SOMALI REGION: MULTI – AGENCY DEYR/KARAN 2012

SEASONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

Name of the Agencies Participated Deyr 2012 Need Assessment

Government

Bureaus

DRMFSS, DPPB,RWB,LCRDB,REB,RHB,PCDP

UN –

Organization

WFP,UNICEF,OCHA,FAO,WHO

INGO

SCI,MC,ADRA,IRC,CHF,OXFAMGB,Intermon Oxfam, IR,SOS,MSFH,ACF

LNGO

HCS,OWDA,UNISOD,DAAD,ADHOC,SAAD,KRDA

REGION Somali Regional State

DATE ASSESSMENT STARTED & COMPLETED November 24 – December 18, 2012

TEAM MEMBERS – Regional analysis and report

NAME AGENCY

Ahmed Abdirahman{Ali-eed} SCI

Ahmed Mohamed FAO

Adawe Warsame UNICEF

Teyib Sheriff Nur FAO

Mahado Kasim UNICEF

Mohamed Mohamud WFP

1: BACKGROUND

Somali Region is one of largest regions of Ethiopia. The region comprises of nine administrative zones which in terms of livelihoods are categorised into 17 livelihood zones. The climate is mostly arid/semi-arid in lowland areas and cooler/wetter in the higher areas. Annual rainfall ranges from 150 - ~600mm per year.

The region can be divided into two broader rainfall regimes based on the seasons of the

year: Siti and Fafan zones to the north, and the remaining seven zones to the south.

The rainfall pattern for both is bimodal but the timings differ slightly.

The southern seven zones (Nogob, Jarar, Korahe, Doollo, Shabelle, Afder, Liban and

Harshin District of Fafan Zone) receive ‘Gu’ rains (main season) from mid April to end of

June, and secondary rains known as ‘Deyr’ from early October to late December. In the

north, Siti and Fafan zones excluding

Harshin of Fafan zone receive ‘Dirra’ -

also known as ‘Gu’ rains from late March

to late May. Unlike the southern zones,

the primary season for Jigjiga and Shinile

is ‘Karan’ – which usually falls between

late July and September.

Four generic livelihood types exist in the

region: pastoralism, agro-pastoralism,

farming (sedentary and riverine) and

urban. Pastoralism is the most

prevalent, comprising about 60% of the

region’s rural population. Agro-pastoralism comprises about 25% of the total rural

population, and is a mixture of extensive livestock rearing and rain-fed crop production;

some may be better described as pastoralists with opportunistic farming activities – as

in Fik and some parts of Liban Zone. The remaining 15% of the rural population

comprises sedentary (Jigjiga) and riverine (Shebelle and Dawa-Ganale) farmers. Both

Objectives of the assessment

To evaluate the outcome of the Deyr/Karan season and its impact on livelihood security in agro-pastoral and pastoral areas.

To assess the impact of a particular disaster, if any, and evaluate the extent to which households can cope

To identify areas where assistance is needed in the current year due to acute problems and to estimate the size of the population in need and duration of assistance required

Food and NFI

farming and agro-pastoral groups keep some livestock but farmers’ herds do not

migrate and are sometimes hand-fed, only migrating with other groups if there is a

severe drought (DPPC/SCUK, 2008).

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Usually the onset of Deyr rains was in October and reach peak in November. A majority area of

the region has received Normal or Good Deyr rain this year. Deyr rain receiving areas of

Elweyn, part of Danan and East emey districts of Shabelle zone, West emey, Raso, Dolo-bay

and Barre districts of Afder zone and Dolo-ado district of Liban zone received below normal rain,

but the current Deyr has normal in secession but different in the coverage , distribution and

rainy days from place to place. In karan rain receiving areas of Siti zone early secession of the

rain has observed. Due to good performance of water and pasture in most parts of the region,

water pasture distance is highly decreased; the good physical condition of livestock in general

has resulted in increasing livestock milk production and livestock market price. Regarding

livestock health, no disease outbreaks were reported however, prevalence of endemic diseases

was reported in some districts. And also camel abortion at the end of pregnancy one week

before birth time observed in Shabelle, Liban and Afder zone districts.

Generally, market prices for grain or staple cereals are declined in almost all part of the region

and livestock price slightly improved due to its good physical body condition of the wet season

prices for all species of animals are slightly increased, milk availability also increased all this

factors together has been strengthening the purchasing power of the rural agro-pastoral and

pastoral peoples of all livelihoods zone in the region. But for the coming months of a dry season

from (January to March) late lactating animals will dry up and or decrease the yield.

Furthermore; water pastures animal walking distance increase for the coming dry season

ahead.

In majority the cereals available in rural district markets are PSNP/Relief foods,

No wide spread human disease outbreaks in the region, but common diseases such as Malaria,

Diarrheal, upper respiratory tract and Malnutrition causes were reported from a majority district

of all zones of the region. Being a region endemic for malaria; no malaria outbreak has been

reported, however, increasing trends of malaria morbidities and acute respiratory infections

(ARIs) have also been reported by the all assessed woredas: a total of 8,689 causes of Malaria

with 25 deaths, A total of 1,647 cases of acute diarrheal diseases causes with 2 death, and 112

cases of Measles with 6 deaths were reported in the region during the period of July to October

2012.

Therefore; due to the cumulative effects of these factors, the food security situation in Faafan,

Siti, Doollo, Korahey, Shabelle, Liban, Afder, Jarar and Nogob zones particularly the rural poor

households of all livelihood zones Deyr rainfall only cannot improve the food security situation

unless poor households supplement by additional development, recovery and livelihood assets

assistance. The food security situation is serious, accordingly a Total of --------------people will

need food and non-food assistance for the coming six months starting from January-June 2013

3. Weather Conditions: Karan is the second rainy season which is expected to start from mid July and continues up to end of September in northern zones, where as Deyr starts in normal year early of October till mid of December in southern zones include Harshin district.

This year both rainy seasons started on time or one week early at normal time in most of districts, exception of some southern districts where deyr started late. Earlier cessation of karan rains reported from Siti zone and deyr rains stopped one month earlier at normal time in all southern zones. Deyr /karan 2012 rains are considered to be normal resulting in regeneration of pasture, improved crop condition in some areas and increased water availability. End of October some areas of deyr receiving zones the rainfall was excessive or heavy and floods resulting in slight to significant damages to crops and livelihood assets in Korahey zones. Pasture, and water availability has improved and migration patterns are resuming to normal in most areas, But intensity and coverage of these rains vary from woreda to woreda or place to place. However, these rains have, generally, brought a much needed respite from the existing acute water shortage that has affected some pocket area of the Siti, Jarar, Liban, Shabelle and Korahey zones

The following map shows the Performance of Deyr/ Karan Rains in this year:

This year Deyr and Karan rainfall Performance

Normal to near above normal rains reported from: Daratole, Danod, Warder, Shilabo,Dobeweyn, Guredamole, Charati, part of Elkare,Fefer,Muztahil,Kalafo,Filtu,Dekasuftu,Mubarik,Moyale,Daror,Aware,Dagahmadow,Yocalle,Goljano,Sagag,Duhun, Dembel,Shinile,Afdem,Babile, Gursum, Awbare, Jigjiga, and Miso districts.

Area Received near normal to normal rains: Bokh, Galadi, Gurebaqaqsa, Shaykosh,Kabridaher,Danan,Gode,Adadley, West Imey, East Imey,Hargelle,Gunagado,Garbo Harshin, Erer and Ayisha districts

Area Received below normal Rains: Doloado, Dolobay,Barey, Salahad,Lagehida, Muyumuloko,Fik, and Hamero districts

3.1 Karan Rainfall performance: The onset of this year’s Karan rains is on time in Siti {formerly Shinile} and Fafan {formerly Jigjiga} zones. However, the amount and distribution has been below normal in July. The end of July three to four sufficient rainfalls with good intensity reported in majority of districts in Siti zone, Tuliguled, Gursum, and Babile districts of Fafan zone The first dekad of August, majority of the districts in both zones were dry with small shower in some of the districts, except pocket areas of Dembel, Miso, Afdem, south of Erer, Awbare, Gursum and part of Tuliguled where two days sufficient rainfalls with good coverage reported. Karan rains performance improved in the third week of August, and four to five sufficient rains with good distribution reported in from Dembel, Miso, Afdem, Hadagalle, north of Shinile ,south of Erer, south of Ayisha districts of Siti zone, and Awbare, west part of Kabribayah, pocket area of Jigjiga, Gursum, Babile, and north of Harshin districts of Fafan zone.

In the last days of August, sufficient rainfall reported in majority of Awbare, part of Kabribayah, Gursum, and Babile, part of Jigjiga, Tuliguled and Dembel districts. While majority of Siti zone remained dry, except pocket areas where erratic rainfall with poor distribution received. Karan performance improved after the first week of September in all districts of the Fafan zone, include Harshin district.

Overall, the Karan rainfall of this year was better than last three rainy seasons and has been demonstrated significant improvement of pasture and water in both zones in this year. But Siti zone reported earlier cessation and negative affected the crop germination and resulting poor crop production in Shinile agro pastoral farmers

The performance of the rainfall is considered as normal to near above normal in parts of Afdem, Hadagalle, South of Erer, Dembel, Gursum, Babile, Tuliguled and Awbare districts. While the Karan rainfall has been near normal to normal in majority of Kabribayah, east and south east of Jigjiga, north of Erer, north of Shinile, part of Ayisha districts and Miso districts.

3.2 Deyr Rainfall summary: Deyr rain is the second rainy season which starts in normal year from early of October and lasts up to the end of December in southern zones, and Harshin district of Somali region, this year the early onset of Deyr rains improved water availability in most districts under southern zones.

Overall Shilabo, and Dobeweyn districts of Korahey zone, most districts of Liban zone, except Doloado, Dagahmadow, Dagahmadow, Aware and Daror, districts of Jarar zone, Adadley,Ferfer,Muztahil,Kalafo and part of Gode districts of Shabelle zone, part of Dollo zones received four to five times of sufficient with good distribution deyr rains in this year, while part of Hargelle,Jarati,Elkare, Gurebaqaqsa, Guredamole, and south east of Barey districts of Afder, majority of districts of Nogob and Doollo, Kabridaher, Mersin and Shaykosh districts of Korahey, and Yocale, Birqod, Gashamo, Gunagado and Ararso districts of Jarar zones received three to four near normal to normal rains, But areas such as, Doloado of Liban zone, Elweyn, Belanod, East-Imey, East Imey and part of Danan districts of Shabelle zone, Dolobay, south of Charati, west and north of Barey, East Imey, and Raso districts of Afder zone, and some pocket area of south west of Kabridaher, and west of Shaykosh districts of Korahey zone have received below normal Deyr rains or even some remained dry.

In general, the performance of Deyr rains was decline in November and no rains were reported in most part of deyr received zone, , except on 6th of November small shower to normal {estimated less then 10mm}rains reported some pocket area of Hamero, Fik, Sagag, Qubi, and Garbo districts of Nogob zone. And second dekad of November 2012 moderate to normal rains {estimated 6mm-29mm} with better distribution and coverage reported from Duhun,Sagag,and Garbo districts of Nogob zone, Dobeweyn,Shilabo,Shaykosh and Mersin districts of Korahey zone, part of Dagahbour, Dagahmadow and Aware districts of Jarar zone, part of Warder, Danod, Daratole and Galadi districts of Doollo zone, majority of Muztahil,Kalafo,Ferfer, part of Adadley, and Gode districts of Shabelle zone, Filtu,Hudad,Dekasuftu, Mersin and part of Moyale districts of Liban zone. On the other hand shower to medium rains with less coverage and distribution reported from part of Danan, Belanod, Elweyn, north east of Gode, and eastern part of Adadley districts of Shabelle, part of Fik, and Hamero districts of Nogob zone, South of Hargelle, Jarati, Elkare, West imey, Gurebaqaqsa, small pocket area of Barey and Dolobay districts of Afder zone, and majority of Daloado district of Liban zone. Whereas north of Harshin, part of Dolobay, Doloado, south and west of Barey, Yocalle, west imey, east imey, pocket area of Danan, north west of Adadley, and west of Belanod districts were remained dry situation in this season. This year deyr rain characterized erratic, poor coverage, and some area received heavy rain with few hours and with interval days and finally reported earlier cessation of deyr rains from all southern zones. However, this season normal to near above normal deyr rains reported from Daratole, Danod, Warder, Shilabo,Dobeweyn, Guredamole, Charati, part of Elkare, Fefer,Muztahil,Kalafo,Filtu,Dekasuftu,Mubarik,Moyale,Daror,Aware,Dagahmadow,Yocalle,Goljano,Sagag,Duhun, Dembel,Shinile,Afdem,Babile, Gursum, Awbare, Jigjiga, and Miso districts. While part of Bokh, and Galadi, Hargelle, Gurebaqaqsa, west of kabridaher, Shaykosh, Gode, Belanod, Gunagado, Hudad, Garbo, Ayisha, Kabribayah and Erer, districts received near normal to normal rains. But much below normal rains reported from Doloado,Dolobay,Barey, East Imey, west Imey, Raso, Salahad, Lagahida, Qubi, Muyumuluko, Elweyn, Ararso, north and west of Danan districts.

4. PASTURE CONDITION The overall pasture condition in the region looks normal in the majority of the region after the recent Deyr/Karen rains have improved regeneration/resuscitation of pasture and browse resources. The distribution of pasture resources is, however, not uniform across the region and there are some woredas and pockets that are starting to face deteriorating pasture conditions although the situation is not alarming as yet. In general, the existing pasture and browse resources are probably expected to sustain the existing demand for the remainder of the dry period and until the coming rainy season of Gu in April. Areas that are anticipated to suffer from pasture shortage relatively early because of poor or below normal rainfall in the Deyr season, and where pasture depletion before the end of the dry season is a likelihood scenario, includes:

In agro-pastoralist livelihood zones of Fafan zone and some riverine livelihoods zones, the farmers have benefited from obtaining substantial amounts of crop residues after they harvested the crops that had been cultivated this year though the amount of grain harvested was below satisfactory. This was observed to have augmented the availability of animal feed in these areas thus reinforcing the prospect that emergency livestock feed shortage of significant proportions is less likely to occur during the dry season of Jilaal unless unexpected and massive inward migration of livestock herds originating from neighboring areas occurs resulting in accelerated depletion of the existing livestock feed resources. There has not been abnormal livestock migration in the region so far, but there are small scales, internal and within woreda or intra-zonal livestock movements reported in some areas which are expected to intensify toward the peak of the dry season in February and March, because of growing variability in the distribution of pasture and water across space. These movements of livestock in search of better pasture grounds and water have been reported in several woredas including: Dolobay, Doloado, Barey and Danan districts

5. LIVESTOCK CONDITION The body condition of Livestock is a function of the condition as well as the quality and quantity of feed, which in pastoralist areas, is primarily natural pasture. Presently, livestock have benefited from the favorable conditions created by the Deyr and Karan rainfall that have positively affected the availability and distribution of water and pasture/browse resources in

most parts of the region. Consequently, the physical appearance and body condition of all species has improved as the animals have recovered from the effects of the previous dry spell as a result of enhanced access to improved water and feed resources.

Regarding productivity, milk production has improved in the majority of districts due to increased number of lactating animals especially cattle and camels, which have calved in significant numbers since the onset of the Deyr season in November. Both conception rate in last year and birth rate in this year in camels has been good in many parts of the region resulting in improved availability of milk both at household level as well as in local markets, thus improving access of households including vulnerable groups to milk. This is reflected in the price of milk that has fallen in nearly all markets where milk is supplied. In spite of the good calving rate and subsequent improvement in milk availability in the majority of areas in the region, there are, however, several places of Afder, Liban and Shabelle zones that have been affected by a high prevalence of camel abortion, in which pregnant camels aborted after full gestation. Some people have even described this situation as still birth rather than abortion because pregnant camels deliver dead fetuses on full term after completing the normal gestation period. This problem has been observed in the three riverine zones of Afder, Liban and Shabelle zones whereby the teams that have conducted the Deyr needs assessment have indicated that on top of being located in a similar agro-ecology viz. riverine, these areas also share another commonality which was a high prevalence of biting fly infestation and some have even associated the problem of still birth with the high population of biting flies present in the area. While the mere existence of biting flies may not be directly responsible for the observed abortion cases, it is possible that they could be involved in the transmission of diseases as vectors that could be implicated as causing abortion such as trypanosomosis. Moreover, the teams reported the presence of symptoms suspected to be due to camel trypanosomiasis, which is locally called Dhukaan. The problem of abortion has caused anxiety among the pastoralists as it appears to be an unfamiliar condition, and they reportedly have failed to make any explanation of the matter based on their traditional knowledge and experience. They have rather pleaded with the assessment teams to report the problem to the concerned regional institutions, notably the LCRDB to investigate and find solutions. There are many different causes of camel abortion and there needs to conduct a laboratory investigation in order to establish the exact cause of the abortion cases observed in these zones, and the regional LCRDB has been informed to expedite the investigation process. Subsequently, the bureau has started mobilizing laboratory technicians to travel to the areas and collect appropriate samples that will aid in the investigation.

The high prevalence of biting flies in the riverine zones is a risk factor for the occurrence of camel trypanosmosis caused by Tevansi, which is transmitted mechanically by biting flies. Therefore, there is a need to undertake prophylactic measures in order to protect susceptible camel populations in these areas from a likely occurrence of SURRA outbreak. Another problem with camels has been reported from Nogob zone, which has been described rather unusual whereby camels exhibited abnormal appetite, eating/consuming stones or rocks. Although the specific cause of this condition is not clear, it is well known that camels require a high mineral intake in their diet, and it is in recognition of this need, that pastoralists often take their camel herds to grounds that are known to have soil or water that is rich in minerals especially salt. A presumptive analysis of the problem tends to suggest mineral deficiency as the cause of the problem, yet this needs to be substantiated with rigorous investigation involving the collection of samples and their examination in a laboratory. No other livestock disease of major significance has been reported from the assessment, but there are localized and sporadic occurrences of diseases in endemic areas scattered across the region. While the existing veterinary infrastructure and manpower assigned to the woredas coupled with the private service providers such as CAHWs and private veterinary pharmacy owners would have been sufficient enough to deal with the threats caused by these disease problems, it was observed that many veterinary facilities are not functional due to lack or shortage of either manpower or veterinary inputs like drugs. The regional Livestock Crop and Rural Development Bureau is required to follow the animal health service delivery across the region and build the capacity of the woredas to deliver services efficiently. The bureau, in collaboration with its major partners has periodically undertaken immunization of livestock against Trans-boundary Animal Diseases (TADs) like PPR and Sheep and Goat pox and this might be the reason why outbreaks of such diseases has been limited in the region. Another issue that is worth addressing is the regular disease reporting and surveillance system, which needs to be strengthened through continuous provision of training to woreda animal health personnel and executing disease searches in response to outbreaks so reported.

6. CROP CONDITION AND HARVEST PROSPECTS IN THIS YEAR Crop Performance and Harvest Prospects in Deyr Received Zones:

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

SHP HDP AFP WMP LHP FKP

% camel Milking

Name of the Livelihood zones

Number of Camel Milking in 2012-Deyr/karan{Out of every 10 breeding femalies }

Most of the agricultural areas in Jarar, Korahey, Liban part of Shabelle and Afder zones received normal to moderate, while in some places, received heavy rains during the month of October like Dobeweyn, Filtu, Dekasuftu, Dagahmadow, and Moyale. These rains have enabled crops to germinate and small size of farming areas and also strong cold with winds in part of Jarar were affected to crop growth and hence only average 20-30% of normal Deyr harvest is expected during this season. However, due to gaps continuation rainy days into sequences. The crop production prospect in all Agro pastoral livelihood zone of southern zones is poor during the current season due to lack of enough moisture caused by erratic of the Deyr 2012 rains, long dry spells, poor rainfall runoff and weed infestation. The current standing crops in Agro pastoral LZ is expected to become moisture deficient due to early cessation of the deyr rains in most areas.

In the Riverine area villagers was on going and, crop planting activities was undertaken in different districts of Shabelle, Liban and Afder zones. Through support by the government with the water pumps and agricultural inputs technical support thousands of household and cooperatives has been planted in all districts from four rivers of Shabelle, Dawa, Web and Ganalle Most crops planted are Maize, Sesame, Sorghum, Onion and vegetables food. But in this year, there was also no favourable River flood water in Kalafo, Muztahil and Ferfer of all rivers, which mostly poor household depend on surface/flood irrigation from Shebelle, Dawa and Web Rivers next to pump irrigation. Except Dawa river in Sade area which over flooding has affected some farms Despite some flood incidents in Kalafo, Muztahil and Ferfer Woredas at the end of October 2012, the area replanted after the food recession was very small compared to normal year as flood has negatively affected crops at germination and growing stages particularly in Muztahil and Ferfer Woredas.

6.1. Crop Performance and Harvest Prospects in Karan Received Zones:

Fafan zone

Maize and sorghum crops were cultivated in the agro-pastoral areas whereas in sedentary

farming areas, the predominant crops cultivated this year were mainly wheat and to some extent

sorghum and barely. The current crop production situation in agro-pastoralist areas is below

average, due to the late onset of Gu rains which resulted in late plantation of long cycle crops.

On the other hand, as far as sedentary crop production is concerned, western parts of Tuliguled

district and its surrounding kebeles were expecting a good harvest especially wheat, whereas

the rest parts of the district and northwest of the Awbare district were expecting below normal

harvest due to poor rainfall. The majority of the community residing in sedentary areas has

shifted to cultivating short cycle crops instead of long maturing crops. No crop disease which

adversely affected the crop production or undermined the total harvest has been reported

except in Gursum district, where maize and sorghum crops at maturity stage were affected by

pests thus undermining their productivity. According to respondents from the community and

based on the observation of the team, it was estimated that the current harvest will not be

sufficient enough to adequately improve household food access and market cereal supply.

Maize crops that have been planted during the Gu in agro-pastoral areas have just been

harvested with varying yield performance, but is generally believed to be poor because the

onset of the Gu rains was late leading to late planting and subsequently, the rains stopped

before the crops were able to mature and reach flowering stage. So, the amount of harvest

received from these crops is significantly below the average harvest yield in normal years.

Despite the poor cereal harvest, farmers, , benefited from harvesting favourable quantities of

crop residues which will serve as feed for their animals or could be sold to raise cash income

because there is a growing demand for animal feed and this trend is expected to persist and

even increase as pasture resources will become scarcer later in the dry season.

Wheat, and to some extent, other short cycle crop varieties like sorghum and barely were

planted during the Keren season in the sedentary farming areas of the zone, that span the

whole of Tuliguled woreda and western parts of Awbare woreda. The harvests received from

these crops were generally good, especially in Tuliguled where good wheat harvests are being

made. Nevertheless, the vast majorities of these harvests do not belong to the local people and

will not directly contribute to local food security conditions. This is due to the fact that a new

phenomenon has emerged as of late whereby people from nearby major towns, especially

Jigjiga, are renting agricultural lands for a fixed period to cultivate and the practice of renting out

a plot of agricultural land is increasingly becoming common in Tuliguled district, which is a

potential area for wheat production. On the other hand, the rapid expansion of Jigjiga town with

corresponding population growth has created a considerable demand for wheat flour both in

local bakeries as well as at households. Initially, it was the bakery/flour mill owners who have

started to engage in cultivating wheat crops in order to supply wheat grains required to increase

flour/bread production. And later on the readily available land that could be rented for a small

amount of money and the perceived profitability of wheat cultivation has attracted many people

to start wheat cultivation on rented plots of land

The reason most people mention here is lack of financial resources among the farmers to meet

the cost of agricultural production including land tilling, procurement of various inputs etc.,

hence those farmers with bigger plots of land subdivide their land and rent some portion of it

and use the income they obtain from the rented land for cultivating crops on the remaining

portion they have retained for self-cultivation.

In Siti zone:

Sorghum and maize crops were cultivated in the agro-pastoral areas of Siti zone. The current crop production situation in agro-pastoralist areas is below average, due to the failure and late onset of Gu rains which resulted in zero plantation of long cycle crops. But Most of the agro pastoral areas in Miso and Dembel districts of Siti zone received normal to moderate in August of karan rain, and some farmers planted short cycle maize or sorghum but the crop production prospect in all Agro pastoral LZ in Siti zone is poor during the current season due to lack of enough moisture caused by erratic and early cessation of the Karan 2012 rains

7. RELIEF FOODS DISTRIBUTED IN SOMALI REGION. 7 rounds of relief food has been delivered and distributed for the relief woredas of Somali region

(two rounds from July-Nov 2012) while the PSNP woredas has received 6 rounds of PSNP food

in this year and two rounds of relief food to cover the food gab between July and December

2012.

The PSNP woredas in Siti zone has received 3 rounds of relief food due to severity of their food

security situation after completion 6 rounds of PSNP food (Annex the table for details.)

The distribution of food aid has improved the living condition of the poor families and stabilizes

the price of cereals in the local market. Food aid is the most cereals available in all market as

there is no own production from locally produced food and imported food from neighboring

Somalia is currently high price and access for food import is very limited.

8. MARKET CONDITIONS Poor and middle wealth groups of all livelihood types highly depend on markets for purchasing foods and sourcing income. Stable food (local, relief and imported), livestock and cash crops markets types dominate marketing activities in the region influencing household purchasing power, food consumption and food security in general. Relief food availability is normal in the entire zones of the region although prices are fluctuating or slightly increased in last three months in most of southern zones due to the delay of food aid distribution, because to supplies are constrained by poor road conditions coupled floods limited movements in some remote areas. Similar to last Gu season, there is no significant local harvest expected from agro pastoral areas of southern and Siti zones during January and February 2013,due to erratic and earlier cessation of both karan and deyr rains, thus, prices are expected to increase as high as that of reference year. For instance, local staple foods such as maize and sorghum are in short supply in the local markets of Dagahbour, Fik, Gode, Afder, Liban, Korahey and Warder Zones while supplies of imported food items such as sugar and rice remain stable and their prices slightly decline or remained stable in last two months, but over all imported food current average price were increase of about 500 % in sugar compared to the reference year in all markets. Similarly, the prices of staple foods (Maize and Sorghum) have increased by average of 350% when compared to prices in the reference years (2004/2005).

Stable food availability and prices

The availability of stable food is poor due to lack of crop production, limited supply from high land area, and low cross border commercial supply. These supply shortages and may lead to sharp price rises causing distress to the vulnerable groups in the region.

The major source of stable food in the entire zones is relief or PSNP food distributions which are considerably alleviating the existing food shortage in the region. Prices of imported food commodities are very high in remote areas compared to town markets as licensed traders that were supposed to supply imported food to these areas -according to government, are currently not doing so and only supplying to central towns of zones failing to deliver to the community living in the hinterlands. This has resulted in high price rate which is beyond purchasing power of the poor community in the inaccessible locations particular Siti, Nogob, part of Jarar, and Doollo zones Relief wheat is the m widely available cereal in all markets and local cereals are absent. Price of relief wheat in the last six months has highly declined up to less than 100 birr per 50 kg in some of the zones like Shabelle, Nogob, Doollo and Jarar, due to regular food aid distribution and zonal and districts administration banned or controlled traders collected relief wheat from southern zones to main towns like Jigjiga and Diridawa, where as relief wheat price remained high price and reached up to 350 per 50kg in Fafan, Siti and Liban zones. However the decrease in relief wheat price is not expected to stay long. This is due to its association with the period of distribution on the one hand and the limited distribution rounds remaining for PSNP resources on the other. Price trends for Relief- Wheat 50kg (Jan -Nov ’12)

0 200 400 600

Value bir of 50kg

Relief Wheat Prices

Fik

Shinile

Filtu

Dagahbour

0

100

200

300

400

500

Sep

-11

Oct

-11

No

v-1

1

Dec

-11

Jan

-12

Feb

-12

Mar

-12

Ap

r-1

2

May

-12

Jun

-12

Jul-

12

Au

g-1

2

Sep

-12

Oct

-12

No

v-1

2

Value Bir Per 50kg of Relief Wheat

Comparsion of Relief Wheat Price {Sept-Nov11VsSept-Nov12}

Shinile

Fik

Gode

Dagahbour

Warder

Korahey

Livestock trade and prices

Livestock price particular camel and shoat has increased significantly compared to the long term average and same period last year, due to better internal demand. However market accessibility remained a critical problem in remote pastoral area and people are still forced to travel at least 2 days to reach markets. This has been the case for most districts of the region including Shinile zone. The price trend has shown a gradual increase for this year compared to the last years {Jan –Dec ’12) for all the main markets in the region, due to good livestock body condition, better internal and external demand .The prise of average local shoat for example has raised from birr 500 in the month of November 2011 to birr 1100 in November 2012 Price trend for Shoat-local slaughter (Sept-Nov ’11 to Sept-Nov ’12)

Terms of Trade (ToT) Terms of trade was favourable for the pastoralists in areas of better access and supply of cereals. Exceptions are the remote pastoral areas. In the coming long dry season, pastoralists would likely increase the number of animals they supply to the market despite the low external demand and the decreasing price of livestock and in contrary increasing price of stable food will negatively affect purchasing power of households who mainly depend on livestock and livestock products. The overall trend in Terms of Trade (ToT), measured in terms of kilogram of relief wheat per shoat, slightly continue increased in this year compared to the last year, although sometimes reamed stable or fluctuated within this year, but in general the trend in terms of trade has improved in this year compared to the last year, due to the regular relief wheat distribution and good price of shoat.

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Dagahbour Charati Warder Jigjiga Fik Shinile Korahey Filtu Gode

Local Shoat Price

Sep-11

Oct-11

Nov-11

Sep-12

Oct-12

Nov-12

Camel Exported to the Saudi Arabia through Djibouti port

9. MAJOR SOURCES OF INCOME

The major income sources for the pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in the Somali region are livestock and livestock products. Apart from this, poor households benefit from various income sources such as: camel rent for transportation, labor (agricultural, causal and migratory), forest product sales (poles, firewood and charcoal, gums, etc.). Most of this income sources are currently not viable income sources for various reasons. For example, camel rent, which was a viable income source for pastoralists in Shinile and the bordering areas, has ceased to exist with the ban on contraband trade. Labor income is also dependent on the performance of agriculture in the farming areas, while migratory labor particularly to neighboring countries is declining. Income from forest products is also declining either due to restrictions on charcoal burning and firewood sales or from the increased distances travelled firewood collection as a result of exhaustion of nearby resources. Hence, the current viable income sources for the people of the region are livestock and livestock products which are also highly susceptible to seasonal rainfall performances. For example income from milk and ghee remained zero in Shinile zone, Doloado, Dolobay, and Barey districts, due to the poor animal reproduction or less number of animal milking in Shinile zone, and failure of deyr rains from other southern districts However, many pastoralists from southern zones expecting to receive better income from camel milk, after offspring rate from camel increasing this season.

10. HEALTH SITUATION

The recurrent drought and flash flood and wide unprotected irrigations in the riverine woredas,

limited health service coverage, lack of safe water supply, poor personal/environmental

sanitation and conducive mosquito breeding and the presence of refugees in Awbare and

Kebribayah woredas makes prone to different health hazards/disease outbreaks, i.e. diarrheal

diseases (including AWD), malaria.

According to woreda health offices quarterly from June-Oct’12, Malaria, Upper Respiratory Tract

Infections (URTI), Diarrheal diseases, malnutrition, Bilharzia (in Mustahil), skin diseases and

UTI were among the top five leading causes of morbidity. Number of new HIV/AIDS cases has

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1000 Value Kg Vs one

Shoat

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Term of trade for local Shoat Vs Relief Wheat in Pastoral Markets{Oct2011-Sept2012}

Shinile

Fik

Charati

Gode

Warder

increased in Awbare district over the last 6 months. Being a region endemic for malaria; no

malaria outbreak has been reported, however, increasing trends of malaria morbidities and

acute respiratory infections (ARIs) have also been reported by the all assessed woredas:

Malaria A total of 8,689 cases of malaria cases was reported during the reporting period of June – Oct

2012 of these, 3,779 cases from Shebelle; 198 cases with 6 deaths in Fafan zone; 1,368 cases

with one death was reported from Korahey; 1,342 cases with one death was also reported from

Erer woreda of Siti zone. In addition Afder zone has reported 2,002 clinical and confirmed

malaria cases with 17 deaths. On the prevention aspect IRS has been conducted in most of the

woredas, however, some woredas with high malaria prevalence was covered or less targeted

like Erer, part of Fafan woredas, Kalafo, Ferfer, Mustahil, Danan, Elwayne, part of Jarar

woredas, Fik and Hamaro woredas, Charati, and given the priority to resettlement areas etc.

Diarrheal diseases Total of 1,647 cases of acute diarrheal diseases was reported in the last quarter; of which 1,178

cases from Shebelle zone; 254 diarrheal diseases with two deaths in Korahey zone; Danod 136

cases only Oct-Nov’12; Warder 46 cases only in Nov’12; Bokh 33 cases in Nov’12; Children

under five years of age are said to be most affected.

. Measles

112 cases with 6 deaths of measles were reported in Fafan zone, while Warder Woreda

reported 40 suspected measles with zero deaths, and 49 suspected (rumour) measles cases

from Afder zone, from June – Oct 2012.

It was widely observed that data lack of adequate data under estimated the real figures of this quarter. Generally, service delivery by the woreda health offices and health facilities are handicapped by

the limited functionality of health posts mainly located in rural areas due to absence of HEWs in

(Harshin, Babile, Ferfer, Elwayne, Danan), (Jarar zone, 12 HPs & 2 HCs are none functional out

of 48 HPs and 10 HCs); Higloley (Dobewain), Laas,-ano (Shilabo), Nus-darik (Marsin), Ur-

madag (Galadi) and Mara,ato (kabridahar); limited health professionals, shortage of routine &/or

emergency supplies (including laboratory reagents).

Humanitarian interventions On the other hand, Humanitarian organizations supports are basically feasible like UNICEF

supported mobile health and nutrition teams in Yo,ale, Birkod, Gunagado and Dagahmadow,

while MSF-S & Mercy Corps are supporting nutrition program making 44 OTPs and 5 SCs sites

operational. Similarly, in Korahey zone, Merlin is operating in Shaykosh, Kabridaher, Shilabo

and Dobewain woredas supporting facility-based health and nutrition services. ACF phased out

from Dobeweyn and Shilabo in 30th October’12 and currently is based in Kabridaher town.

UNICEF supported RHB mobile health and nutrition teams are operational in kabridaher,

Shilabo, Dobeweyn and Marsin woreda providing basic health and nutrition services and

responding to health emergencies as per the need of the situation.

Doollo zone: MSF-H is providing technical and logistical support to warder hospital and Danod

health center. There are also three RHB- MHNTs assisted by UNICEF deployed in Danot,

Daratole and Galadi woreda.

Siti zone: Mercy corps is supporting Afdem, and Dambal woredas, while SCI is operating in

Ayisha, Adigala and Shinile woredas, of these projects in Adigala, Ayisha and Shinile will phase

out within a month (End of Dec’12).

Shebelle zone: Merlin mobile health & nutrition teams cover Gode, Adadle Berano, Kalafo,

Barey and static support in Mustahil. Similarly, ADRA CMAM project is active in Kalafo &

Mustahil.

- No disease outbreak was reported for the past quarter in the zone and during the

assessment, however, increased Malaria caseload was common across the region,

- Anti-Malaria treatment (All type) was zero stock in all woredas of the region,

- LLITNs distribution and IRS spray was uneven in some woredas given priority to focused

villages &/or less number esp. in the resettlement areas and far kebeles like Qorof and

Barmogog of Ferfer, Danan, Adadley and Elwayne woreda never received bed nets,

- LLINTs distribution list in 2004 EFY, (Adadley– 2,000pcs, Kalafo- 4,500pcs, Mustahil-

3,000pcs, Ferfer- 2,000pcs, Danan- 4,000pcs, Elwayne- 0 and Gode xxx), however, two

factors affecting the long lasting of the net are low community awareness on handling of the

bed net and given the priority to new resettlement areas instead of reimbursement.

Nutrition Situation Generally, crop production is expected good in the region, the fact that Dry rain performance

was better, resettlement program, good pasture regeneration and good animal body condition,

improving milk production, and nutrition programs run by Government and NGOs; the nutrition

situation is expected to be normal, unless immediate health hazards like diarrheal diseases,

malaria, and respiratory tract infection diseases outweighs the situation.

Shebelle zone: A total of 4,831 severe acute malnutrition cases were managed in the

outpatient therapeutic program (OTP) from June-Nov’12,

Korahey and Doollo zones: overall nutrition situation in the visited woredas was relatively

good. More than 40 OTP sites and 3 stabilization centers were reportedly operational. A total of

439 SAM admissions reported from Warder (141), Danot (94), Dobowein (128) and Bok (76) in

June – Oct’12.

Data Source: Regional ENCU/Health & Nutrition Cluster, Monthly Report, Jan-Nov’12. Coordination and Emergency Preparedness Plan - Neither of the visited woredas had emergency coordination forum nor Emergency

Preparedness and Response Plan including contingency for essential drugs and medical

supplies, however, as responses to the flooding emergency, zonal coordination multi-

sectoral task force has been in place for Korahey zone.

- AWD supplies (CTC Kits) are prepositioned at SRHB and UNICEF warehouses that can be

utilized for the region, if the need arises.

Risk Factors - According to the woredas monthly report following Deyr rain malaria and acute diarrheal

diseases are top priority, and all woredas are potentially in a high risk for possible

outbreaks, unless intensive additional prevention measures are done,

- mosquito breeding and the presence of refugees in Awbare and Kebribayah woredas makes

prone to different health hazards/disease outbreaks, i.e. diarrheal diseases (including AWD),

malaria,

- Shortage and uneven distribution of LLITNs, especially in the new resettlement areas;

- Stagnant water area was observed widely, whereby local community treats as a water

sources and in majority cases share with animals,

- Lack of safe water supply and purification chemicals and wide spread open field defecation

(ODF) in the rural areas, except in the main towns,

Critical Gaps - Lack of anti-malarial drugs across the region (all type/zero stock balance),

- LLITNs and IRS, only focused on few areas of resettlement across the region,

- ORS was missing in majority of Shebelle, Afder, Nogob zones/woredas,

- Reporting (none existing data), surveillance system, HMIS Reporting formats,

541 458 464 549 488 493 494 504 512 466 455

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80.0%

100.0%

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Jan-12 Mar-12 May-12 Jul-12 Sep-12 Nov-12

Number of Admissions and Report completion Rate/TFP in Somali/ 2012

Admission Total TFP % Report completion

- Shortage of HEWs (esp. Ferfer, Danan and Elwayne, Fik, Hamaro. Korahey and Doollo

zones),

- Lack capacity building/Trainings, on emergency preparedness, responses and HMIS

reporting formats,

- Lack of water purification chemicals at woreda, and HFs level in all woredas,

- Lack of water supply in the health posts & centers is the most contributor factor to poor

performance of hygiene and sanitation.

- .Mara,ato health center was affected by the flooding with the medical equipments/furniture

and staff evacuated to Rinji about 2 km up to the higher ground and currently providing no

services due to lack of sheltering(building) facility.

- Woreda health offices are under staffed in majority of the woredas esp. the new woredas,

- Salahad and Lagahida: both health posts are running out of essential drugs,

- Elwayne Woreda: has no HF (one small private local made room), with no storage. Only 2

primary health workers (PHWs) are supporting the health community; No registration and

reporting system is in place;

Recommendations: - Anti-malarial drugs should be distribution urgently and given high priority,

- LLITNs &IRS should be considered urgently to reduce malaria case load, in the priority

woredas, including new resettlement areas,

- ORS and other medical and nutrition supplies distribution should be noted to sustain PHC

services,

- HEWs assignment should be noted to supplies HFs functionality

- Capacity building on emergency preparedness and responses should be given priority to

woredas/zones.

- Capacity building on HMIS and reporting mechanism should also be noted to improve on

data handling, timeliness and reporting efficiency,

- It is necessary to strengthen all OTP sites through regular and consistent supportive

supervision and hence link moderate cases, discharged cases to SFP and strengthen

enhanced outreach strategy (EOS).

- Promote partners to continue working on nutrition programs in the weredas and support

establishing stabilization centers

- Immediately Temporary shelter for Mara,ato health centre as the previous building of the

health center is no longer usable due to the flooding incident

11. WASH RELATED EMERGENCY/DROUGHT

The Deyr 2012 rains have failed some districts of Deyr received Zones while Karan receiving rains has been normal and/or above normal rain in Siti and Fafan zones, although two weeks earlier cessation has been reported from Siti zone. The start of Deyr rains has been delayed for one to three weeks in some districts. In addition to late onset of Deyr rains, the rains were mostly erratic, localized and unevenly distributed in most woredas in the zones with the exception, Jarar, Korahey and Doollo zones where it’s the distribution of the rain was very good, high intensity as compared to normal Deyr seasons and reference years. Fafan and Siti Zones

are classified as a Karan receiving area as compared to the Deyr receiving southern zones of the region. Deyr rains entirely replenished all water sources of the entire Woredas of Somali region. In all seventeen LZ in Somali region have access to water in the current season is normal compared to normal years. All water sources are the existing sources both for human & livestock consumption. Major water sources are Rivers, Birkas, Hand dug wells & traditional ponds & local streams. Quantity of available water largely depends on the amount of Rainwater received while there is no much change in the quality of the available water. In majority districts of Liban, Jarar, Fafan, Doollo, Korahey, Gode, part of Nogob, Afder, and Siti zones the current water is sufficient both for human and livestock since the Birkas & ponds are filled by the rainfall runoff. There is also sufficient ground water recharge in traditional hand dug wells, except districts which received below normal rains like. Water sources are expected to deplete in coming dry season The availability of water in all zones for human and livestock has improved because of the Deyr rains. Most of the Birkas in Birka dependant areas are full except in hot spot areas like; Doloado, Dolobay, Barey, Raso, East imey, west imey, Salahad, Lagahida, Muyumuluko, Fik, Hamero, Danan, Elweyn, part of Adadley, Barey, small pocket area of Bokh, Shinile, Ayisha, north of Erer, pocket area of Hadagalle, Harshin districts and other water chronic areas . The water captured in Birkas located in hotspot areas is sufficient only for a maximum of one to two months. According to the districts administrations meeting with the assessment teams were estimated total of 36041 persons in hotspot woredas will face water shortages during the first quarter of 2013 of the Jilaal period. The population expected to be affected by water shortages will need water delivery through tankering operations for a period of 2 months using some of the existing permanent water sources. Korahey/Doollo zone 1. In Korahey and Doollo Zone the Deyr rains (mid-October- December) were reported as

normal to near normal in most visited districts of Korahey and Doollo zones. 2-3 days rains with early onset at the end week of September reported in distribution with wide coverage in Warder, Danod, Kabridahar, Dobeweyn, Shilabo, and Shekosh, districts, in October some pocket areas of Bokh, Galadi received two days shower to medium rain with erratic coverage has reported and finally in November all districts of the two zones has received two to three days heavy rains with good distribution, coverage and amount were reported.

2. The water availability was normal in majority districts of both zones the rain has improved main water sources specially Birkas, ponds and seasonal streams (shallow wells) has harvested enough water except in the areas which received below average rain like

southern kebeles of Galadi, few sites of warder, some pocket area of Shaykosh districts water points did not harvest enough water, rural people depend on birka water may face critical water shortage for the coming months ahead. At the moment there are 46 boreholes in both zones of which 14 boreholes are not functional due to mechanical problems. It has been estimated that 41,676 persons in Doollo and Korahey Zone will face serious water shortages as of end February 2013. The above populations need water delivery through tankering operations should start as early as possible for an initial period of three months.

Afder zone 1. The Deyr 2012 rainfall started late of October in most of Afder zone and East Imey woreda

of Shebelle and the rains delayed one to three weeks. In general the rain is characterized with late onset, low frequency, low intensity and non-uniform with more localized distribution over the nine visited woredas except woredas of Elkare, Gorobakaksa, and parts of Charati woreda. It has been estimated that 63% of Bare, Hargele, West Imey, East Imey and Raso woredas have not received the Deyr 2012 rain. More than 70-80% of Dolobay worda has not received Deyr rains and remain dry with dust. Water sources inventory in Afder zone indicates the existence of about 11 boreholes, 13 shallow wells, 51 hand-dug wells installed with hand pump, 248 traditional improved hand-dug wells. In addition to this, there are also 201 Birkas, 6 river intake and 55 Ponds in the zone. Out of total water sources, only 4 boreholes, 3 shallow wells, 35 hand pumps, 163 hand dug wells, 169 Birkas and 3 river intake are functional.

2. As shown in the above analysis, the average of water coverage entire zone is found 14% while functional different existing water sources is about 57%. However, most the hand dug wells, traditional hand dug wells and River intake that takes 23% of the total coverage are only dependable during rainy season and usually dry up immediately after the rains over. The assessment team is convinced that parts of Doollo bay, Charati, West Imey western and eastern parts of Bare and parts of Hargelle woredas of Afder zone East Imey woreda of Shebelle Zone should be considered as the hotspot areas in 2013 in terms of water shortages. In relation to this, about 40 kebeles with a population of 91,199 persons are expected to be requiring emergency water trucking in the next two to three months.

3. There are also 3 river intakes under construction in East/West Imey towns and Jiiq kebele of West Imey woreda. Out of total, one River intake is partially functional in West Imey town and other 2 River intakes in East Imey town and Jiiq Kebele are suspended their activities at the moment. Experiences indicate that as much as 30% of the water from the river is mud, inconsumable for drinking, consequently, Water diarrheal outbreak and water shortage are susceptible to happen in both West and East Imey woredas.

Jarar Zone 1. In Jarar zone the assessment team reported that the performance of the rainfall and the

distribution of the rains were very good, with high intensity as compared to normal Deyr seasons and reference years with exception of some Kebeles of Ararso and Daror Woreda. There will be no common problem of water shortages after the recent rains, and water trucking activities are not a priority for the next three months except Ararso, Eastern of yo’ale and west of Daror woreda, which have been observed less rainfall distribution level than the other woredas of the zone.

2. Currently, there are 21 boreholes in Jarar zone of which 13 of them are functional and 8 boreholes are considered non-functional due to lack of maintenances and mechanical problems. There are also 43 traditional hand-dug wells, 6 of them are operational while 10 are remained in idle for slight rehabilitation aspects, as water expert reported. 64 pond/Haffir dams are also available in Jarar zone, 2 Huffier dams in Degahbour woreda are under

construction. Dagahmadow and Gunagado woredas excluding with this water statistics reported from Jarar zone.

Fik zone 1. In FIK zone the Deyr 2012 has failed in most parts of the woredas which were covered by

the team (Fik, Hamaro, Duhun and Sagag), causing the traditional rain water harvesting systems like Birkas, natural dams and depressions to remain dry and as a result acute water stress and scarcities are being experienced by the local residents in the above four woredas and hence requiring urgent water trucking to mitigate the water scarcity and safe lives.

2. Water scarcity is increasing day after day and total of 31, 950 people require an urgent water intervention in four months starting from December 12 until next seasonal GU rain. Moreover, the main water sources of Salahad and Lagahida Woreda are unclean riverbed shallow wells of (Jalalaqe, Dharole and Gubele seasonal rivers). No any boreholes constructed either by government or by NGS in the LZ. Water availability is very poor in both woredas and need emergency water tankering intervention from the coming of November 2012.

Shabelle zone 1. The rainfall pattern of Deyr 2012 in Shebelle zone ranges between Normal to below normal

except Elweyn with poor rains. The rains has improved the pasture and brows and alleviated the water problems in most parts of Shabelle zone. Pasture is available in all woredas except Elweyne and Livestock condition is currently good in all woredas and they have recovered from the last recurrent droughts. Pocket areas in Ferfer: like Qorof and Barmogog will require water support in 1 month time (since rain fall was light/below normal), while In Muztahil and Gode Woredas will experienced water shortage.

2. In Kalafo: Pocket areas like Hargududo and Faftoboyo villages remain hot spot, despite CHF constructed 2 hand-dug wells in addition to 1 old HDWs by OWDA and reported water table is deep. Similarly, in Washaqo Kebele 2 birkas recently constructed by SC UK had water which can long last for 3 months, however, if the Jilaal dry season prolong remain hot spot for support. Adadley Woreda: Todob and Hodan villages were priority hot spot areas after 2 months they will require water tracking, whereas, Jerey, Digino, Malkaslah & Bursaredo were given 2nd priority after 3 months (These areas are complete Birka dependent areas and received below normal to normal rain, but have mountainous topography).Berano Woreda: Berano main Town and Qorahda village will require water support in 1 month time. Danan Woreda: Danan main town, Ijiid, Walalgo & Burqoyar villages will also require water support after 2 months due to less Dyr rain performance. Elwayne New Woreda: Only water system/Old hand-dug well require rehabilitation.

Liban zone 1. The onset of the Deyr 2012 short rains in Liban zone was earlier than usual and was

received in the second week of October across the Liban zone livelihood zones. Rainfall amounts were generally normal. The rains were exceptionally high in Filtu, Dekasuftu, Moyale, Hudet and Mubarak districts however, the rains were below normal in Dolo-ado district where is considered below average. Given this, previous water tracking sites are of concern in the next 1-2 months. Pasture regenerated fully in all areas of the zone for all livestock species existing pasture is estimated to be sufficient for at least three to four months in some areas until the coming Gu 2013 rain season.

2. Some areas that have not received enough rains will be experiencing water shortage problem while in other areas along the two rivers have access to water. The areas that are reported to have water shortage are far from the rivers in which the water catchment points have harvested little or no water. More than 20 kebeles in Dolo-Ado, Filtu, Hudet,

Mubarak population are expected to be requiring emergency water next one to two months in Liban zone.

Siti Zone 1. Generally the main rainy seasons in Siti zone are Dira’ (late March-mid May) and Karan

(July-mid September). This year ‘Karan’ rain has started in the normal time thought it has early cessation than expected. The overall performance of both Dira’ & karan rains have been normal and above normal on most zone in terms of amount and distribution in most parts of the zone. Despite the normal rain performance and water improvement, acute water shortages have been reported in most woredas of Siti (Shinile) Zone. Most affected woredas include, Ayisha, Hadagala, parts of Shinile and part of Afdem woreda. According to the DPPO Zonal early warning, most birkas and dry river bed dependent areas will face water shortage and might need water trucking in late December or early January.

2. Currently, twenty seven villages scattered in seven woredas of Siti zone are currently facing water shortage. Some these can still cope-up with the situation by the local community. These are Elaheley, Sinujif, Sheikh yabaree, Omerguluf, Sawa, subkebele of Biyodidley of Ayisha woreda; Hulkadoba, Manjo, Gedugas, and Hardin and Afase of Meiso woreda; Asli, Dankarone, Hanwele, Masalu, and Undufo of Afdem woreda; Adowarabaysa, Dulaad, Barkodabal, Dibiraweyne, Gafane, Gilisa, jabanta and Kebrikoshin kebeles in Dambel; Asbuli and Tebi of Erer; Harasiso, Hore, and Gurgur of Hadagala; Ayliso, Bisle and Hadkale of Shinile woreda. All of them are Birkads, ponds and dry seasonal river bed dependent villages without permanent water sources.

3. Generally, the Sitti zone has 84 BH and 108 HDW and 11 SHW. Out of these schemes, 19

BH, 54 HDW and 5 SHW are currently not functional. The major problems are limited or lack of operational and maintenance budget, lack of trained/skilled maintenance staff, lack of machineries like crane and transportation facilities. These need close follow up and especial attention.

Fafan Zone 1. In Fafan zone, the onset and cessation of Karan rains were both normal and timely as

the initial rains of the season started in July and stopped in early September. However, the intensity, frequency, and temporal and spatial distribution of these rains were generally below normal in the majority of the areas that receive Keren rainfall. Among the districts in Fafan zone Jigjiga, Gursum, Tuliguled and most part of Kabribayah reported a near normal rainfall, whereas below normal rains were reported in Babile and eastern and western parts of Kebribayah districts throughout the Keren season.

2. Harshin is the only district in the zone that receives Deyr rainfall, although it does occasionally experience Karant rainfall as well. This year, the Deyr rains have failed completely in the majority of the district and only few places like Harshin town, Derbiga and Camp Hashin have received one or two good rains.

3. Presently, there are 74 motorized boreholes in Fafan Zone of which 60 are functional and productive while the remaining 14 representing 19% are non – functional due to various technical and mechanical problems. There will be hotspot areas in some Woredas of Fafan Zone where water tankering operation is required for the coming 1-2 months similar to the situation in 2012. Areas with critical water shortages are listed as follows:

4. Kebribayah Hartashekh, Dibile, Jingada, Warabajiro, Guyo, fadeyga Kabrihanten, duryo and Egato will face water shortage. In Babile Woreda four Kebeles namely Dhorato,

Burqo, Erayso, Ceelgari, Ceelgabooye and Harshin and Awbare three Kebeles will face water shortage.

11.1. Environmental sanitation and hygiene 1. With regard to hygiene and sanitation, many water supply sources are not protected

including traditional hand dug wells, Birkas and Ponds; the urgency of water availability in the zone has been shadowed by the compromise on hygiene and sanitation issues. People directly drink from waters accumulated in traditional ponds and Birkas that collect surface run-offs including animal carcasses and other human wastes which cause waterborne diseases that increase community vulnerabilities. Hygiene and sanitation campaign need to be intensified in water supply areas with community participation and the water points be fenced to avoid free access by using local materials that can be made available by community members through community mobilization. Interventions in this direction would reduce the risk of being affected by water borne diseases such as AWD.

2. The situation with regard to institutional WASH is alarming and an urgent action needs to be taken by all concerned. Almost all schools and health facilities do not have basic water supply and sanitation facilities. In order to improve the institutional WASH in Somali Region, an urgent action needs to be taken in the provision of water supply and sanitation hygiene facilities.

Recommendations 1. Rehabilitating non-functional Boreholes, Hand Dug Wells, and Birka should be given

due attention in order to increase portable water supply coverage to the community in Somali Region.

2. Regional water bureau to deploy technician water teams to East and West Imey woredas and monitor the suspended construction activities of three River intakes to ensure provision of portable water supply and avoid the risk water borne diseases of being affected by community

3. Adequate trucks with tankers of minimum capacity of 10,000 litters should be deployed through regional DPPB to hotspot Kebeles. It’s strongly suggested that the deployment of the water tankers be made with clearly defined tasks with effective monitoring system, with strong contract management and reporting. Due attention be also given to the need for undertaking proper hygiene and sanitation during the tankering operations and water distribution.

4. Most of the visited woredas have areas that are chronically water insecure. Development of more super-Birkas is recommended strategy to alleviate water shortages during dry seasons.

5. All agencies involved in WASH activities must consider the need for community total led sanitation and hygiene for improving hygiene and sanitation to reduce episodes of water borne diseases

6. Providing water supply system and separate latrine facilities to formal schools in Somali region be considered by the regional Bureau for Education in close cooperation with the government other partners with the engagement of local and international NGOs.

12. EDUCTION SECTOR

In the visited districts 0f Somali regional state of Ethiopia, there are 1009 formal and 1580 ABE schools with total student of 668,860 of which 401,440 are male and 268,000 are Female. During the deyr seasonal assessment 85 of the ABECs and 67 the formal schools were reportedly closed due to drought, flood and windstorm related emergency, this definitely need support. There are total teachers/facilitators of 4496 for both formal and ABE of which 835 are female.

12.1. Education Statistics of the 9 zones in the region: Drought, floods and heavy windstorm was reported as the major emergency affecting schools in Woredas of Shabelle, Korahey, Nogob, Siti, Fafan, Doollo, Liban, Afder and parts of Jarar and extreme lack of water with proper sanitation facilities undermined education of both boys and girls in Somali region. In Danan woreda, for example only one formal school out of the 42 schools in the woreda has safe drinking water. About 90% of the formal schools and 95% of the ABE schools in the whole Woredas of the region visited lack latrine facilities and safe drinking water. For the 10% that have latrine it is not separate for boys and girls this is also discouraging the required school attendance for girls.

Most of the schools in the Woredas of Shabelle, Afder, Liban, Nogob, Dollo and Fafan zone are not suitable for children to study in as they might collapse anytime. Team found collapsing structures in the Woredas visited. Most of this schools, structures are made of branches of trees and it’s in unpleasant condition, it can collapse any time particularly during heavy rains and windy period. During the assessment teams observed newly selected Woredas like Daratole Marsin and Elweyn have no basic social service. In Elweyn woreda of Shabelle zone for example all the basic social service including schools is not in place. Acting Woreda administration reported 5000 student and 10 teachers in the woreda, team confirmed only two trees one regarded as ABE and another as formal education. The reported enrolment figures need to be confirmed. See below schools of Elweyn woreda. In all the Woredas visited, girls’ enrolment is low though improving compared to the previous years. All the Woredas visited reported Food for Education (FFE), take home ration for girls and hygiene kit could improve girl’s enrolment.

Recommendations

Rain water catchment facilities to be initiated as a mandatory feature so that schools are not closed due to lack of water during droughts. All formal schools with structure need water to be in place before the next drought strikes schools in the zones with serious water shortages again.

Possibility of providing water and latrine facilities to both formal and ABE schools need to be considered by the regional Education Bureau in close cooperation with woreda education office and through the engagement of local or international NGOs.

Woreda education offices to keep truck of teachers absenteeism from schools to ensure good enrolment and attendance of students

Woredas to ensure ABE facilitators are recruited from same kebeles they are to teach

Woreda education office with the support of regional Education Bureau should consider

reconstruction of both formal and ABE schools which have either collapsed or on the

verge of collapsing for students safety and education progress

Regional education bureau to focus on how Elweyn, Mersin and Daratole woredas

could attain schools in place for all the kebeles through community mobilization and

woreda support

School supplies including hygiene kits for girls, teaching learning materials like books,

chalkboard, pens, teachers guide and students text book remains priority for remote

Woredas across the region

WFP in collaboration with regional and woreda education bureaus to increase the

coverage of school feeding programme

13. FOOD SECURITY PROSPECTS: FOR JAN TO APRIL 2013 In general food security situation in most of the Somali region have slightly improved since the last 2011 deyr season and following this year Gu 2012, recovery from the previous consecutive dry season shocks has been tenuous particular poor household from Shinile and other southern zones The prospects for stable or increased livestock prices are promising, whereas the current cereal price trend is highly fragile since it is mainly determined by food aid distribution. Milk production is currently declining in Shinile zone and other some hotspot woreda like Daloado, Dolobay, Barey, Salahad, Lagahida, Qubi, Hamero, Raso, west-Imey and East Imey districts, while majority of other deyr received districts milk production slightly increased in this season and expected to improve after one to two months. Crop harvest is not expected from the Shinile and majority of southern agro-pastoral livelihood zones as a result of the erratic nature of Deyr and Karan rains. The riverine areas may harvest very little cereals and vegetables in the next two to three months, whereas Jigjiga sedentary expected to harvest average wheat and very little sorghum from Jigjiga agro pastoral area.. Livestock value is also expected to decline during the long dry season which is normal at this time of the year, because of the deterioration of body conditiond lowering down of demand and pastoralist was seling more animals in order to buy food, water and other necessity items Hence, limited flow of goods internally and across the border, failure of local cereal production and increased demand for food purchase under poor livestock production would causes an increase in the prices of food items. As a result, in the coming six months the purchasing power of the poor and middle households is expected to decline significantly since there is no crop production and livestock price will likely decrease further during long dryJilaal season. Therefore, food availability and accessibility generally remains poor. Poor pastoral and urban groups suffer from the worst effects of the food inflation and will be less able to purchase these goods to fulfill their food needs. In this regard, the local food security situation of the entire region will not change in the near future. Food aid will continue to be required for the remaining period of the year 2013 in a quantity that is not less than the requirements set for the first six months of the year. Similarly, Labour opportunities are missing due to the different reason, like less planting of crop in riverine area due to high cost of fuel or diesel for water pump which has been the main source of demand. The opportunity foreseeable in some woredas is participation on building and water supply construction and individual private houses constructions that could accommodate small number of unemployed people in this woredas. The high number of unemployment has also resulted in reduced payment or wage rate. This implies that, the current food insecurity is expected to persist throughout the region. Siti zone will remain the worst affected followed by the, Barey, Dolobay, Raso, and West Imey of Afder, Dolo Ado of Liban, Fik, Qubi, Salahad, and Hamero of Nogob zone, Danan, Elweyn and East Imey districts of Shabelle zone, and Improvements are expected provided the performance of the upcoming seasons is good, i.e., Gu (April-June) The analysis of the current Gu 2012 needs assessment data using HEA/LIAS indicates that an estimated -------------- people need assistance in the Somali region for the coming three to four months - from Jan to April 2013. On top of this, the critical water and pasture shortage areas need additional non-food assistance (see Annex below).

14. ESTIMATES OF NEEDY POPULATION & DURATION OF ASSISTANCE BY WOREDA

A

dm

inis

trat

ive

Zon

e Woreda Total HEA

beneficiaries estimated in the Belg seasonal Assessment (1)

Number of registered PSNP beneficiaries – 2008 (2)

HEA-PSNP (3)

Severity High: Below S Threshold (Y/N) (4)

Duration assistance required in months

Starting Month

ANNEXES Table 1: Emergency Water Tankering Needs in Somali Region in 2013

No Zones Number of population affected

No of Kebeles need water trucking

Source of water Proposed date of tankering operations

Duration of operations (months)

1 Dollo 31, 000 12 Kebeles Boreholes February 2013 3 months

2 Korahe 10,676 2 Kebeles Boreholes February 2013 3 months

3 FIK 31, 950 7 kebeles HDWs January 2013 3 months

4 Jerar 12,100 8 Kebeles Boreholes March 2013 3 months

5 Li ban 130,056 20 Kebeles River, BHs January 2013 3 months

6 Afder 91,199 Kebeles Rivers, BHs February 2013 3 months

7 Fafan 16,910 18 Kebeles Boreholes January 2013 3 months

8 Siti 72,000 24 Kebels Boreholes March 2013 2 months

9 Shabele

15,300 21 Kebeles Shabale river March 2013 2 months

10 Salahad & Lgahida

11,800 9 Kebeles Lagahida /Jalako seasonal river

January 2013 3 months

Grand total

360, 041 161 Kebeles

Table2: The Status of Existing Boreholes in Rural area per zones

S/no Zone Boreholes condition Remarks

Table3: The status of Schools

Functional Non-functional

Total

1 Afder 4 7 11

2 Siti 73 19 92

3 Korahey 13 11 24

4 Doollo 19 3 22

5 Liban 21 6 27

6 Jarar 16 5 21

7 Fafan 60 14 74

8 Nogob - - -

9 Shabelle - - -

Total 206 65 271

SN Zones Formal ABE Boys Girls Total

No of teachers employed

No. currently available for work

Students Drop outs

No. of

Drop

out

Sex

M F M F M F

1 Shabelle 154 198 63326 39009

101,745

1275

186

1144

173

3196

2091

1105

2 Fik 15 28 12640 4309 16949

- - - - - - -

3 Degahbour 63 108 22739 12326 35065

- - - - - - -

4 Afder

111 190 67961 44960 112931

873 173 863 173 3918 3569

5 Siti/Shinile 139 283 51535 39091 90626

1086 176 - - - - -

6

Liban 146 100 - - -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

Jigjiga

239 535

119880 85495 205375

- - - - - - -

8 Korahey

42 43 29904 16642 46546

423 300 - - - - -

9 Warder

100

95 33455 26168

59623 - - - - - - -

Table4: The Physical Condition of Formal Schools Formal schools

Zones Extent of damage

No. school affected Wind drought flood Collapsed due to

poor structure

Shabelle

Serious damage while others slight damage

29 14 2

4 9

Fik

Serious damage while others slight damage

14 0 0 0

0

Afder

Serious damage while others slight damage

12 6 6 0

0

Korahey

Serious damage while others slight damage

4 0 0 4 0

Doollo

Serious damages

8 0 0

0 0

Total 67

20 8 8 9

Table 5: The Physical Condition of ABE Schools

Total 1009 1580

401,44

0 268,00

0 668860

3657 835 2007 346 7114 5660 1105

ABE Centers

Zones Extent of damage No. school affected

Wind drought flood Remarks

Shabelle

Serious and slight damages

22 11 8 3

Fik Serious and slight damages

16 16 0 0

Jarar Serious and slight damages

1 1 0 0

Afder Serious and slight damages

19 9 9

0

AGRICALTURAL REQIUREMENT – CROP SUB SECTOR

Table 6: Emergency /Recovery Seed Requirement for the period January – June 2013 Region __Somali _ Zone __Gode , Afder, Liban, Jigjiga and Shinile _ Appropriate season _ Bulg/Gu 2013

Woreda

# of target HH

Seed type Seed

variety

Area to be planted

(ha)

Amount (qt)

Sowing window

Delivery time Male

headed Female Headed

Total

Gode

2300

850

3400

Maize Sesame Sorghum Tomato Pepper Forage

Melkasa-1 &2 Kelafo-74 Local Improved

1500

180.20

April

March

Adadle

1200 400 1600

Maize Sesame Sorghum Tomato Pepper Forage

Melkasa-1 &2 Kelafo-74 Local Improved

800

90.05

April March

Kelafo

1800 800 2,600

Maize Sorghum Sesame Tomato Pepper Forage

Melkasa-1 &2 Local Kelafo -74 improved Improved

1300

146.15

April March

Liban Serious and slight damages

5 0 0

0

Korahey Sight damaged 3 0 0

3

Doollo With some seriously damaged

19 19

Total 85 47 8 6

Mustahil

1500 700 2,200

Maize Sorghum Sesame Tomato Pepper Forage

Melkasa-1 &2 Local Kelafo -74 improved Improved

1,100

123.15

October -2012

Ferfer

1200 400 1600

Maize Sesame Tomato Pepper Forage

Melkasa-1 Kelafo -74 Improved Improved 800 90.05

April March

Danan

450 300 850

Sorghum Tomato Pepper Forage

Local Improved

425

50.05

April March

Beerano

1500 450 1950

Maize Sorghum Sesame Tomato Pepper Forage grass

Melkasa-1 Local Kelafo-74 improved Improved improved

975

109.15

April March

East Emey

1600 600 2200

Maize Sorghum Sesame Tomato Pepper Forage grass

Melkasa-1 Local Kelafo-74 improved Improved

1100

123.20

April March

Sub Total 11550 4500 16,400 8,000 912

Afdere Zone

Hargele 8000 400 1200 Sorghum Sesame Tomato Forage

Local Kelafo -74 Improved Improved

750

83.10

April March

Cherati 1200 400 1600

Maize Sorghum Sesame Tomato Pepper Forage

Melkasa Local Improved Improved

825

91.15

April March

Dolobay 800 400 1200

Maize Sorghum Sesame Tomato Pepper Forage

Melkasa-1 Local Kelafo-74 improved Improved

800

88.15

April March

Elkere

800

300

1100

Sorghum Barely Forage grass

Local Local Improved

800

88.15

April March

West Emey 1500 450 1950

Maize Sorghum Sesame Tomato Pepper Forage grass

Melkasa-1 Kelafo-74 improved Improved improved

975

107.15

April March

Sub Total 12300 1950 7050 4150 457.7

Liban Zone

Doloado 1000 350 1600

Maize Sesame Tomato Pepper Forage grass

Katumani Kelafo -74 Improved Improved

900

98.20

April March

Filtu 800 450 1350

Maize Sorghum Wheat

Katumani Local Improved 350 81.00

April March

Hudet 900 450 1100

Maize Sorghum Forage grass

Katumani Local improved Improved 550 60

April March

Moyale 450 250 700 Sorghum

Local

350

40

April March

Dekasuftu 450 300 750

Sorghum Wheat

Local Improved

400

45

April March

Mubarak 400 250 650 Sorghum

Local

350

40

April March

Subtotal 4000 2050 6150 2900 364.2

Jijiga Zone

Jijiga 3000

1200 4200

Maize Sorghum Wheat Barley Local 1850 235

March February

Gursum 1700 420 2120

Maize Sorghum Wheat Barley Local 1075 140

March February

Awbare 2200 650 2850

Maize Sorghum Wheat Barley Local 1425 150

March February

Tuliguled 1500 350 1850

Maize Sorghum Wheat Barley Local 950 1115

March February

Sub Total 8400 2620 11020 5300 1640

Shinille Zone

Erer 1400 350 1750

Maize Sorghum Wheat Barley Local 875 99

March February

Messo 1300 300 1600

Maize Sorghum Wheat Barley Local 800 90

March February

Barak 1200 250 1450

Maize Sorghum Wheat Barley Local 725 81

March February

Dambal 950 300 1250

Maize Sorghum Wheat Barley Local 625 69

March February

Sub total 4850 1200 6050 3025 339

Grand Total 34850 12400 47,350 23,875 678

Table 7: Relief food delivery and distribution by zones.

Zone Round Number

Total food received (Mt)

Beneficiary number (individual)

Remark

Afder 6 and 7 14992 213,986 10 woredas

Shabelle 6 and 7 7358.36 198,680 9 woredas including Godere IDPs.

Liban 5, 6 and 7 1833.973 94,248 6 woreds including IDPs

in Moyale & Hudet

Jarar 6 and 7 16122.449 158,559 9 woredas

Korahe 6 and 7 4408.02 121,071 5 woredas

Dollo 6 and 7 5325.56 143,739 5 woredas

Fafen 6 & 7 6572.35 169,697 7 woredas

Nogob 6 and 7 6956.54 9 woredas

Siti 3-7th 12,327.73 663,876 7 woredas.

TOTAL 75896.982

1763856

67 woredas in 9 zones.

Note: 6 rounds has been distributed in Siti zone from July-Dec while other zones has distributed 2-3 rounds from July-Dec 2012 as indicated on the above table. IDPs food is also included.