SolutionsSolutionsSolute – what is dissolvedSolute – what is dissolved
Solvent – what the solute is Solvent – what the solute is dissolved into.dissolved into.
Aqueous solutions have water Aqueous solutions have water as the solvent.as the solvent.
Water solubility depends on:Water solubility depends on:Polarity of solute and Polarity of solute and
solvent.solvent.Relative attractions of the Relative attractions of the
ions for each other as ions for each other as opposed to the ions opposed to the ions attraction for the water attraction for the water moleculesmolecules
Strong electrolytesStrong electrolytesA solution of a strong A solution of a strong
electrolyte is able to conduct electrolyte is able to conduct a current efficientlya current efficiently
The ionic substance The ionic substance completely ionizes. Soluble completely ionizes. Soluble salts, strong acids, strong salts, strong acids, strong basesbases
Weak ElectrolytesWeak Electrolytes
Solutions that do not Solutions that do not conduct electricity conduct electricity efficiently.efficiently.
Only a small amount of the Only a small amount of the ionic compound ionizes ionic compound ionizes Insoluble or slightly soluble Insoluble or slightly soluble salts, weak acids or basessalts, weak acids or bases
NonelectrolytesNonelectrolytes
Solutions that do not Solutions that do not conduct electricity.conduct electricity.
Solute is polar but not ionic Solute is polar but not ionic so no ions can be produced.so no ions can be produced.
Molecular compounds in Molecular compounds in solution. solution.
Molarity (M)Molarity (M)
M =M = moles of solute moles of solute
liters of solutionliters of solution
A solution of ethanol is A solution of ethanol is prepared by dissolving 75.0 prepared by dissolving 75.0 mL of ethanol (density = mL of ethanol (density = 0.79g/mL) in enough water to 0.79g/mL) in enough water to make 250.0 mL of solution. make 250.0 mL of solution. What is the molarity of this What is the molarity of this solution?solution?
Calculate the Calculate the concentration of all ions concentration of all ions present in a solution present in a solution made from 1.00g of Kmade from 1.00g of K22SOSO44
in 250.0 mL of solution.in 250.0 mL of solution.
How would you prepare How would you prepare 500 mL of a 0.500M 500 mL of a 0.500M solution of sodium solution of sodium carbonate from the pure carbonate from the pure solid?solid?
DilutionsDilutions
Adding water to a stock or Adding water to a stock or concentrated solution in concentrated solution in order to prepare a lower order to prepare a lower molarity solution.molarity solution.
Moles of solute before dilution Moles of solute before dilution =moles of solute after dilution=moles of solute after dilution
M=molarity; V=volumeM=molarity; V=volume
MM11xVxV11 = moles of solute = moles of solute
before dilutionbefore dilutionMM22xVxV22 = moles of solute = moles of solute
after dilutionafter dilutionMM11xVxV1 1 = M= M22xVxV22
How would you prepare How would you prepare 250 mL of 6.0M sulfuric 250 mL of 6.0M sulfuric acid from concentrated acid from concentrated (18M) sulfuric acid?(18M) sulfuric acid?
Precipitation ReactionsPrecipitation ReactionsWhen two solutions are When two solutions are
mixed an insoluble mixed an insoluble product is formed.product is formed.
To predict the product of To predict the product of these reactions solubility these reactions solubility rules must be known.rules must be known.
Table 4.1 p. 152Table 4.1 p. 152
Write the balanced molecular, the Write the balanced molecular, the complete ionic, and the net ionic complete ionic, and the net ionic
equations for the following equations for the following
FeSOFeSO4(aq)4(aq) + KCl + KCl(aq)(aq)
Al(NOAl(NO33))3(aq)3(aq) + Ba(OH) + Ba(OH)2(aq)2(aq)
CaClCaCl2(aq)2(aq) + Na + Na22SOSO4(aq)4(aq)
KK22SS(aq)(aq) + Ni(NO + Ni(NO33))2(aq2(aq
Solution StoichiometrySolution StoichiometryIdentify reactants and productsIdentify reactants and productsBalance net ionic equationBalance net ionic equationCalculate moles of reactantsCalculate moles of reactantsDetermine limiting reactantDetermine limiting reactantCalculate moles of productCalculate moles of productConvert to grams or other unitConvert to grams or other unit
What volume of 0.100M What volume of 0.100M NaNa33POPO44 is required to is required to
precipitate all the lead(II) precipitate all the lead(II) ions from 150.0 mL of ions from 150.0 mL of 0.250M Pb(NO0.250M Pb(NO33))22 ? ?
What mass of barium sulfate What mass of barium sulfate can be produced when 100.0 can be produced when 100.0 mL of a 0.100M solution of mL of a 0.100M solution of barium chloride is mixed with barium chloride is mixed with 100.0 mL of a 0.100M solution 100.0 mL of a 0.100M solution of iron(III) sulfate?of iron(III) sulfate?
Acid –Base ReactionsAcid –Base Reactions
Acid- proton donorAcid- proton donorBase – proton acceptorBase – proton acceptorAcid + baseAcid + base salt + water salt + waterNeutralization reaction.Neutralization reaction.
Write the balanced molecular, the Write the balanced molecular, the complete ionic, and the net ionic complete ionic, and the net ionic
equations for the followingequations for the following
HNOHNO3(aq)3(aq) + Al(OH) + Al(OH)33
HCHC22HH33OO2(aq)2(aq) + KOH + KOH(aq)(aq)
Ca(OH)Ca(OH)2(aq)2(aq) + HCl + HCl(aq)(aq)
Hydrochloric acid (75.0 mL of Hydrochloric acid (75.0 mL of 0.250M) is added to 225.0 0.250M) is added to 225.0 mLof 0.0550M Ba(OH)mLof 0.0550M Ba(OH)22
solution. What is the solution. What is the concentration of the excess concentration of the excess HH++ or OH or OH-- ions left in ions left in solution?solution?
Oxidation-Reduction ReactionsOxidation-Reduction Reactions
Reactions where one or more Reactions where one or more electrons are transferred.electrons are transferred.
The oxidation state or number The oxidation state or number of an element will change of an element will change during the reaction.during the reaction.
Rules for assigning oxidation Rules for assigning oxidation numbers – Table 4.2 p.167 numbers – Table 4.2 p.167
Species Oxidized - increase Species Oxidized - increase in oxidation state , lose in oxidation state , lose electron(s) and act as the electron(s) and act as the reducing agent.reducing agent.
Species Reduced - decrease Species Reduced - decrease in oxidation state, gain in oxidation state, gain electron(s) and act as the electron(s) and act as the oxidizing agent. oxidizing agent.
Assign oxidation states to all Assign oxidation states to all atomsatoms
UOUO222+2+
AsAs22OO33
NaBiONaBiO33
ClCl22
MgMg22PP22OO77
Specify which of the following Specify which of the following are redox reactions, identify the are redox reactions, identify the
oxidizing agent, the reducing oxidizing agent, the reducing agent, the species being oxidized agent, the species being oxidized and the species being reducedand the species being reduced
CuCu(s)(s)+ 2Ag+ 2Ag++(aq)(aq) 2Ag 2Ag(s)(s) + Cu + Cu2+2+
(aq)(aq)
HClHCl(g)(g) + NH + NH3(g)3(g) NH NH44ClCl(s)(s)
SiClSiCl4(l)4(l)+ 2Mg+ 2Mg(s)(s) 2MgCl 2MgCl2(s) 2(s) + Si+ Si(s)(s)
Balancing Redox EquationsBalancing Redox Equations
Write separate half reactionsWrite separate half reactions Balance each half reactionBalance each half reaction
1.1. Elements except H and OElements except H and O
2.2. Oxygen using waterOxygen using water
3.3. Hydrogen using HHydrogen using H++
4.4. Charge using electronsCharge using electrons
Balancing Redox EquationsBalancing Redox Equations
Equalize electrons transferred Equalize electrons transferred by multiplying half reactions by by multiplying half reactions by whole numbers.whole numbers.
Add half reactions togetherAdd half reactions togetherIf the reaction is in a basic If the reaction is in a basic
environment neutralize the Henvironment neutralize the H++ ions with OHions with OH-- ions. ions.
Balance the following in acid Balance the following in acid solutionsolution
CrCr22OO7(aq)7(aq)+ Cl+ Cl--(aq)(aq) Cr Cr3+3+
(aq) (aq) + Cl+ Cl2(g)2(g)
PbPb(s)(s)+PbO+PbO2(s)2(s)+H+H22SOSO4(aq)4(aq)PbSOPbSO4(s)4(s)
MnMn2+2+(aq)(aq)+NaBiO+NaBiO3(s)3(s)BiBi3+3+
(aq)(aq)+MnO+MnO4(aq)4(aq)
Balance the following in basic Balance the following in basic solutionsolution
CrCr(s)(s)+CrO+CrO442-2-
(aq)(aq) Cr(OH) Cr(OH)3(s)3(s)
MNOMNO44--(aq)(aq)+ S+ S2-2-
(aq)(aq) MnS MnS(s)(s) + S + S(s)(s)
CNCN--(aq)(aq)+MnO+MnO44
--(aq)(aq)CNCN--
(aq)(aq)+MnO+MnO2(s)2(s)