Dr. Deniz AKGÜL

Marmara University

Department of Environmental Engineering

Solid Waste Management

What is solid waste??

All wastes from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted

Solid waste composition of Turkey Source:http://www.msgenerji.com/tci/27/Turkiyede-ve-Avrupada-Atik-Uretimi

Sources of Solid Wastes

Composition of Solid Wastes

Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal solid waste is defined as the refuse from

Households

non-hazardous solid waste from industrial, commercial and institutional establishments (including hospitals)

market waste

yard waste

street sweepings

Integrated Solid Waste Management

Integrated solid waste management involves

the selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies and management programs to achieve specific waste management objectives and goals.

use of a variety of waste management practices to safe and effective handle the municipal solid waste stream with the least adverse impact on human health and the environment

Waste Management Hierarchy

Waste Management Hierarchy

Source reduction: reducing the volume and/or toxicity of generated waste.

Source reduction includes the switch to reusable products and packaging.

Consumers can participate by buying less or using products more efficiently.

Reuse: the repeated use of products and components.

Ink cartridges and computer printers can all be refurbished for re-use.

Waste Management Hierarchy

Recycling: process to change waste materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials

helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, by diverting waste from landfills.

Energy Recovery: conversion of waste materials into energy

Landfilling: controlled final disposal of solid waste

There are certain materials, which cannot be reduced at the source, recycled or transformed. Therefore, they are landfilled

Functional elements of a solid waste management system

Waste generation

Waste handling and separation, storage and processing at the source

Waste handling refers to the activities associated with managing SW until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection.

Separation of waste components, such as waste paper, cardboard, aluminum cans, glass and plastic containers at the source is one of the most effective ways to achieve recovery and reuse of these materials.

Processing at source involves activities such as compaction and yard waste composting

Collection

Gathering of solid wastes and recyclable materials, and transport of collected materials , to location where collection vehicle is emptied.

Transfer andTransport

Locations of transfer stations in Istanbul

Transport to landfill

Separation and Processing of Solid Waste

Unit operations for separation and processing

Size reduction

Screening

Density Separation

Magnetic Separation

Densification/Compaction

It increases the density of waste materials so that they can be stored and transported more efficiently

Disposal of Solid Wastes

Development and completion of landfill

Preparation of the site for landfilling

Placement of solid waste in landfill

Placement of wastes

Landfilling in Turkey

Solid waste management is one of the major problems that Turkey has to overcome.

In the past, solid wastes were disposed to wild dumping sites in Turkey. Due to its harmful and dangerous effects to environment, sanitary landfills are preferred over wild dumping sites for over a decade in most of the cities in Turkey.

Landfill gas management

The purpose of a landfill gas management system is to:

minimize the impact on air quality and the effect of greenhouse gases on the global climate;

avoid unnecessary ingress of air into the landfill and thereby minimize the risk of landfill fires;

minimize the damage to soils and vegetation within the restored landfill area;

permit effective control of gas emissions; and permit energy recovery

Landfill Leachate

Leachate treatment is one of the most serious issues in landfill operation due to

İts high pollutant content

its adverse effects on environment

difficulty in treatment

Waste Conversion Technologies

Biological conversion of MSW

the organic fraction of MSW is composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, cellulose, lignin and ash

There are two common biological processes used to transform these organic materials into gaseous, liquid and solid conversion products are;

Aerobic Composting

Anaerobic Digestion (AD)

Composting

Composting is the most commonly used biological process for the conversion of organic fraction of MSW to a stable humus-like material known as compost

The aim of the composting is;

To transform the biodegradable organic materials into a biologically stable product and reduce the volume of waste

To destroy pathogens, insect eggs and other unwanted organisms and weed seeds that may be present in MSW

To retain the maximum nutrient (nitrogen, phophorus and potassium) content, and to produce a product that can be used to support plant growth and as a soil amendment

www.planetnatural.com

Anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic digestion is the conversion of organic waste into biogas that can be used to produce energy.

Management of Solid Wastes in Istanbul

Main Indicators of Waste Disposal and Recovery Facilities in Turkey (TUIK, 2010)

Landfilling

Number 52

Capacity (ton) 423,142,000

Incineration

Number 2

Capacity (ton/year) 44,000

Composting

Number 5

Capacity (ton/year) 556,000

References

http://mebig.marmara.edu.tr/teaching/enve-330/

Access date: 29.04.2015

Integrated solid waste management: engineering principles and management issues. G Tchobanoglous, H Theisen, S Vigil - 1993

http://mebig.marmara.edu.tr/teaching/enve-330/http://mebig.marmara.edu.tr/teaching/enve-330/http://mebig.marmara.edu.tr/teaching/enve-330/http://mebig.marmara.edu.tr/teaching/enve-330/http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19931378795.htmlhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19931378795.htmlhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19931378795.html