solid waste.ppt
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wasteTRANSCRIPT
Solid WasteSolid Waste
All the wastes arising from human and All the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or and are discarded as useless or unwanted.unwanted.
Can cause odors, fire hazards and Can cause odors, fire hazards and windblown debriswindblown debris
Air pollution and groundwater Air pollution and groundwater contamination can result from contamination can result from inadequate landfill proceduresinadequate landfill procedures
Threat to public healthThreat to public health Harbor vectors of infectious diseaseHarbor vectors of infectious disease
Soda cansSoda cans PET bottlesPET bottles Kitchen wasteKitchen waste RefrigeratorsRefrigerators BatteriesBatteries paperpaper
LeavesLeaves plasticsplastics Leftover foodLeftover food TelevisionsTelevisions CardboardsCardboards
Refuse – includes garbage and rubbish Refuse – includes garbage and rubbish Garbage – putrescible wasteGarbage – putrescible waste Rubbish – dry non-putrescible material and Rubbish – dry non-putrescible material and
slowly decomposable or combustible slowly decomposable or combustible materialmaterial
Trash – bulky waste materials that Trash – bulky waste materials that require special handling ( old couch, require special handling ( old couch, mattress, large trees, etc)mattress, large trees, etc)
Solid wasteSolid waste
Municipal solid waste is not generally Municipal solid waste is not generally considered hazardous, but certain types of considered hazardous, but certain types of commercial or industrial wastes are commercial or industrial wastes are poisonous, explosive and dangerouspoisonous, explosive and dangerous
Hazardous wastes – transport, processing Hazardous wastes – transport, processing and disposal is different from municipaland disposal is different from municipal
Basura-Basura- emerged as the most visible emerged as the most visible environmental priority in the cities and environmental priority in the cities and municipalities in the countrymunicipalities in the country
Sources and generationSources and generation
A filipino generates bet 0.3 to 0.7 kgs of A filipino generates bet 0.3 to 0.7 kgs of garbage daily depending on income level.garbage daily depending on income level.
Equivalent to 10 million tons per year!!!Equivalent to 10 million tons per year!!! NCR and Southern Tagalog produce the NCR and Southern Tagalog produce the
highest volume of wastehighest volume of waste Issues :Issues :
Inadequate collection vehicles and lack of Inadequate collection vehicles and lack of disposal sites.disposal sites.
70 % collected from urban and only 40% from 70 % collected from urban and only 40% from ruralrural
Nationally, only 2% is disposed in sanitary Nationally, only 2% is disposed in sanitary landfills or controlled dumps, 10% composted, landfills or controlled dumps, 10% composted, the rest is in open dumpsthe rest is in open dumps
RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (ESWMA)Management Act of 2000 (ESWMA)
All discarded household, commercial All discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, and other non-agricultural waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid wastehazardous/non-toxic solid waste
legislationslegislations
RA 9003RA 9003 Providing for an ecological solid waste management program, Providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentivescreating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives
DAO 98 - 49DAO 98 - 49 Technical guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste DisposalTechnical guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal
DAO 98-50DAO 98-50 Adopting the Landfill Site Identification and Screening Criteria Adopting the Landfill Site Identification and Screening Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Facilitiesfor Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Facilities
PD 825PD 825 Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage and Other Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage and Other Forms of Uncleanliness and for Other PurposesForms of Uncleanliness and for Other Purposes
MC 88-39AMC 88-39A Creation of the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management Creation of the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management as amended by MC 94-88as amended by MC 94-88
AO 93-90AO 93-90 Creating a Project Management Office on solid Waste Creating a Project Management Office on solid Waste Management (PTFWM) under the Presidential Task Force on Management (PTFWM) under the Presidential Task Force on
Waste ManagementWaste Management
Solid waste managementSolid waste management
Waste managementWaste management Protection of human health and Protection of human health and
environmentenvironment Hierarchy:Hierarchy:
Source reductionSource reduction RecyclingRecycling TreatmentTreatment disposaldisposal
impactsimpacts
impacts upon air quality (smoke, dust and persistent foul odors);
the presence of insects and vermin, potential vectors for the spread of disease;
contamination of surface water and groundwater; and
impacts upon the overall quality of the environment.
Key challenges to Key challenges to achieve the goals of achieve the goals of
Ecological Solid Waste Ecological Solid Waste Management ActManagement Act
Strengthen enforcement and Strengthen enforcement and providing better incentivesproviding better incentives
Financial incentives Financial incentives for capital for capital investmentsinvestments
Imposition of user fees Imposition of user fees and tipping fees to and tipping fees to encourage waste encourage waste reduction and increase reduction and increase accountability of accountability of service deliveryservice delivery
Introduction of Introduction of standards.standards.
Build the capacity of the Build the capacity of the national and local institutionsnational and local institutions
Strategic plans at the national, Strategic plans at the national, provincial, LGU and barangay levelsprovincial, LGU and barangay levels
National Level – advisory and National Level – advisory and extension servicesextension services
Local Governments – upgrade Local Governments – upgrade technical and managerial capacitytechnical and managerial capacity
Barangays – awarenessBarangays – awareness
Raising public awareness on Raising public awareness on the benefits of proper solid the benefits of proper solid
waste managementwaste management
Mainstreaming the Mainstreaming the utilization of new funding utilization of new funding sources and employing sources and employing
cost-effective cost-effective approachesapproaches
Obtaining reliable information Obtaining reliable information for national, regional and local for national, regional and local
planningplanning
Ensure proper management of Ensure proper management of closed dumps and landfillsclosed dumps and landfills
Expanding the coverage Expanding the coverage of infectious medical and of infectious medical and
hazardous waste hazardous waste treatmenttreatment
Municipal solid wasteMunicipal solid waste The most non hazardous solid The most non hazardous solid
waste from a city, town or village waste from a city, town or village that requires routine or aperiodic that requires routine or aperiodic collection and transport to a collection and transport to a processing or disposal site.processing or disposal site.
Composed of refuse and trashComposed of refuse and trash
compositioncomposition
Residential – food wastes, paper, Residential – food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, tin cans, yard wastes, wood, glass, tin cans, aluminum, ashes, street leaves, bulky aluminum, ashes, street leaves, bulky wastes, household hazardous wasteswastes, household hazardous wastes
Commercial – paper, cardboard, plastics, Commercial – paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metals, etc.wood, food waste, glass, metals, etc.
Institutional – same as commercialInstitutional – same as commercial Construction and demolitionConstruction and demolition
Factors affecting volume of solid Factors affecting volume of solid waste generationwaste generation
INCREASING POPULATION GROWTH RATES
PUBLIC INDIFFERENCE
RAPID URBANIZATION
CHANGING LIFESTYLES
CONSUMPTION PATTERNS
Composition of municipal wastes Composition of municipal wastes depend on:depend on:
ClimateClimate Frequency of collectionFrequency of collection Prevalence of home grindersPrevalence of home grinders Social customsSocial customs Per capita incomePer capita income Acceptability of packaged and Acceptability of packaged and
convenience foodsconvenience foods Degree of urbanization and Degree of urbanization and
industrialization of the areaindustrialization of the area
MM municipal waste compositionMM municipal waste composition
paper19%
plastic17%kitchen waste
42%
others9%
garden waste7%
metal6%
paperplasticmetalgarden wastekitchen wasteothers
Functional Elements of anIntegrated Solid Waste Management
Program
Waste Handling,Separation,Storage andProcessing
at the Source
Collection
Transfer &Transport
Processing &Recovery
Disposal
Solid Waste Generation
Integrated Solid Waste Management
generationgeneration
Activities which materials are identified Activities which materials are identified as no longer of value and are either as no longer of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for thrown away or gathered together for disposaldisposal
UncontrollableUncontrollable Household segregation should be doneHousehold segregation should be done 49 % is biodegradable49 % is biodegradable 42% is recyclable42% is recyclable Recycling opportunities are not fully Recycling opportunities are not fully
harnessedharnessed
Typical household wasteTypical household waste
Putrescible wastes Putrescible wastes Handling, preparation, cooking and Handling, preparation, cooking and
eating of foodseating of foods Decomposition will lead to development Decomposition will lead to development
of offensive odors, and breeding of fliesof offensive odors, and breeding of flies
Life cycle of a flyLife cycle of a fly
ADULT
deposit the egg in a moist environment
EGG
garbage is an excellent environment
LARVA
feeds on organic material
PUPA
inactive state
migration to a dry loose material (sand or soil)
Cycle takes 7 days to complete
Collection
What to do?What to do?
Provide tightly closed containers for Provide tightly closed containers for organic wastesorganic wastes
Compaction of waste Compaction of waste Processing within 2 daysProcessing within 2 days Shredding of waste to promote Shredding of waste to promote
aerobic decomposition (heat aerobic decomposition (heat producing therefore unattractive to producing therefore unattractive to insects)insects)
Source reductionSource reduction
Reduction in the amount and/or Reduction in the amount and/or toxicity of waste entering the waste toxicity of waste entering the waste streamstream
Waste handling, separation, Waste handling, separation, storage and processing at sourcestorage and processing at source
Management of wastes until they are Management of wastes until they are placed in storage containers for placed in storage containers for collectioncollection
Movement of loaded containers to Movement of loaded containers to the point of collectionthe point of collection
On-site storage is of primary On-site storage is of primary importance bec. Of public health importance bec. Of public health concerns and aesthetic concerns and aesthetic considerations.considerations.
collectioncollection Includes not only the gathering of solid wastes Includes not only the gathering of solid wastes
and recyclable materials, but also the transport and recyclable materials, but also the transport This accounts for almost 50% of the total annual This accounts for almost 50% of the total annual
costscosts Collection efficiency in the Philippines is only 40 Collection efficiency in the Philippines is only 40
%% LGUs are responsible for collectionLGUs are responsible for collection Manner and frequency of collection and choice of Manner and frequency of collection and choice of
equipment depends on the size of roads, density equipment depends on the size of roads, density of the population covered, and affordabilityof the population covered, and affordability
A quarter of MMS solid waste is not collectedA quarter of MMS solid waste is not collected
Separation, processing and Separation, processing and transformationtransformation
Separated from source and separation of Separated from source and separation of commingled wastes at Materials Recovery commingled wastes at Materials Recovery Facilities, Transfer stations, disposal siteFacilities, Transfer stations, disposal site
Processing – separation of bulky items, Processing – separation of bulky items, screens, manual separation, shredding, screens, manual separation, shredding, separation of ferrous materials, volume separation of ferrous materials, volume reductionreduction
Transformation – reduce the volume and Transformation – reduce the volume and weight of the waste and recover weight of the waste and recover conversion products and energy.conversion products and energy.
Reduce, Reuse, and RecycleReduce, Reuse, and Recycle
Produce Less Waste by Practicing the 3 Rs: Produce Less Waste by Practicing the 3 Rs: ReduceReduce the amount and toxicity of trash you the amount and toxicity of trash you
discard.discard.ReuseReuse containers and products; repair what is containers and products; repair what is broken or give it to someone who can repair it.broken or give it to someone who can repair it.RecycleRecycle as much as possible, which includes as much as possible, which includes buying products with recycled content.buying products with recycled content.
ReduceReduce Waste prevention, or "source reduction," means Waste prevention, or "source reduction," means
consuming and throwing away less. It includes:consuming and throwing away less. It includes: purchasing durable, long-lasting goods; purchasing durable, long-lasting goods; seeking products and packaging that are as free seeking products and packaging that are as free
of toxics as possible; of toxics as possible; redesigning products to use less raw material in redesigning products to use less raw material in
production, have a longer life, or be used again production, have a longer life, or be used again after its original use. after its original use.
Source reduction actually prevents the generation Source reduction actually prevents the generation of waste in the first place, so it is the most of waste in the first place, so it is the most preferred method of waste management and goes preferred method of waste management and goes a long way toward protecting the environment.a long way toward protecting the environment.
ReuseReuse
Reusing items -- by repairing them, Reusing items -- by repairing them, donating them to charity and community donating them to charity and community groups, or selling them -- also reduces groups, or selling them -- also reduces waste. Reusing products, when possible, waste. Reusing products, when possible, is even better than recycling because the is even better than recycling because the item does not need to be reprocessed item does not need to be reprocessed before it can be used again.before it can be used again.
Ways to reuseWays to reuse
Using durable coffee mugs. Using durable coffee mugs. Using cloth napkins or towels. Using cloth napkins or towels. Refilling bottles. Refilling bottles. Donating old magazines or surplus equipment. Donating old magazines or surplus equipment. Reusing boxes. Reusing boxes. Turning empty jars into containers for leftover Turning empty jars into containers for leftover
food. food. Purchasing refillable pens and pencils. Purchasing refillable pens and pencils. Participating in a paint collection and reuse Participating in a paint collection and reuse
program. program.
RecycleRecycle
Recycling turns materials that would Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable otherwise become waste into valuable resourcesresources
it generates a host of environmental, it generates a host of environmental, financial, and social benefits.financial, and social benefits.
Materials like glass, metal, plastics, and Materials like glass, metal, plastics, and paper are collected, separated and sent to paper are collected, separated and sent to facilities that can process them into facilities that can process them into new materials or productsnew materials or products. .
Benefits of recyclingBenefits of recycling
Conserves resources for our children's future. Conserves resources for our children's future. Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases
and water pollutants. and water pollutants. Saves energy. Saves energy. Supplies valuable raw materials to industry. Supplies valuable raw materials to industry. Creates jobs. Creates jobs. Stimulates the development of greener Stimulates the development of greener
technologies. technologies. Reduces the need for new landfills and Reduces the need for new landfills and
incineratorsincinerators
Transfer and transportTransfer and transport
Transfer of wastes from smaller Transfer of wastes from smaller collection to larger equipmentcollection to larger equipment
Subsequent transportSubsequent transport Barges, rail cars, motor vehiclesBarges, rail cars, motor vehicles
disposaldisposal Landfill, composting, incineration, anaerobic Landfill, composting, incineration, anaerobic
digestiondigestion Residual wastes, combustion residualResidual wastes, combustion residual Landfills are engineered facilities and not Landfills are engineered facilities and not
dumping areasdumping areas Landfill for solid wastes that cannot be Landfill for solid wastes that cannot be
recycled and of no further use, the residual recycled and of no further use, the residual matter remaining after solid wastes have matter remaining after solid wastes have been separated at a MRF, Residual matter been separated at a MRF, Residual matter remaining after recovery of conversion remaining after recovery of conversion products or energyproducts or energy
Landfill should receive materials which could Landfill should receive materials which could not cause damage to the earths mantlenot cause damage to the earths mantle
Report on :Report on : Recycling options for : aluminum, Recycling options for : aluminum,
bottles, paper, etc.bottles, paper, etc. Composting….Composting…. Anaerobic digestionAnaerobic digestion Landfills, including gas recoveryLandfills, including gas recovery IncinerationIncineration Hospital wastesHospital wastes
Classifications of landfillsClassifications of landfills
Open Dump; Controlled Dump; and Sanitary Landfill.
Open dumpsOpen dumps
have the lowest initial capital investment and operating cost of the three basic types of landfills.
generally sited in vacant plots of land and are typically developed in low-lying marshy lands, often as a means of reclaiming land for subsequent development.
Controlled dumpControlled dump
A Controlled Dump is a non-engineered disposal site at which MSW is deposited in accordance with minimum prescribed standards of site operation.
A progression in open dumps, however, not much capital layout but rather on the operation and management
Control over the dumping, surroundings, etc.
Capital investments are more on the access roads, drainage, fencing
control over size of waste emplacement (working) area, with waste spread and compacted in thin layers in a small working area;
waste outside of the area being actively worked is covered with soil/sand/inert material, working area is covered at the end of each day
covering and seeding/planting of completed areas; supervision of site operations by trained staff; no fires permitted on site; and organisation of informal waste picking activities with
scavenging controlled by agreeing ‘rules’ with the waste pickers (e.g. restrictions on location and time allowed following waste deposition, no disturbance of waste after it has been covered).
Sanitary landfillSanitary landfill
A Sanitary Landfill is a disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility.
Regulate leachate and control landfill Regulate leachate and control landfill gasgas
clusteringclustering significant economies of scale, in terms of the
efficient use of a single set of mobile plant and equipment dedicated to a site, will generally be obtained with a daily rate of waste input of at least 300 tons per day. On the basis of an average waste generation rate of 0.5 kg per capita per day, the ‘minimum’ size of the population served by the landfill, therefore, should be approximately 600,000;
smaller served populations are still likely to prove feasible although the economies of scale achieved will be somewhat less
larger served populations may benefit from significant economies of scale if the landfill facility is able to handle in excess of 500 tons per day;
Clustering…Clustering… the location of the regional landfill should be as
close as possible to the center of gravity of the population of the area served by the landfill in order to minimize the costs of waste collection and transfer; and
it is probably economic, in terms of the cost of waste transfer, to service an area within a radius of 30 km to 40 km of the regional landfill facility or within 1 hour to 1.5 hours travel time of the landfill facility. For haulage distances in excess of 10 km to 15 km to the regional landfill, it would be necessary to use transfer stations as a cost efficient means of minimizing the overall cost of waste transfer to the landfill.
Cleaning Products •Oven cleaners•Drain cleaners•Wood and metal cleaners and polishes•Toilet cleaners•Tub, tile, shower cleaners•Bleach (laundry)•Pool chemicals
Indoor Pesticides •Ant sprays and baits•Cockroach sprays and baits•Flea repellents and shampoos•Bug sprays•Houseplant insecticides•Moth repellents•Mouse and rat poisons and baits
Automotive Products •Motor oil•Fuel additives•Carburetor and fuel injection cleaners•Air conditioning refrigerants•Starter fluids•Automotive batteries•Transmission and brake fluid•Antifreeze
Workshop/Painting Supplies •Adhesives and glues•Furniture strippers•Oil or enamel based paint•Stains and finishes•Paint thinners and turpentine•Paint strippers and removers•Photographic chemicals•Fixatives and other solvents
Lawn and Garden Products •Herbicides•Insecticides•Fungicides/wood preservatives
Miscellaneous •Batteries•Mercury thermostats or thermometers•Fluorescent light bulbs•Driveway sealer
What are they??What are they??
Generated by chemical manufacturing Generated by chemical manufacturing companies, petroleum refineries, paper companies, petroleum refineries, paper millsmills
Even commercial establishments, dry Even commercial establishments, dry cleaners, machine shops, auto repair cleaners, machine shops, auto repair shopsshops
They can result to serious illness, injury or They can result to serious illness, injury or even death, a significant threat to the even death, a significant threat to the environment when improperly stored, environment when improperly stored, transported, or disposed oftransported, or disposed of
definitiondefinition
““cause or significantly contribute to an cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or pose a substantial reversible illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed”…….whew!!!otherwise managed”…….whew!!!
Primary characteristicsPrimary characteristics
ToxicToxic ReactiveReactive IgnitiveIgnitive corrosivecorrosive
Toxic wastesToxic wastes
PoisonsPoisons Mostly generated by industrial Mostly generated by industrial
activities (manufacture of paints, activities (manufacture of paints, metals etc)metals etc)
Examples: arsenic, benzene, carbon Examples: arsenic, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlordane, chloroform, tetrachloride, chlordane, chloroform, endrin, lead, mercury, silverendrin, lead, mercury, silver
Reactive wastes – unstable and tend to Reactive wastes – unstable and tend to react vigorously with air, water, and other react vigorously with air, water, and other substances. Can cause explosions or form substances. Can cause explosions or form harmful vapors and fumesharmful vapors and fumes
Ignitable wastes – burn at relatively low Ignitable wastes – burn at relatively low temperature and are capable of temperature and are capable of spontaneous combustion (immediate fire spontaneous combustion (immediate fire hazard), ex. Oils n solvntshazard), ex. Oils n solvnts
Corrosive wastes – strong alkaline or acidic Corrosive wastes – strong alkaline or acidic substances, destroy materials and living substances, destroy materials and living tissue by chem rxn. pH indicatortissue by chem rxn. pH indicator
Dry latex paintDry latex paint
Paint can contain many different compounds. The environmental problems presented by these compounds vary depending on whether the paint is oil-based or latex-based. Some paint contains toxic ingredients that can pollute groundwater, such as petrochemicals, alkyd solvents, and acrylic or vinyl resins. Older paints may contain mercury and lead, which were banned in the 1960s.
Dry latex paint can be Dry latex paint can be thrown away with the thrown away with the regular trash. Latex or regular trash. Latex or oil-based paint that is still oil-based paint that is still usable can be recycled. usable can be recycled. Latex paints are more Latex paints are more environmentally friendly environmentally friendly than oil-based paints. If than oil-based paints. If you're looking for you're looking for alternatives, nontoxic alternatives, nontoxic paints are also available, paints are also available, though they tend to be though they tend to be more expensive than more expensive than traditional paints. traditional paints.
Motor oilMotor oil
Every year, people who change their own oil dispose of an estimated 400 million gallons of used motor oil improperly. Because it contains high levels of lead and hydrocarbons, used motor oil is highly toxic. When improperly disposed of, the oil can poison plants and wildlife and seep into groundwater. One quart of motor oil can pollute 250,000 gallons of drinking water.
The safest way to The safest way to dispose of motor dispose of motor oil is to recycle it. oil is to recycle it. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, short of switching short of switching to electric cars, to electric cars, there are no there are no alternatives to alternatives to motor oil. motor oil.
pesticidespesticides These chemicals are These chemicals are
dangerous to people and dangerous to people and animals when ingested, animals when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through inhaled, or absorbed through the skinthe skin
Pesticide should be disposed Pesticide should be disposed of with hazardous waste. of with hazardous waste. Insecticidal soaps, are Insecticidal soaps, are nontoxic; they dehydrate nontoxic; they dehydrate insects by penetrating their insects by penetrating their membranes. Another membranes. Another alternative is the microscopic alternative is the microscopic remains of fossilized algae-remains of fossilized algae-like plants, which lacerates like plants, which lacerates insects' waxy coatings and insects' waxy coatings and causes them to dehydrate. causes them to dehydrate.
Prescription drugsPrescription drugs
Prescription drugs contain a wide variety of compounds that are intended for human consumption. In small quantities, the greatest danger stemming from their disposal is the risk that they will fall into the hands of someone other than the person for whom they were prescribed.
Prescription drugs Prescription drugs should be washed should be washed down the drain with a down the drain with a bit of water. There is no bit of water. There is no catch-all alternative to catch-all alternative to prescription drugs, but prescription drugs, but maintaining a healthy maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help. The lifestyle can help. The less need there is for less need there is for such drugs, the greater such drugs, the greater the savings in the raw the savings in the raw materials, energy, and materials, energy, and packaging involved in packaging involved in their production. their production.
Drain cleanersDrain cleaners
Chemical drain cleaners are extremely dangerous products. Their harsh materials, chlorine bleaches, or sulfuric and hydrochloric acids can cause chemical burns. In the course of their use, these chemicals enter our wastewater stream. Unused cleaner may find its way into a landfill where it contributes to toxic leachate, the poisoned runoff from landfills.
Drain cleaner should be Drain cleaner should be disposed of with disposed of with hazardous waste. For an hazardous waste. For an alternative to the harsh alternative to the harsh chemicals used in most chemicals used in most drain cleaners, you drain cleaners, you could try enzyme-based could try enzyme-based products, which can products, which can break down grease and break down grease and food and prevent clogs food and prevent clogs from forming. from forming. Mechanical alternatives Mechanical alternatives such as plungers, such as plungers, "snakes," and manual "snakes," and manual pumps are also effective pumps are also effective and environmentally and environmentally friendly alternatives. friendly alternatives.
Light bulbsLight bulbs
Because they are made up of mixed materials, light bulbs are difficult to dispose of in an environmentally friendly way. Incandescent light bulbs--the type used in most homes--are also environmentally unfriendly because of their high rate of energy consumption.
batteriesbatteries
A typical zinc-carbon battery may contain such hazardous heavy metals as zinc, manganese, lithium, nickel, cadmium, and mercury. In addition, the manufacture of batteries consumes a great deal of energy and produces considerable pollution.
Batteries are recycled in a Batteries are recycled in a few communities, but few communities, but should normally be treated should normally be treated as hazardous waste. Buying as hazardous waste. Buying rechargeable batteries can rechargeable batteries can eliminate the need for eliminate the need for disposal altogether. By disposal altogether. By using a home charging using a home charging station, you can use these station, you can use these batteries again and again. batteries again and again. Solar battery chargers are Solar battery chargers are also available; by using one also available; by using one of these, you would be of these, you would be helping to reduce electricity helping to reduce electricity use, along with the pollution use, along with the pollution that powerplants producethat powerplants produce
Air freshenersAir fresheners
Air fresheners work by chemically "disguising" odors. Many of these products contain petrochemicals and ozone-depleting compounds. In addition, because they are designed to look attractive, many air fresheners come with excess packaging.
Air freshener should be Air freshener should be disposed of with disposed of with hazardous waste. There hazardous waste. There are many nontoxic are many nontoxic alternatives, including alternatives, including herbs and spices or herbs and spices or commercial air commercial air freshener made with freshener made with natural ingredients. natural ingredients. Open dishes of baking Open dishes of baking soda can absorb odors soda can absorb odors as well. as well.
Household cleaners and Household cleaners and alternativesalternatives
type Alternative
Drain cleaner
Use a plunger or plumber's snake.
Oven cleaner
Clean spills as soon as the oven cools using steel wool and baking soda; for tough stains, add salt (do not use this method in self-cleaning or continuous-cleaning ovens).
Glass cleaner
Mix 1 tablespoon of vinegar or lemon juice in 1 quart of water. Spray on and use newspaper to wipe dry.
Toilet bowl cleaner
Use a toilet brush and baking soda or vinegar. (This will clean but not disinfect.)
Furniture polish
Mix 1 teaspoon of lemon juice in 1 pint of mineral or vegetable oil, and wipe furniture.
Rug deodorizer
Deodorize dry carpets by sprinkling liberally with baking soda. Wait at least 15 minutes and vacuum. Repeat if necessary.
Silver polish
Boil 2 to 3 inches of water in a shallow pan with 1 teaspoon of salt, 1 teaspoon of baking soda, and a sheet of aluminum foil. Totally submerge silver and boil for 2 to 3 more minutes. Wipe away tarnish. Repeat if necessary. (Do not use this method on antique silver knives. The blade will separate from the handle.) Another alternative is to use nonabrasive toothpaste.
Plant sprays
Wipe leaves with mild soap and water; rinse.
Mothballs Use cedar chips, lavender flowers, rosemary, mint, or white peppercorns.
Flea and tick products
Put brewer's yeast or garlic in your pet's food; sprinkle fennel, rue, rosemary, or eucalyptus seeds or leaves around animal sleeping areas.
For submission (individual)For submission (individual)
Remediation technologies:Remediation technologies: For treatment of wastes, pollution, etc.(not confined to For treatment of wastes, pollution, etc.(not confined to
solid waste, can be waste water, air, ground water, etc)solid waste, can be waste water, air, ground water, etc) Please submit topic for checking Please submit topic for checking Format:Format:
Background informationBackground information Discussion of technology (site actual cases )Discussion of technology (site actual cases ) Recommendations (other than that of the actual)Recommendations (other than that of the actual)
Analyze your submission: asking the question: if this Analyze your submission: asking the question: if this report will be submitted to you, would you be satisfied, report will be submitted to you, would you be satisfied, does it answer all the questions you want to know, etc.does it answer all the questions you want to know, etc.
Due a week before finals ( hard and soft copy)Due a week before finals ( hard and soft copy) Will be equivalent to one quizWill be equivalent to one quiz