DRS 182: 2018

©RSB 2018 - All rights reserved ii

In order to match with technological development and to keep continuous progress in industries, standards are subject to periodic review. Users shall ascertain that they are in possession of the latest edition

© RSB 2018

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without prior written permission from RSB.

Requests for permission to reproduce this document should be addressed to:

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DRS 182: 2018

iii ©RSB 2018 - All rights reserved

Contents Page

1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................. 1

3 General requirements .................................................................................................................. 3 3.1 Classification of landfills ............................................................................................................. 3 3.2 Requirements for design ............................................................................................................. 5 3.3 Closure .......................................................................................................................................... 7 3.4 Gas control .................................................................................................................................... 8 3.5 Design drawings ........................................................................................................................... 8 3.6 Other requirements ...................................................................................................................... 9 3.7 Industrial landfill requirements ................................................................................................. 10

4 Land treatment facility ............................................................................................................... 14

5 Incinerator facility ....................................................................................................................... 15

Annex A .................................................................................................................................................... 16

DRS 182: 2018

©RSB 2018 - All rights reserved iv

Foreword

Rwanda Standards are prepared by Technical Committees and approved by Rwanda Standards Board (RSB) Board of Directors in accordance with the procedures of RSB, in compliance with Annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement on the preparation, adoption and application of standards.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare national standards. Final Draft Rwanda Standards adopted by Technical committees are ratified by members of RSB Board of Directors for publication and gazettment as Rwanda Standards.

RS 180 was prepared by Technical Committee RBS/TC013, on Water and Sanitation.

In the preparation of this standard, reference was made to the following standard:

MS 730, Solid waste disposal sites, guidelines for design ― Code of practice

The assistance delivered from the above source is hereby acknowledged with thanks.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first. edition (RS 182: 2013), which has been technically revised.

DRS 182: 2018

v ©RSB 2018 - All rights reserved

Committee membership

The following organizations were represented on the Technical Committee on Water and Sanitation (RSB/TC 013) in the preparation of this standard.

Bugesera District

Gakenke District

Gisagara District

Huye District

Integrated Polytechnics Regional Centre Kigali (IPRC Kigali)

Kamonyi District

Kicukiro District

Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs (MIDIMAR)

Ministry of Environment (MoE)

Ngoma District

Nyagatare District

Nyamasheke District

Nyarugenge District

Ruliba Clays Ltd

Rulindo District

Rusizi District

Rutsiro District

Rwanda Fish Sector (RFS)

Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority

SULFO Rwanda industries

Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC)

Rwanda Standards Board (RSB) – Secretariat

DRS 182: 2018

1 ©RSB 2018 - All rights reserved

Solid waste — Design for disposal sites — Guidelines

1 Scope

This standard prescribes guidelines for design of solid waste disposal sites taking the form of landfill, land treatment and incineration facilities.

2 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply

2.1 active area

that portion of a facility where solid waste recycling, reuse, treatment, storage, or disposal operations are being conducted

2.2 closed facility

any facility that no longer receives solid waste and has completed an approved closure plan, and any landfill on which an approved final cover has been installed

2.3 garbage

discarded animal and vegetable wastes resulting from the handling, preparation, cooking and consumption of food, and of such a character and proportion has the ability to attract or provide food for vectors. Garbage does not include sewage and sewage sludge

2.4 generator

conditionally exempt small quantity generator in a calendar month, if it generates no more than 100 kg of hazardous waste in that month

2.5 hazardous waste

any waste or combination of wastes which pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or living organisms because they are lethal, non-degradable and persistent in nature and requires special precaution in its storage, collection transportation, treatment and disposal. Hazardous waste includes explosives, flammables, volatile, radioactive, toxic and pathological waste

©RSB 2018 - All rights reserved 2

2.6 industrial solid waste

solid waste emitted at the level of the industries, except the construction sector that mostly emits mineral waste that is considered to be internally managed as embankment by the companies, the largest part of this waste is non-hazardous but a significant part could be hazardous

2.7 inert waste

non-combustible, non-hazardous solid wastes that retain their physical and chemical structure under expected conditions of disposal, including resistance to biological or chemical attack

2.8 landfill

disposal facility where solid waste is placed in or on the land and which is not a land treatment facility or surface impoundment

2.9 municipal solid waste

household waste, nonhazardous commercial solid waste, and non-hazardous sludge

2.10 petroleum contaminated soils

soils that have been contaminated with either diesel or gasoline or both

2.11 solid waste disposal facility

facility or part of facility at which solid waste is received from on-site or off-site sources and intentionally placed into or on land and at which waste, if allowed by permit, shall remain after closure. Solid waste disposal facilities include landfills, incinerators, and land treatment areas

2.12 yard waste

vegetative matter resulting from land scraping, land maintenance, and land clearing operations including grass clippings, prunings, and other discarded material generated from yards, gardens, parks, plastic, processed wood, sludge, septage, or manure

2.13 land treatment

process that involves use of natural, biological, chemical and physical process in the soil to transform organic contaminants of concern

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3 General requirements

3.1 Classification of landfills

3.1.1 Class I landfill

3.1.1.1 A non-commercial landfill or a landfill solely under contract with the local government taking municipal solid waste generated within the boundaries of the local government that is permitted by the competent authority to receive for disposal:

a) municipal solid waste;

b) any other non-hazardous solid waste, not otherwise limited by rule or solid waste permit; and

c) in conjunction with municipal solid waste or other non-hazardous solid waste, waste from conditionally exempt small quantity generator of hazardous waste.

3.1.1.2 A class I Landfill shall receive, on a yearly average more than 20 tons per day.

3.1.2 Class II landfill

3.1.2.1 A non-commercial landfill or a landfill solely under contract with the local government taking municipal solid waste generated within the boundaries of the local government that is permitted by the competent authority to receive for disposal;


b) any other non-hazardous solid waste, not otherwise limited by rule or solid waste permit; and

c) in conjunction with municipal solid waste or other non-hazardous solid waste, waste from conditionally exempt small quantity generator of hazardous waste.

3.1.2.2 A class II Landfill shall receive, on a yearly average 20 tons, or less, of solid waste per day.

3.1.3 Class III landfill

A non-commercial landfill that is permitted by the competent authority to receive for disposal only industrial solid waste.

3.1.3.1 Class IIIa landfill

An industrial solid waste landfill that is not open to the general public and shall accept:

a) any non-hazardous industrial waste;

b) waste that is exempt from hazardous waste; and

c) conditionally exempt small quantity generator hazardous waste.


3.1.3.2 Class IIIb landfill

An industrial solid waste landfill that is not open to the general public and shall accept any non-hazardous industrial solid waste except:

a) waste that is exempt from hazardous waste regulations; and

b) conditionally exempt small quantity generator hazardous waste.

3.1.4 Class IV landfill

3.1.4.1 A non-commercial landfill that is permitted by the competent authority to receive for disposal only:

a) construction/demolition waste;

b) yard waste;

c) inert waste; and

d) waste tires and materials derived from waste tires; and

e) petroleum contaminated soils.

NOTE 1 Petroleum contaminated soils that are not a hazardous waste should be accepted for disposal at a class I, II, III

and V landfill;

NOTE 2 Petroleum contaminated soils containing less than the following constituents (benzene, 0.03 mg/kg, ethylbenzene, 13 mg/kg, toluene, 12 mg/kg, xylenes, 200 mg/kg) are otherwise not a hazardous waste and should be

accepted for disposal at a Class IV or VI landfill:

f) dead animals;

3.1.4.2 Dead animals shall be managed and disposed in a manner that minimizes odours and the attraction, harbourage, or propagation of insects, rodents, birds, or other animals. Dead animals shall be disposed at the active working

face of a permitted landfill or in a separate trench specifically prepared to receive dead animals. If dead animals are disposed at the active working face of a permitted landfill, the carcasses shall be placed at or near the bottom of the cell and

immediately covered with a minimum of 61 cm thick of other waste. If dead animals are disposed in a separate trench, the carcasses shall be completely covered with a minimum of 15 cm of earth at the end of the working day the carcasses are

received.

3.1.5 Class V landfill

A commercial non-hazardous solid waste disposal facility that is permitted by the competent authority to receive for disposal:


b) any other non-hazardous solid waste, not otherwise limited by rule or solid waste permit, and

c) in conjunction with municipal solid waste or other non-hazardous solid waste, waste from a conditionally exempt small quantity generator of hazardous waste.

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3.1.6 Class VI landfill

A commercial non-hazardous solid waste landfill that is permitted by the competent authority to receive for disposal only:

a) construction/demolition waste, excluding waste from a conditionally exempt small quantity generator of hazardous waste;

b) yard waste;

c) inert waste;

d) dead animals, upon meeting the requirements of 3.1.4f;

e) waste tires and materials derived from waste tires; and

f) petroleum contaminated soils, upon meeting the requirements of 3.1.4e.

A Class VI landfill shall not receive for disposal hazardous waste, garbage, municipal solid waste, and industrial solid waste.

3.2 Requirements for design

3.2.1 General requirements

3.2.1.1 The landfill shall be designed so as to prevent run-on of all surface waters resulting from a maximum flow of a 100-year storm into the active area of the landfill.

3.2.1.2 The landfill shall be designed so as to collect and treat the run-off of surface waters and other liquids resulting from a 25-year storm from the active area of the landfill.

3.2.1.3 If the owner or operator of a landfill has received a storm water permit as issued by water quality authorities and is meeting the requirements of the permit, the landfill shall be exempt, upon approval of the competent authority from the run-on and run-off control requirements of 3.2.1 and 3.2.2.

3.2.2 Leachate collection systems requirements

3.2.2.1 An owner or operator of a landfill required to install liners shall:

a) install a leachate collection system sized according to water balance calculations or using other accepted engineering methods either of which shall be approved by the competent authority;

b) install a leachate collection system so as to prevent no more than 30 cm depth of leachate developing at any point in the bottom of the landfill unit; and

c) install a leachate treatment system of a pretreatment system, if necessary, in the case of discharge to a municipal water treatment plant.

3.2.2.2 The returning of leachate to the landfill or the recirculation of leachate in the landfill shall be done only in landfills that have a composite liner system or an approved equivalent liner system.


3.2.3 Liner designs requirements

An owner or operator of a landfill shall use liners of one of the designs provided in 3.2.3.1 and 3.2.3.2.

3.2.3.1 Standard design

3.2.3.1.1 The design shall have a composite liner system consisting of two liners and the associated liner protection layers and a drainage system for leachate collection.

3.2.3.1.2 An upper liner shall be synthetic material with a thickness of at least 1.5 mm.

3.2.3.1.3 The design shall have a lower liner of at least 60 cm thickness or compacted clay or other soil material with a permeability of no more than 1 x 10-9 cm/sec having the bottom Liner sloped no less than 2 % and the side liners sloped no more than 33 %, except where construction, and operational integrity can be demonstrated at steeper slopes, with the synthetic liner installed in direct and uniform contact with the compacted soil component.

3.2.3.2 Alternative design

3.2.3.2.1 The Competent authority shall approve an alternative liner design, on a site-specific basis, if it can be documented that, under the conditions of location and hydrogeology/geotechnics, the groundwater monitoring requirements shall be met.

3.2.3.2.2 When approving an alternative liner design, the competent authority shall consider the following factors:

a) the hydrogeologic/geotechnics characteristics of the facility and surrounding land;

b) the climatic factors of the area; and

c) the volume, physical and chemical characteristics of the leachate.

3.2.4 Small landfill design requirements

3.2.4.1 Subject to the location requirements of 3.2.3.2.1 and the performance requirements for ground water, air quality and explosive emissions and surface waters, a Class II landfill shall be exempt from the liner, leachate collection system, and ground water monitoring requirements.

3.2.4.2 A class II landfill shall be approved only if:

a) there is no evidence of existing ground water contamination;

b) the landfill serves a community that has no practicable waste management alternative as determined by the competent authority; and

c) the landfill is located in an area, which receives less than 1 000 mm of annual precipitation.

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3.2.4.3 A class II landfill shall lose the exemptions of the small landfill design if at any time the landfill receives more than 20 tons of solid waste per day, based on an annual average, or has caused ground water contamination

NOTE The small landfill design applies only to a Class II landfill.

3.3 Closure

At closure, an owner or operator of a Class I, II, IIIa, IVa, and V landfill shall use one of the following designs for the final cover.

3.3.1 Standard design

3.3.1.1 The standard design of the final cover shall consist of two layers:

a) a layer to minimize infiltration, consisting of at least 45.7 cm of compacted soil, or equivalent, with a permeability of 1 x 10-9 cm/se or less, or equivalent, shall be placed upon the final lifts; and

b) in no case shall the cover of the final lifts be more permeable than the bottom liner system or natural sub-soils present in the unit.

3.3.1.2 The grade of surface slopes shall not be less than 2 %, nor the grade of side slopes more than 33 %, except where construction integrity and the integrity of erosion control can be demonstrated at steeper slopes; and

3.3.1.3 There shall be a layer to minimize erosion, consisting of:

a) at least 15 cm of soil capable of sustaining vegetative growth placed over the compacted soil cover and seeded with grass, other shallow rooted vegetation or other native vegetation; or

b) other suitable material, approved by the competent authority.

3.3.2 Alternative design.

3.3.2.1 The competent authority shall approve an alternative final cover design, on a site specific basis, it can be documented that:

a) the alternative final cover achieves an equivalent reduction in infiltration as specified by the standard design in 3.3.1.1 above; and

b) the alternative final cover provides equivalent protection from wind and water erosion.

3.3.2.2 If a landfill has been constructed using an approved alternative landfill design, including a waiver, or exemption, from the liner or ground water monitoring requirements, the competent authority shall require, on a site specific basis, the landfill closure to be stringent design than the standard design specified in 3.3.1 to protect human health or the environment.

3.3.2.3 In no case shall any modification be made to the final cover, as placed and approved at closure by the competent authority, unless that modification:


a) is a necessary repair of the approved final cover;

b) maintains or improves the effectiveness of the final cover; and

c) is approved by the competent authority.

3.4 Gas control

3.4.1 An owner or operator shall design each landfill so that explosive gases are monitored quarterly. Thus an owner or operator of a disposal facility shall not allow concentrations of explosive gases generated by the facility to exceed:

a) twenty-five percent of the lower explosive limit for explosive gases in facility structures, excluding gas control or recovery system components; and

b) the lower explosive limit for explosive gases at the property boundary or beyond.

3.4.2 If the concentration of these gases ever exceed the requirements set in 3.4.1 the owner or operator shall:

a) immediately take all necessary steps to ensure protection of human health and, within 24 hours or the next business day, notify the Competent authority;

b) within seven days of detection, place in the operating record the explosive gas levels detected and a description of the steps taken to protect human health; and

c) within 60 days of detection, implement a remediation plan that has been approved by the competent authority, for the explosive gas release, place a copy of the plan in the operation record, and notify the competent authority that the plan has been implemented.

3.4.3 Collection and handling of explosive gases shall not be required if it can be shown that the explosive gases will not support combustion.

3.4.4 The Competent authority shall, on a site-specific basis, waive the requirement of monitoring explosive gas at a Class II landfill. The waiver shall be granted after:

a) considering the characteristics of the landfill and the waste stream accepted;

b) taking into account climatic and hydrogeological conditions of the site; and

c) the Competent authority shall revoke any waiver from the requirement of monitoring explosive gases if the lack of monitoring explosive gases at the landfill presents a threat to human health or the environment;

d) the requirement to monitor explosive gases inside buildings at a landfill shall not be waived; and

e) a landfill that accepts no municipal waste is exempt from the gas monitoring requirement of 3.4.1.

3.5 Design drawings

3.5.1 Design drawings and as built drawings of any engineered structure, including landfill liners, leachate collection systems, and gas collection systems, shall be signed and sealed by a professional registered engineer.

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3.5.2 As built drawings shall be submitted to the competent authority on or before 90 days following the completion of the engineered structure at the landfill.

3.6 Other requirements

An owner or operator shall design each landfill to provide for:

a) fencing at the property or unit boundary or the use of other artificial or natural barriers to impede entry by the public and large animals. A lockable gate shall be required at the entry to the landfill;

b) monitoring ground water using a design approved by the Competent authority. The Competent authority shall also require monitoring of:

1) surface waters, including run-off; and

2) leachate.

c) surface landfill gas movement and ambient air;

d) weighing or estimating the tonnage of all incoming waste and recording the tonnage in the facility’s operation record;

e) erecting a sign at the facility entrance that identifies at least the name of the facility, the hours during which the facility is open for public use, unacceptable materials, an emergency telephone number and other pertinent information;

f) adequate fire protection to control any fires that shall occur at the facility, and this shall be accomplished by on-site equipment or by arrangement made with the nearest fire department;

g) preventing potential harbourage in buildings, facilities, and active areas of rat and other vectors, such as insects, birds, and burrowing animals;

h) minimizing the size of the unloading area and working face as much as possible, consistent with good traffic patterns and safe operation;

i) approach and exit roads of all-weather construction, with traffic separation and traffic control on-site and at the site entrance;

j) communication, such as telephone or radio, between employees working at the landfill and management offices on-site and off-site to handle emergencies;

k) an owner or operator of a Class IV or VI landfill shall design and operate the landfill to prevent the run-on of all surface waters resulting from a maximum flow of a 25-year storm into the active area of the landfill;

l) an owner or operator of a Class IV or VI landfill shall not accept any other form of waste except the wastes specified in 3.1.4; and 3.1.6; and

m) the owner or operator of a Class IV or VI landfill shall prevent the disposal of unauthorized waste by ensuring that at least one person is on site during hours of operation and shall prevent unauthorized disposal during off-hours by controlling entry, i.e., lockable gate or barrier, when the facility is not open.


3.7 Industrial landfill requirements

3.7.1 Class IIIa

A new Class IIIa landfill shall meet the location requirements below:

3.7.1.1 Land use compatibility

3.7.1.1.1 No new facility shall be located within:

a) 500 m of a national or government park, monument, or recreation area; designated wilderness or wilderness study area; or wild and scenic river area;

b) ecologically and scientifically significant natural areas, including wildlife management areas and habitat for threatened or endangered species as designated;

c) farmland classified or evaluated as “prime”, “unique”, or of “government wide importance”;

d) 1 km of:

1) existing permanent dwellings, residential areas, and other incompatible structures such as schools or churches unless otherwise allowed by local zoning or ordinance; and

2) historic structures or properties listed or eligible to be listed in the Government or National Register of Historic Places;

e) refer to annex1 for sitting of an airport and bird hazard considerations. Unless the owner or operator demonstrates that the facility design and operation will not increase the likelihood of bird/aircraft collisions. Every new and existing disposal facility is subject to this requirement. If a new landfill or a lateral expansion of an existing landfill is located within 8 km of an airport runway end, the owner or operator shall notify the affected airport and the national aviation authorities; or areas with respect to archaeological sites.

3.7.1.1.2 The following guidelines shall be followed:

a) none of the areas within the landfill boundaries are part of the 10-year groundwater recharge area for existing or pending water supply development;

b) no private or public drinking, irrigation, or livestock water supply wells within 500 m down gradient of the landfill boundaries, unless alternative water supply sources are readily and economically available and the owner(s) gives written consent to the potential risk of well abandonment;

c) no environmentally significant wetlands of important biodiversity or reproductive value are present within the potential area of the landfill cell development.

d) no known environmentally rare or endangered species breeding areas or protected living areas are present within the site boundaries. If this criterion is not met, alternative habitats of comparable quality for relocation of the species would need to be available;

e) no significant protected forests are within 500 m of the landfill cell development area;

f) no open areas of high winds;

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g) no major lines of electrical transmission or other infrastructure (i.e., gas, sewer, water lines) are crossing the landfill cell development area;

h) no underlying limestone, carbonate, fissured or other porous rock formations which would be incompetent as barriers to leachate and gas migration, where the formations are more than 1.5 m in thickness and present as the uppermost geologic unit above sensitive groundwater;

i) no underlying underground mines which could be adversely affected by surface activities of land filling, or minable resources which could be rendered less accessible by land filling, unless the owner(s) gives explicit consent;

j) no residential development within 250 m from the perimeter of the proposed landfill cell development;

k) no visibility of the proposed landfill cell development area from residential neighbourhoods within 1 km. If residents live within 1 km of the site; landscaping and protective beams would need to be incorporated into the design to minimize visibility of operations. Curving of the access road is recommended to avoid visibility of the active portions of the landfill from the main road;

l) no perennial stream within 300 m down gradient of the proposed landfill cell development, unless diversion, culverting or channelling is economically and environmentally feasible to protect the stream from potential contamination.

m) no significant seismic risk within the region of the landfill which could cause destruction of drains or other civil works, or require unnecessarily costly engineering measures, otherwise side slopes may need to be adjusted to be gentler than the maximum of 2.5 %;

n) no fault lines or significantly fractured geologic structure within 500 m of the perimeter of the proposed landfill cell development which would allow unpredictable movement of gas or leachate.

o) no siting within a floodplain subject to 10-year floods and, if within areas subject to a 100-year flood, must be amenable to an economic design which would eliminate the potential for washout; and

p) avoid siting within 1 km of socio-politically sensitive sites where public acceptance might be unlikely (i.e., memorial sites, churches, schools) and avoid access roads which would pass by such culturally sensitive sites.

3.7.1.2 Geology

No new facility or lateral expansion of an existing facility shall be located in a subsistence area, a dam failure, flood area, above an underground mine, above a fault, above a salt bed, or on or adjacent to geologic features which could compromise the structural integrity of the facility.

3.7.1.3 Seismic impact zones

A new facility or a lateral expansion of an existing facility shall not be located in seismic impact zones unless the owner or operator demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Competent authority that all containment structures, including liners, leachate collection systems, and surface water control systems; are designed to resist the maximum horizontal acceleration in lithified earth material for the side.

3.7.1.4 Unstable areas

The owner or operator of an existing facility, a lateral expansion of an existing facility, or a new facility located in an unstable area shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the competent authority that engineering measures


have been incorporated into the facility design to ensure that the integrity of the structural components of the facility will not be disrupted. The owner or operator shall consider the following factors when determining whether an area is unstable:

a) on-site or local soil conditions that shall result in significant differential settling;

b) on-site or local geologic or geomorphologic features: and

c) on-site or local human-made features or events, both surface and subsurface.

3.7.1.5 Surface water

No new facility or lateral expansion of an existing facility shall be located on any public land that is being used by a public water system for water shed control for municipal drinking water purposes or in a location that could cause contamination to a lake, reservoir or pond.

3.7.1.6 Floodplains

No new or existing facility shall be located in a floodplain unless the owner or operator demonstrates to the competent authority that the unit will not restrict the flow of the 100-year flood, reduce the temporary water storage capacity of the floodplain or result in a washout of solid waste so as to pose a hazard to human health or the environment.

3.7.1.7 Wetlands

No new or existing or lateral expansion of an existing facility shall be located in wetlands.

3.7.1.8 Ground water

3.7.1.8.1 No new facility or lateral expansion of an existing facility shall be located at a site:

a) where the bottom of the lowest liner is less than 1.5 m above the historical high level of ground water; or

b) for a landfill that is not required to install a liner, the lowest level of waste shall be at least 3 m above the historical high level of ground water;

c) if the aquifer beneath a landfill contains ground water which has a Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 10 000 mg/l or greater and the landfill is constructed with a composite liner, the bottom of the lowest liner shall be less than 1.5 m above the historical high level of the ground water; and

d) no new facility shall be located over a sole source aquifer.

3.7.1.8.2 Unless all units of the proposed facility are constructed with a composite liner or other equivalent design approved by the competent authority, the following shall apply:

e) a new facility located above any aquifer containing ground water which has a TDS content below 1 000 mg/l which does not exceed applicable ground water quality standards for any contaminant shall be permitted only where the depth to ground water is greater than 30.5 m;

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f) a new facility located above any aquifer containing ground water which has a TDS content between 1 000 and 3 000 mg/l and does not exceed applicable ground water quality standards for any contaminant shall be permitted only where the depth to ground water is 15 m or greater; or

g) the applicant for the proposed facility will make the demonstration of ground water quality necessary to determine the appropriate aquifer classification.

3.7.1.8.3 No new facility shall be located in designated drinking water source protection areas or, if no source protection area is designated within a distance to existing drinking water wells or springs for public water supplies of 250 days ground water travel time. This requirement does not include on-site operation wells. The applicant for the proposed facility will make the demonstration, acceptable to the competent authority, of hydraulic conductivity and other information necessary to determine the 250 days ground water travel distance.

3.7.1.9 Ground water exception

Subject to the ground water performance requirements stated in 3.7.1.8 if a solid waste disposal facility is to be located over an area where the ground water has a TDS of 10 000 mg/l or greater, or where there is an extreme depth to ground water, or where there is a natural impermeable barrier above the ground water, or where there is no ground water, the competent authority shall exempt the disposal site, on a site specific basis, from some design criteria and ground water monitoring.

Ground water monitoring requirements shall be waived by the competent authority if the owner or operator of a solid waste disposal facility can demonstrate that there is no potential for migration of hazardous constituents from the facility to the ground water during the active life of the facility and the post-closure care period. This demonstration shall be certified by a qualified ground-water scientist and approved by the Competent authority, and shall be based upon:

a) site-specific field collected measurements, sampling, and analysis of physical, chemical, and biological processes affecting contaminant fate and transport; and

b) contaminant fate and transport predictions that maximize contaminant migration and consider impacts on human health and the environment.

3.7.1.9.1 A new Class IIIa landfill that is proposed on the site of generation of the industrial solid waste of a lateral expansion of an existing Class IIIa landfill, shall meet the location requirements with respect to geology (3.7.1.2) surface water (3.7.1.5), wetlands (3.7.1.7) and ground water (3.7.1.8).

3.7.1.9.2 An existing Class IIIa landfill shall not be subjected to the location requirements of 3.7.1.

3.7.1.9.3 An exemption from any location requirements of 3.10.1.1 except the standards for floodplains and wetlands, shall be granted by the competent authority on a site specific basis if it is determined that the exemption will cause no adverse impacts to human health or the environment.

3.7.1.9.4 No exemption shall be granted without application to the competent authority.

3.7.1.9.5 If an exemption is granted, the landfill shall be required to have more stringent design, construction, monitoring program, or operational practice to protect human health or the environment.


3.7.2 Class IIIb landfills

A new Class IIIb landfill or a lateral expansion of an existing Class IIIb landfill shall be subject to the following location requirements:

a) the requirement with respect to floodplains as specified in 3.7.1.6;

b) the requirement with respect to wetlands as specified in 3.7.1.7;

c) the landfill shall be located so that the lowest, level of waste is at least 1.5m above the historical high level of ground water;

d) for a lateral expansion of an existing Class IIIb landfill, an exemption from any location requirements of 3.7.1.6, 3.7.1.7 and, that the landfill shall be located so that the lowest level of waste is at least 1.5 m above the historical high level of ground water, shall be granted by the Competent authority on a site specific basis if it is determined that the exemption will cause no adverse impacts to human health or the environment;

e) no exemption shall be granted without application to the Competent authority;

f) if an exemption is granted, the landfill shall be required to have more stringent design, construction, monitoring program, or operational practice to protect human health or the environment;

g) an existing Class IIIb landfill shall not be subjected to the location requirements 3.7.1.6 and 3.7.1.7. It shall also be exempted from the requirement to have it located so that the lowest level of waste is at least 1.5m above the historical high level of ground water;

h) the owner or operator of a Class III landfill shall design the landfill to minimize the acceptance of liquids and control storm water run-on/run-off; and

i) the owner or operator of a Class III landfill shall design the landfill to meet the applicable requirements of 3.6.

4 Land treatment facility

This section applies to any facility that engages in the land treatment, land farming, or land spreading disposal of solid waste. It does not apply to:

a) a facility that uses sewage sludge, wood waste or other primarily organic sludge in recycling operations.

b) agricultural solid wastes resulting from the operation of a farm, including farm animal manure and agricultural residues;

c) inert waste or demolition waste; or

d) industrial solid waste facilities.

4.1 The owner or operator of a land treatment disposal facility shall design the facility to provide interim waste storage areas that meet the requirements for piles.

The facility shall have systems to collect and treat all run-off from a 25 year storm, and divert all run-on for the maximum flow of a 25 year storm around the active area.

DRS 182: 2018


4.2 The facility shall be designed to avoid standing water anywhere on the active area.

4.3 The facility shall be designed to avoid slopes and other features that will lead to soil and waste erosion, unless contour plowing or other measures are taken to avoid erosion.

4.4 The owner or operator shall monitor ground water and keep records.

4.5 The owner or operator shall control access to the facility by fencing or other means and erect a sign at the facility entrance that identifies at least the name of the facility, the hours during which the facility is open for public use, unacceptable materials, and an emergency telephone number. Other pertinent information shall also be included.

5 Incinerator facility

The incinerator facilities shall comply with relevant national standards on incineration.


Annex A

(Normative)

Table A.1 Land-use Guidelines for the Avoidance of Bird Hazards

BIRD HAZARD CONSIDERATIONS ONLY

The land uses tabulated below should not be

considered as an exhaustive listing, but merely

as examples of how various land uses may be

graded in two areas, A and B, surrounding an

airport. These areas are drawn up by describing

two concentric circles (radii of 3 and 8 km,

respectively) around an airport, centred on the

Airport Reference Point. Any land use that has

the potential to attract birds to the airport

vicinity should be the subject of a study to

determine the likelihood of bird strikes to

aircraft using the airport.

Land-use guidelines

_______________________________________ Land Use Area A Area B _______________________________________

Agriculture

Landscape nurseries* YES YES Tree farming* YES YES Stock farming* YES YES Dairy farming* YES YES Sod farming NO YES Piggeries NO YES Fruit tree farming NO YES

Wildlife Sanctuaries Bird sanctuaries NO NO Game reserves ND NO

Recreational Golf courses* YES YES Parks* YES YES Playgrounds* YES YES Athletic fields* YES YES Riding trails* YES YES Tennis, lawn bowling* YES YES Picnic and campgrounds YES YES Riding academies NO YES Racetracks NO YES Fair grounds NO YES Outdoor theatres NO YES

_______________________________________ Land Use Area A Area B _______________________________________ Commercial* Offices YES YES Retail sales YES YES Hotels and motels YES YES Restaurants YES YES Parking lots YES YES Indoor theatres YES YES Warehouses YES YES Shopping centres YES YES Service stations YES YES Cemeteries YES YES Drive-in restaurants NO YES Food-processing plants No YES Municipal Utilities* Water treatment YES YES Non-food garbage landfill YES YES Food garbage disposal NO NO __________________ * These are general guidelines for planning and land-use zoning only. The avoidance of bird hazards during airport operations is another subject that can involve special controls to keep land free from food and shelter for birds.

DRS 182: 2018


Bibliography

[1] RURA Guidelines for solid waste management,2009

[2] REMA, (2012) Practical tools on Solid Waste Management of Imidugudu, Small towns and Cities Landfill and composting Facilities.

[3] ICAO, (2002) Airport Planning Manual Part 2 Land use and Environmental Control.

[4] RURA (November 2009) Standard for management of waste disposal sites/landfills

solid waste design for disposal sites guidelines

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