SolutionsSolutionsSolute – what is dissolvedSolute – what is dissolved

Solvent – what the solute is Solvent – what the solute is dissolved into.dissolved into.

Aqueous solutions have water Aqueous solutions have water as the solvent.as the solvent.

Water solubility depends on:Water solubility depends on:Polarity of solute and Polarity of solute and

solvent.solvent.Relative attractions of the Relative attractions of the

ions for each other as ions for each other as opposed to the ions opposed to the ions attraction for the water attraction for the water moleculesmolecules

Strong electrolytesStrong electrolytesA solution of a strong A solution of a strong

electrolyte is able to conduct electrolyte is able to conduct a current efficientlya current efficiently

The ionic substance The ionic substance completely ionizes. Soluble completely ionizes. Soluble salts, strong acids, strong salts, strong acids, strong basesbases

Weak ElectrolytesWeak Electrolytes

Solutions that do not Solutions that do not conduct electricity conduct electricity efficiently.efficiently.

Only a small amount of the Only a small amount of the ionic compound ionizes ionic compound ionizes Insoluble or slightly soluble Insoluble or slightly soluble salts, weak acids or basessalts, weak acids or bases

NonelectrolytesNonelectrolytes

Solutions that do not Solutions that do not conduct electricity.conduct electricity.

Solute is polar but not ionic Solute is polar but not ionic so no ions can be produced.so no ions can be produced.

Molecular compounds in Molecular compounds in solution. solution.

Molarity (M)Molarity (M)

M =M = moles of solute moles of solute

liters of solutionliters of solution

A solution of ethanol is A solution of ethanol is prepared by dissolving 75.0 prepared by dissolving 75.0 mL of ethanol (density = mL of ethanol (density = 0.79g/mL) in enough water to 0.79g/mL) in enough water to make 250.0 mL of solution. make 250.0 mL of solution. What is the molarity of this What is the molarity of this solution?solution?

Calculate the Calculate the concentration of all ions concentration of all ions present in a solution present in a solution made from 1.00g of Kmade from 1.00g of K22SOSO44

in 250.0 mL of solution.in 250.0 mL of solution.

How would you prepare How would you prepare 500 mL of a 0.500M 500 mL of a 0.500M solution of sodium solution of sodium carbonate from the pure carbonate from the pure solid?solid?

DilutionsDilutions

Adding water to a stock or Adding water to a stock or concentrated solution in concentrated solution in order to prepare a lower order to prepare a lower molarity solution.molarity solution.

Moles of solute before dilution Moles of solute before dilution =moles of solute after dilution=moles of solute after dilution

M=molarity; V=volumeM=molarity; V=volume

MM11xVxV11 = moles of solute = moles of solute

before dilutionbefore dilutionMM22xVxV22 = moles of solute = moles of solute

after dilutionafter dilutionMM11xVxV1 1 = M= M22xVxV22

How would you prepare How would you prepare 250 mL of 6.0M sulfuric 250 mL of 6.0M sulfuric acid from concentrated acid from concentrated (18M) sulfuric acid?(18M) sulfuric acid?

Precipitation ReactionsPrecipitation ReactionsWhen two solutions are When two solutions are

mixed an insoluble mixed an insoluble product is formed.product is formed.

To predict the product of To predict the product of these reactions solubility these reactions solubility rules must be known.rules must be known.

Table 4.1 p. 152Table 4.1 p. 152

Write the balanced molecular, the Write the balanced molecular, the complete ionic, and the net ionic complete ionic, and the net ionic

equations for the following equations for the following

FeSOFeSO4(aq)4(aq) + KCl + KCl(aq)(aq)

Al(NOAl(NO33))3(aq)3(aq) + Ba(OH) + Ba(OH)2(aq)2(aq)

CaClCaCl2(aq)2(aq) + Na + Na22SOSO4(aq)4(aq)

KK22SS(aq)(aq) + Ni(NO + Ni(NO33))2(aq2(aq

Solution StoichiometrySolution StoichiometryIdentify reactants and productsIdentify reactants and productsBalance net ionic equationBalance net ionic equationCalculate moles of reactantsCalculate moles of reactantsDetermine limiting reactantDetermine limiting reactantCalculate moles of productCalculate moles of productConvert to grams or other unitConvert to grams or other unit

What volume of 0.100M What volume of 0.100M NaNa33POPO44 is required to is required to

precipitate all the lead(II) precipitate all the lead(II) ions from 150.0 mL of ions from 150.0 mL of 0.250M Pb(NO0.250M Pb(NO33))22 ? ?

What mass of barium sulfate What mass of barium sulfate can be produced when 100.0 can be produced when 100.0 mL of a 0.100M solution of mL of a 0.100M solution of barium chloride is mixed with barium chloride is mixed with 100.0 mL of a 0.100M solution 100.0 mL of a 0.100M solution of iron(III) sulfate?of iron(III) sulfate?

Acid –Base ReactionsAcid –Base Reactions

Acid- proton donorAcid- proton donorBase – proton acceptorBase – proton acceptorAcid + baseAcid + base salt + water salt + waterNeutralization reaction.Neutralization reaction.

Write the balanced molecular, the Write the balanced molecular, the complete ionic, and the net ionic complete ionic, and the net ionic

equations for the followingequations for the following

HNOHNO3(aq)3(aq) + Al(OH) + Al(OH)33

HCHC22HH33OO2(aq)2(aq) + KOH + KOH(aq)(aq)

Ca(OH)Ca(OH)2(aq)2(aq) + HCl + HCl(aq)(aq)

Hydrochloric acid (75.0 mL of Hydrochloric acid (75.0 mL of 0.250M) is added to 225.0 0.250M) is added to 225.0 mLof 0.0550M Ba(OH)mLof 0.0550M Ba(OH)22

solution. What is the solution. What is the concentration of the excess concentration of the excess HH++ or OH or OH-- ions left in ions left in solution?solution?

Oxidation-Reduction ReactionsOxidation-Reduction Reactions

Reactions where one or more Reactions where one or more electrons are transferred.electrons are transferred.

The oxidation state or number The oxidation state or number of an element will change of an element will change during the reaction.during the reaction.

Rules for assigning oxidation Rules for assigning oxidation numbers – Table 4.2 p.167 numbers – Table 4.2 p.167

Species Oxidized - increase Species Oxidized - increase in oxidation state , lose in oxidation state , lose electron(s) and act as the electron(s) and act as the reducing agent.reducing agent.

Species Reduced - decrease Species Reduced - decrease in oxidation state, gain in oxidation state, gain electron(s) and act as the electron(s) and act as the oxidizing agent. oxidizing agent.

Assign oxidation states to all Assign oxidation states to all atomsatoms

UOUO222+2+

AsAs22OO33

NaBiONaBiO33

ClCl22

MgMg22PP22OO77

Specify which of the following Specify which of the following are redox reactions, identify the are redox reactions, identify the

oxidizing agent, the reducing oxidizing agent, the reducing agent, the species being oxidized agent, the species being oxidized and the species being reducedand the species being reduced

CuCu(s)(s)+ 2Ag+ 2Ag++(aq)(aq) 2Ag 2Ag(s)(s) + Cu + Cu2+2+

(aq)(aq)

HClHCl(g)(g) + NH + NH3(g)3(g) NH NH44ClCl(s)(s)

SiClSiCl4(l)4(l)+ 2Mg+ 2Mg(s)(s) 2MgCl 2MgCl2(s) 2(s) + Si+ Si(s)(s)

Balancing Redox EquationsBalancing Redox Equations

Write separate half reactionsWrite separate half reactions Balance each half reactionBalance each half reaction

1.1. Elements except H and OElements except H and O

2.2. Oxygen using waterOxygen using water

3.3. Hydrogen using HHydrogen using H++

4.4. Charge using electronsCharge using electrons

Balancing Redox EquationsBalancing Redox Equations

Equalize electrons transferred Equalize electrons transferred by multiplying half reactions by by multiplying half reactions by whole numbers.whole numbers.

Add half reactions togetherAdd half reactions togetherIf the reaction is in a basic If the reaction is in a basic

environment neutralize the Henvironment neutralize the H++ ions with OHions with OH-- ions. ions.

Balance the following in acid Balance the following in acid solutionsolution

CrCr22OO7(aq)7(aq)+ Cl+ Cl--(aq)(aq) Cr Cr3+3+

(aq) (aq) + Cl+ Cl2(g)2(g)

PbPb(s)(s)+PbO+PbO2(s)2(s)+H+H22SOSO4(aq)4(aq)PbSOPbSO4(s)4(s)

MnMn2+2+(aq)(aq)+NaBiO+NaBiO3(s)3(s)BiBi3+3+

(aq)(aq)+MnO+MnO4(aq)4(aq)

Balance the following in basic Balance the following in basic solutionsolution

CrCr(s)(s)+CrO+CrO442-2-

(aq)(aq) Cr(OH) Cr(OH)3(s)3(s)

MNOMNO44--(aq)(aq)+ S+ S2-2-

(aq)(aq) MnS MnS(s)(s) + S + S(s)(s)

CNCN--(aq)(aq)+MnO+MnO44

--(aq)(aq)CNCN--

(aq)(aq)+MnO+MnO2(s)2(s)