects of different characters on grain yield per

plant

The phenotypic path coefficient analysis among grain yield and its

components revealed that panicle weight (0.8926) had positive and maximum

direct effect on grain yield per plant. Harvest index (0.0781), stover yield per

plant (0.0675), 1000-seed weight (0.0367), days to maturity (0.0282), days to

50% flowering (0.0175), panicle length (0.0086) and number of primaries per

panicle (0.0053) have a negligible positive direct effect on grain yield per

plant. Conversely, the negligible negative direct effect on grain yield per plant

by plant height (-0.0142).

4.5.2 Indirect effect of component characters on grain yield per

plant

4.5.2.1 Days to 50 per cent Flowering

Days to 50 per cent flowering exhibited positive and significant

correlation with grain yield per plant (0.2688***). Its direct effect on grain

71

yield per plant was positive and negligible (0.0175). The indirect effect of

days to 50 per cent flowering on grain yield per plant was positive and

moderate through panicle weight (0.2103). Similarly the indirect effect of

days to 50 per cent flowering on grain yield per plant was positive and

negligible through stover yield per plant (0.0533), days to maturity (0.0264),

1000-seed weight (0.0084), panicle length (0.0032) and number of primaries

per panicle (0.0029). On contrary negative and negligible indirect effect was

exhibited by harvest index (-0.0395) and plant height (-0.0073).

4.5.2.2 Days to Maturity

Days to maturity exhibited highly significant positive correlation with

grain yield per plant (0.3432***). Its direct effect on grain yield per plant was

positive and negligible (0.0282). The indirect effect of days to maturity on

grain yield per plant was positive and moderate through panicle weight

(0.2768). Similarly the indirect effect of days to maturity on grain yield per

plant was positive and negligible through stover yield per plant (0.0545), days

to 50 per cent flowering (0.0164), 1000-seed weight (0.010) and number of

primaries per panicle (0.0028). On contrary negative and negligible indirect

effect was exhibited by harvest index (-0.0352), plant height (-0.0076) and

panicle length (-0.0027).

4.5.2.3 Plant Height

Plant height exhibited positive and significant correlation with grain

yield per plant (0.208**). Its direct effect on grain yield per plant was

negative and negligible (-0.0142). The indirect effect of plant height on grain

yield per plant was positive and low through panicle weight (0.1820).

Similarly the indirect effect of plant height on grain yield per plant was

positive and negligible through stover yield per plant (0.0370), days to

maturity (0.0151), days to 50 per cent flowering (0.009), 1000-seed weight

(0.0078), number of primaries per panicle (0.0017) and panicle length

72

(0.0002). On contrary negative and negligible indirect effect was through

harvest index (-0.0302).

4.5.2.4 Panicle Weight

Panicle weight exhibited highly significant positive correlation with


positive and high (0.8926). The indirect effect of panicle weight on grain yield

per plant was positive and negligible through harvest index (0.0388), 1000-

seed weight (0.0304), stover yield per plant (0.0220), days to maturity

(0.0087), days to 50 per cent flowering (0.0041) and number of primaries per

panicle (0.0020). On contrary the indirect effect of panicle length (-0.0032),

plant height (-0.0029) was negative and negligible.

4.5.2.5 Panicle Length

Panicle length exhibited negative and significant correlation with grain

yield per plant (-0.3739***). Its direct effect on grain yield per plant was

positive and negligible (0.0086). The indirect effect of panicle length on grain

yield per plant was negative and high through panicle weight (-0.3297).

Similarly, its indirect effect of panicle length on grain yield per plant was

negative and negligible through stover yield per plant (-0.0232), days to

maturity (-0.0087), 1000-seed weight (-0.0081), days to 50 per cent flowering

(-0.0065), harvest index (-0.0036), number of primaries per panicle (-0.0023)

and plant height (-0.0003).

4.5.2.6 Number of Primaries per Panicle

Number of primaries per panicle exhibited significant positive

correlation with grain yield per plant (0.3967***). Its direct effect on grain

yield per plant was positive and negligible (0.0053). The indirect effect of

number of primaries per panicle on grain yield per plant was positive and high

through panicle weight (0.3381). Similarly the indirect effect of number of

primaries per panicle on grain yield per plant was positive and negligible

73

Table 4.5. Phenotypic path co-efficients among grain yield and yield components in 81 sorghum


S.

No Characters

Days to

50 Per

cent

flowering

Days to

Maturity

Plant

Height

(cm)

Panicle

Weight

(gm)

Panicle

Length

(cm)

Number of

Primaries

per Panicle

1000-

Seed

Weight

(gm)

Stover

Yield per

Plant (gm)

Harvest

Index

Grain Yield

per Plant

1 Days to 50 per cent

Flowering 0.017 0.026 -0.007 0.210 0.003 0.002 0.008 0.053 -0.040 0.269***

2 Days to Maturity 0.016 0.028 -0.008 0.277 -0.003 0.003 0.010 0.054 -0.035 0.343***

3 Plant Height (cm) 0.009 0.015 -0.014 0.182 0.002 0.002 0.008 0.030 -0.030 0.208**

4 Panicle Weight (g) 0.004 0.008 -0.003 0.893 -0.003 0.002 0.030 0.022 0.039 0.993***

5 Panicle Length (cm) -0.006 -0.009 -0.001 -0.330 0.009 -0.002 -0.008 -0.023 -0.004 -0.374***

6

Number of

Primaries per

Panicle

0.010 0.015 -0.004 0.338 -0.004 0.005 0.013 0.039 -0.015 0.397***

7 1000 Seed Weight

(g) 0.004 0.008 -0.003 0.740 -0.002 0.002 0.037 0.024 0.025 0.835***

8 Stover Yield per

Plant(g) 0.014 0.023 -0.008 0.2914 -0.003 0.003 0.013 0.067 -0.045 0.356***

9 Harvest Index -0.009 -0.013 0.005 0.443 -0.003 -0.001 0.012 -0.038 0.078 0.477***

** Significant at 0.5% level, ***Significant at 0.1% level, Residual effect at phenotypic level = 0.108

Bold : Direct effects Normal : Indirect effects

74

Figure 4.3. Phenotypic path diagram of yield and yield components in

sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes

75

through stover yield per plant (0.0388), days to maturity (0.0149), 1000-seed

weight (0.0135), days to 50 per cent flowering (0.0097) and number of

primaries per panicle (0.0020). Number of primaries per panicle showed

negative and negligible indirect effect on grain yield per plant through harvest

index (-0.0154), plant height (-0.0045) and panicle length (-0.0037).

4.5.2.7 1000-Seed Weight

1000-seed weight exhibited highly significant positive correlation with


positive and negligible (0.0367). The indirect effect of 1000-seed weight on

grain yield per plant was positive and high through panicle weight (0.740).

Similarly the indirect effect of 1000-seed weight on grain yield per plant was

positive and negligible through harvest index (0.0254), stover yield per plant

(0.0240), days to maturity (0.0077), days to 50 per cent flowering (0.0040)

and number of primaries per panicle (0.0019). Whereas negative and

negligible indirect effect was shown by plant height (-0.0030) and panicle

length (-0.0019).

4.5.2.8 Stover Yield per Plant

Stover yield per plant exhibited significant positive correlation with

grain yield per plant (0.3562***). Whereas its direct effect on grain yield per

plant was negligible and positive (0.0675). The indirect effect on grain yield

per plant was positive and moderate through panicle weight (0.2914).

Similarly the indirect effect of stover yield per plant on grain yield per plant

was positive and negligible through days to maturity (0.0228), days to 50 per

cent flowering (0.0138), 1000-seed weight (0.0131) and number of primaries

per panicle (0.0030). Whereas negative and negligible indirect effect was

through harvest index (-0.0446), plant height (-0.0078) and panicle length (-

0.0029).

76

4.5.2.9 Harvest Index

Harvest index showed highly significant positive correlation with grain

yield per plant (0.4771***). Its direct effect on grain yield per plant was

negligible and positive (0.0781). The indirect effect of harvest index on grain

yield per plant was high and positive through panicle weight (0.4431).

Whereas negligible and positive indirect effect was through 1000-seed weight

(0.0199) and plant height (0.0055). On contrary negative and negligible

indirect effect was through stover yield per plant (-0.0385), days to maturity (-

0.0127), days to 50 per cent flowering (-0.0088), number of primaries per

panicle (-0.0010) and panicle length (-0.0004).

Considering direct effects, positive direct effect on grain yield per

plant was noticed for panicle weight followed by harvest index, stover yield

per plant, 1000-seed weight, days to maturity, days to 50 per cent flowering,

panicle length and number of primaries per panicle. Similar results were also

observed by Prasuna et al. (2012), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007),

Khapre et al. (2007), Ezeaku and Mohammed (2006), Iyanar et al. (2001),

Potdukhe et al. (1992), Raut et al. (1992), Thombre and Patil (1985), Naphade

and Ailwar (1976) and Singh et al. (1976) for panicle weight; Pokle et al.

(1973) for stover yield per plant; Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Bisen et al.

(2010), Warkad et al. (2010), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Premalatha et al.

(2006), Iyanar et al. (2001), Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Potdukhe et

al. (1994), Geremew and Gebeyechu (1993), Berenji (1990), Gomez et al.

(1986), Patel et al. (1980b) and Abu-El-Gasim and Kambal (1975) for 1000-

seed weight, Mahajan et al. (2011), Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Warkad et

al. (2010), Alhassan et al. (2008), Hemlata Sharma et al. (2006), Premalatha

et al. (2006), Lata Chaudhary et al. (2001), Iyanar et al. (2001),

Veerabadhiran and Kennedy (2001), Ashtana et al. (1996) and Pokle et al.

(1973) for days to 50 per cent flowering; El-Din et al. (2012), Mahajan et al.

(2011), Sameer Kumar et al. (2011), Bisen et al. (2010), Warkad et al.

77

(2010), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007), Iyanar et al. (2001), Lata

Chaudhary et al.(2001), Kukadia et al. (1980), Wanjari and Patil (1977) and

Pokle et al. (1973) for panicle length; Mahajan et al. (2011), Shinde et al.

(2011), Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy (2007), Lata Chaudhary et al.

(2001) and Thombre and Patil (1985) for number of primaries per panicle.

Further, these traits also expressed highly significant positive association with

grain yield per plant except panicle length had significant negative association

with grain yield per plant. The high direct effects of these traits appeared to be

the main factor for their strong association with grain yield per plant. Hence,

direct selection for these traits would be rewarding for yield improvement.

The traits plant height exhibited negative direct effect on grain yield

per plant. Similar results were reported by Deepalakshmi and Ganesamurthy

(2007) for plant height. However, the negative direct effect of plant height

was nullified due to their high indirect positive effects through other

component characters. Even though this trait exerted negative direct effect, its

correlation with grain yield per plant was positive, indicating that the indirect

effects seems to be the cause of positive correlation with grain yield per plant,

indicating the ineffectiveness of direct selection for these traits. Therefore, it

is suggestive to apply indirect selection via plant height.

In conclusion, the contribution of different traits towards grain yield

per plant revealed that the trait panicle weight influenced grain yield per plant

directly and predominantly followed by harvest index and 1000-seed weight.

Further, the association of these traits with grain yield per plant was also

positive and highly significant, indicating the importance of these traits for

grain yield improvement in the present material. Besides this, the traits panicle

weight, harvest index and 1000-seed weight also influenced grain yield per

plant indirectly in a substantial magnitude through most of the other yield

components as evident in the results. This indicated that these traits were the

most important traits in influencing grain yield per plant. Thus, selection for

78

maximum panicle weight, harvest index and 100-seed weight is pre-requisite

for attaining improvement in grain yield per plant in the present material.

In the present study, the residual effect was of low magnitude

(0.1082), suggesting that most of the important components contributing to

yield have been utilized in this analysis.

79

Chapter V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Sorghum is the fifth most important crop and is the dietary staple of

more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries. It is an important

food crop of the dry zone of Andhra Pradesh and the area of sorghum is fast

declining for the past 10 decades due to the restricted cultivation, mostly

confined to dry lands of low fertility status with insufficient soil moisture

availability, lack of improved high yielding cultivars, delayed sowing, low

fertilizer use, improper adoption of management practices, lower yields and

competition from high value commercial crops, coupled with stagnant yields.

So there is immediate need to develop improved varieties and hybrids by

utilizing available germplasm. Therefore keeping in view the present study

was planned to understand genetic variability and character association in

sorghum genotypes and utilize information to develop the sorghum varieties

having high yielding potential.

The present study was carried out to estimate nature and magnitude of

genetic variability, character association and path analysis for yield and yield

attributing characters among 81 sorghum genotypes. The genotypes were

evaluated in simple lattice design during early rabi season, 2012 at

Agricultural College, Mahanandi, Popularly known as maghi season in

Kurnool district. The data was collected on days to 50 per cent flowering,

days to maturity, plant height (cm), panicle weight (g), panicle length (cm),

number of primaries per panicle, 1000-seed weight (g), stover yield per plant

(g), harvest index and grain yield per plant (g). The experimental results are

summarised below.

1. Mean performance of 81 sorghum genotypes for ten quantitative

traits revealed that the genotypes IC 343582, IC 15744, IC 23891, IC 29100

and IC 29091 were promising donors for grain yield per plant; IC 343582, IC

15744, IC 29100, IC 23891 and IC 30838 were promising donors for panicle

weight; IC 23891, IC 343582, IC 5919, IC 29100 and IC 29091 were

80

promising donors for 1000-seed weight; IC 7679, IC 7987, IC 30838, IC

32349 and IC 7131 were promising donors for panicle length. Promising

donors for remaining characters days to 50 per cent flowering, days to

maturity, plant height, number of primaries per panicle, stover yield per plant

and harvest index are presented in table 4.15.

2. The analysis of variance revealed the existence of significant

differences among the genotypes for all the traits. Hence, the data on all the

ten traits showed significant differences among the entries were subjected to

further statistical analyses.

3. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability were high for


1000-seed weight, panicle length and number of primaries per panicle. Hence,

selection based on these traits would ultimately improve the grain yield.

4. The characters viz., grain yield per plant, panicle weight, stover

yield per plant, harvest index, 1000-seed weight, panicle length, number of

primaries per panicle, plant height, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to

maturity exhibited high heritability coupled with a high genetic advance

indicating that simple selection would be sufficient for these traits to bring

genetic improvement in desired direction.

5. Grain yield per plant had positive and significant association with

panicle weight followed by 1000-seed weight, harvest index, number of

primaries per panicle, stover yield per plant, days to maturity, days to 50 per

cent flowering and plant height. Whereas grain yield per plant had negative

and significant correlation with panicle length, so selection for these traits

might be rewarding in improvement grain yield per plant in sorghum

genotypes.

81

Table 5.1. Prominent genotypes for different characters in 81 sorghum


Character Prominent genotypes

1. Days to 50 per cent

Flowering

IC 15466, IC 305920, IC 18039, IC 17941and

IC 343589

2. Days to Maturity

IC 305920, IC 343554, IC 18039, IC 343589 and

IC 343590

3. Plant Height (cm)

IC 7679, IC 30838, IC 15931, IC 24139 and

IC 28747

4. Panicle Length (cm)

IC 7679, IC 7987, IC 30838, IC 32349 and

IC 7131

5. Panicle Weight (g)

IC 343582, IC 15744, IC 29100, IC 23891 and

IC 30838

6. Number of

Primaries per

Panicle

IC 29100, IC 343554, IC 343573, IC 18039 and

IC 343567

7. 1000-Seed Weight

(g)

IC 23891, IC 343582, IC 5919, IC 29100 and

IC 29091

8. Stover Yield per

Plant (g)

IC 343589, IC 343588, IC 343587, IC 343590 and

343591

9. Harvest Index

IC 29565, IC 19859, IC 29100, IC 29519 and

IC 14779

10. Grain Yield per

Plant (g)

IC 343582, IC 15744, IC 23891, IC 29100 and

IC 29091

82

6. Path coefficient analysis revealed that panicle weight had the highest

positive direct effect on grain yield per plant followed by harvest index, stover

yield per plant and 1000-seed weight. Hence, it would be rewarding to lay

stress on these characters in selection programme for increasing the grain

yield in sorghum.

7. In the present study on “Genetic variability and character association

for yield and yield attributes in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)”

concluded that the characters panicle weight, 1000-seed weight and harvest

index show high variability, high heritability and high genetic advance and

also show positive and direct effect on grain yield per plant. So selecting the

genotypes having high panicle weight, 1000-seed weight and harvest index is

pre-requisite for improving the grain yield in sorghum.

83

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