For extra stuff see link below:

http://ushistory.pwnet.org/resources/I.8.c.php

Westward Expansion: New Territories

Between 1801 and 1861 new territories were claimed for America. These new territories changed the political map of the United States.

After the Revolutionary War, the Mississippi River was the western boundary of the new nation. The lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi were the new frontier. Thousands of settlers called pioneers made the dangerous journey over the mountains in hopes of finding good farmland and a prosperous future for their families. By 1800, the settlers were now looking west across the Mississippi to the territories beyond.

During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, the United States purchased a huge area of land from France. This territory was called Louisiana and included over 800,000 square miles of land stretching from the Mississippi River west to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada south to the busy seaport of New Orleans. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States over night! To find out more about this new land, President Jefferson hired Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead an expedition exploring the Louisiana Purchase from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Over two years later, Lewis and Clark returned with carefully drawn maps and a detailed report of the land and its plants, animals, and people.

During the presidency of James Monroe, another major territorial expansion took place. Just south of the state of Georgia was the Spanish territory of Florida. President Monroe was concerned when Indians living in Florida had crossed the border into Georgia and attacked U.S. citizens. Spain was not keeping the peace along the border as it had promised. President Monroe told Spain they could either send soldiers to keep order in their territory or they could give the territory to the United States. Because of problems with its colonies in South America, the King of Spain agreed to give Florida to the United States. In 1819, the Florida Treaty was signed.

As the exploration of the Louisiana Purchase continued, more and more Americans began to settle in the southwestern territory owned by Mexico called the Republic of Texas. Before long, the American settlers, who far outnumbered those from Mexico, fought for and won their independence from Mexico. The Republic of Texas remained independent until 1845 when it became Texas, the 28th state to join the United States of America.

SOL USI.8aNotepage for Student

Page 1

Westward Expansion: New Territories (cont’d)

The next U.S. territorial expansion involved the Oregon Territory. This land included present day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and portions of Montana and Wyoming. For years the United States and Great Britain had shared ownership of this territory. As more and more American settlers arrived in covered wagons, the United States informed Great Britain that joint ownership would no longer be considered. Diplomatic discussions began, and in 1846, a treaty was signed that gave ownership of the territory to the United States.

Soon after the U.S. offered Texas statehood, relations with Mexico worsened. Four months later, fighting along the Rio Grande River led to war with Mexico. During the nearly two years of war that followed, American settlers in the territory of California revolted against Mexican rule. A treaty was finally signed and American troops took possession of California and the vast southwest territory.

SOL USI.8aNotepage for Student

Page 2

SOL USI.8bNotepage for Student

Westward Expansion: Geographic and Economic Causes

Between 1801 and 1861 thousands of settlers began leaving the 13 original states and heading west. These brave pioneers made the dangerous journey over the Appalachian Mountains and into the vast new territories of the American frontier. What geographic and economic factors persuaded the settlers to move westward?

There were a number of geographic factors that led to western migration in the United States. During the early 1800s, population growth was a problem as the eastern states became more and more crowded. In addition, farmlands that were once fertile were being overworked and large plantations in the south were crowding out small farmers. If Americans were willing to leave their homes and move westward, huge areas of fertile land were available at very cheap prices. As a matter of fact, in the early 1800s, a farmer could buy 2 ½ acres of land in the western territories for only $1.25!

Another geographic factor that influenced westward migration was the availability of rivers and manmade waterways called canals. These waterways helped to make transportation cheaper and faster. Rivers provided an important means of transportation and communication between the eastern and western territories. Great rivers like the Ohio and the Mississippi became important migration routes for people and supplies. In addition, the newly invented steamboat became the main form of river transportation. Trips that once took months now took only days. Canals were built by the early settlers and connected the east to the western territories. By the early 1800s there were hundreds of miles of canals in the United States. One of the most famous was the Erie Canal located in the state of New York. It was 363 miles long and was the longest canal in the world!

An additional geographic factor influencing western migration was the growing knowledge of overland trails. Two of these trails, or migration routes, were the Oregon Trail and the Santa Fe Trail. The Oregon Trail began in Missouri and ended in the Oregon Territory. Thousands of American pioneers loaded up farm wagons and Prairie Schooners with all their belongings and set out on a dangerous six month, 2,000 mile journey. They encountered treacherous river crossings, terrifying storms, jagged mountain ranges, Indians, and diseases such as cholera on their way to the fertile soil of the Oregon Territory. The Santa Fe Trail also began in Missouri. The 1,200 mile trail that ended in New Mexico took about 8 weeks to travel. This journey was also a test of strength and endurance

as the pioneers faced shortages of food and water, dangerous weather conditions, Indian raids, and bandits.

SOL USI.8bNotepage for Student

Westward Expansion: Geographic and Economic Causes (cont’d)

There were also a number of economic factors that led to western migration in the United States. New territories in the West made more land available for agriculture. Farmers of all types began to leave the rocky soil of the Northeast and the overworked soil of the South in search of rich farmland in the new territories. Farmland was easy to get and very cheap. Some land was even free. If a farmer built a house and cleared the brush, he could claim the land as his! As word spread, more men and women left their homes to take advantage of this rich interior land of the growing nation.

In addition to cheap and plentiful farmland, the availability of timberland was also an economic factor that influenced westward movement. As more and more settlers moved west, they needed timber for their homes, businesses, and towns. As a result, commercial logging companies began to prosper in the Northwest Territories where forests of towering trees covered the land. The harvesting of timber was called logging. It quickly became the top manufacturing industry in the west.

Another economic factor that influenced westward expansion was the discovery of gold in California. In 1847 during the construction of a sawmill, gold nuggets were found in a nearby river bed. By 1849 the California Gold Rush had begun and gold fever spread quickly across the continent. More than 80,000 "forty-niners" charged west in search of riches and new lives.

Slaves seeking freedom also ventured into the western territories in search of a better life. The growth of trade on major rivers, such as the Ohio and Mississippi, provided opportunities for escape. Runaway slaves posed as free men or hid themselves on steamboats as they traveled west.

In addition to geographic and economic factors, a long-held belief also influenced American westward expansion. This belief, called Manifest Destiny, was held by many Americans in the 1840s. It was the belief that the United States would benefit from expansion and had the right to expand its people and government across the North American continent.

SOL USI.8cNotepage for Student

Inventions and Entrepreneurs in America

During the early 1800s the United States grew and changed. Many of the changes were due to the inventors and entrepreneurs of the time. An inventor is the first person to think of or make something. An entrepreneur is someone who brings a new or improved good or service to market with the hope of earning a profit. Many new inventions were having an effect on the way people were able to live, work and travel.

One important invention was the cotton gin, a machine invented by Eli Whitney. During the early 1800s, southern planters were desperate to make cotton a profitable crop. The production of cotton was slow work because the sticky green seeds of the cotton plant had to be removed by hand. The cotton gin quickly removed the seeds from the cotton plant. It increased the production of cotton but it also increased the need for slaves to grow and pick the cotton. Cotton soon became the most important crop in the South. By 1845 the United States was producing most of the world's cotton.

Another important invention was the reaper, a horse-pulled machine that cut wheat. Jo Anderson, a slave, and Cyrus McCormick worked to invent the reaper. McCormick, who was an entrepreneur, brought the reaper to market. Before the invention of the reaper, farmers had to cut their crops by hand. The reaper could cut five times more wheat as a farmer could cut by hand. This machine helped farmers raise more wheat with fewer workers. It greatly increased the productivity of the American farmer.

As the country expanded, new and better methods of transportation were needed. During the early 1800s, travel on the major rivers in America was mainly done on beautiful sailing ships called sloops. This changed, however, after the steamboat was improved by another entrepreneur, Robert Fulton. The larger, faster steamboats soon connected Southern plantations and farms with the industries of the Northern states and the expanding Western territories.

Just as the steamboat provided faster water transportation, the invention of the steam locomotive provided faster land transportation. Moving at speeds of up to 12 miles per hour, the steam locomotive traveled more quickly than canal boats and horse-drawn wagons. Within a few years it became the leading form of long-distance transportation. By the mid-1800s, steam locomotives carried freight and passengers across the country connecting the eastern states with the western territories

The North was the industrialized region in the United States before the Civil War began. Equipment produced in the North was now able to have a huge impact on farming in the South and beyond.

SOL USI.8dNotepage for Student

Page 1

Reform Movements in America

The United States grew and changed during the early 1800s. Some of these changes were in the ways people thought about things. What were the ideas of two groups of people who wanted to reform life in America?

One of these groups was working very hard to end slavery. William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman were abolitionists who demanded the immediate freeing of all slaves in the United States. They believed that slavery was morally wrong, cruel, and inhumane. They also saw it as a violation of the principals of democracy which stated that all persons were equal under the law.

William Lloyd Garrison was a writer and editor who thought that all enslaved African Americans should be emancipated, or freed, immediately. He published an anti-slavery newspaper called the Liberator and believed that slaves were Americans and entitled to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

While some abolitionists like Garrison wrote against slavery, some like Frederick Douglass gave speeches. Frederick Douglass was a runaway slave who escaped from his owner by disguising himself as a sailor and boarding a train headed for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Before long he was asked by abolitionists to speak about his experiences as a slave. He soon became a leading spokesperson for the abolition of slavery and racial equality. In addition to being one of America’s first great African American speakers, Frederick Douglass also founded an antislavery newspaper called the North Star. He spent the rest of his life working for rights that would improve the lives of both African Americans and women.

Abolitionist leaders also included brave women like Harriet Tubman. Tubman was born a slave in Maryland in the 1800s. At the age of 30 she feared that she was going to be sold to another plantation so she ran away. With the help of the North Star and a kind white woman, she traveled north to Philadelphia and freedom. Over the next ten years she traveled south 19 times to escort over 300 enslaved African Americans to freedom. She is the most well-known “conductor” of the Underground Railroad.

Reform Movements in America (cont’d)

The second group who wanted to reform life in America declared that “All men and women are created equal.” Supporters of the suffrage movement believed that women were being deprived of their basic rights. During the 1800s women were not allowed to vote. In addition, married women could not own property and any wages they earned were handed over to their husbands. They were also denied equal opportunities in business. Women who worked outside the home often worked long hours in factories, taught school, ran boarding houses or were employed as seamstresses. Educational opportunities were also limited. Women were taught how to read and write but were not allowed to attend high school or college.

The suffrage movement was led by determined women who worked before and after the Civil War to gain equality for American women. Three of these brave women were Isabel Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Isabel Sojourner Truth was born a slave in the state of New York. At the age of 30 she was freed and became a traveling preacher. Before long she was also a popular speaker for the women’s suffrage movement. Large crowds would come to hear her speak about women’s rights and the evils of slavery. This former enslaved African American became nationally known as an advocate, or supporter of equality and justice.

Susan B. Anthony was a teacher who dedicated her life to the women’s suffrage movement. She crisscrossed the nation speaking out on women’s rights. She campaigned for the right to vote, the right to own property, the right to equal pay, and equal educational opportunities for all. Eventually, she even convinced a University in New York to admit women. In 1979, the United States government honored her work for women’s rights by minting one-dollar coins with her picture on them.

As a leader of the suffrage movement, Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped organize the first women’s rights convention. This convention marked the beginning of the women’s right movement in the United States. Those that attended wanted women to enjoy the same rights as men. They applauded

SOL USI.8dNotepage for Student

Page 2

Stanton’s speech which added to the words of the Declaration of Independence by saying “all men and women are created equal.”

Territorial Expansion

Before

Answer True or False for each of the following:

President Jefferson bought land from France T F

which doubled the size of the U.S.

Lewis and Clark explored the Louisiana Purchase T F

from the Mississippi to the Atlantic Ocean.

Florida was given to the U.S. by France. T F

The Oregon Territory was divided by the T F

United States and Great Britain.

SCORE: ______________

After

Answer True or False for each of the following:

President Jefferson bought land from France T F

which doubled the size of the U.S.

Lewis and Clark explored the Louisiana Purchase T F

from the Mississippi to the Atlantic Ocean.

Florida was given to the U.S. by France. T F

The Oregon Territory was divided by the T F

United States and Great Britain.

SCORE: ______________

Manifest Destiny

Directions: Look at the placard and describe how this picture makes you feel. Who is the woman? What is going on in the picture? What are some of the things that you notice about this picture that we talked about in class.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________

Research Assignment

New Technologies

Use the resources provided for you to complete the following research assignment on new technologies developed in the 1800’s.

1. The Cotton Gin

• Who invented it? ___________________________________ • When was it invented? _________________________________ • What was its purpose? _____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Draw a sketch of the invention

2. The McCormick Reaper

• Who invented it? ___________________________________ • When was it invented? _________________________________

• What was its purpose?_____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Draw a sketch of the invention

3. The Steamboat

• Who invented it? ___________________________________ • When was it invented? _________________________________ • What was its purpose? _____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Draw a sketch of the invention

4. The Steam Locomotive

• Who invented it? ___________________________________ • When was it invented? _________________________________ • What was its purpose? _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Draw a sketch of the invention

Essential Understanding: Between 1801 and 1861, exploration was encouraged asAmerica underwent vast territorial expansion and settlement.- Territorial Expansion | SOL USI. 8aNew territories added to the United States after1801:Louisiana Purchase Jefferson bought land from France (the Louisiana Purchase), whichdoubled the size of the United States. In the Lewis and Clark expedition, Meriwether Lewis and William Clarkexplored the Louisiana Purchase from the Mississippi River to the PacificOcean.Florida Spain gave Florida to the United States through a treaty.Texas Texas was added after it became an independent republic.Oregon The Oregon Territory was divided by the United States and Great Britain.California War with Mexico resulted in California and the southwest territorybecoming part of the United States.

Essential Understanding: Westward migration was influenced by geography andeconomic opportunity.- Manifest Destiny | SOL USI. 8bGeographic and economic factors that influencedwestward movement: Population growth in the eastern states Availability of cheap, fertile land. Economic opportunity – (California Gold Rush, logging, farming, freedomfor runaway slaves) Cheaper and faster transportation - (rivers and Erie canal, steamboats) Knowledge of overland trails – ( Oregon and Santa Fe) Belief in the right of “Manifest Destiny” – the expansion was for the goodof the country and was the right of the country.

Essential Understanding: Prior to the Civil War, most industrialization in America wasin the North; however, the equipment produced in the North had an impact on thefarming society in the South.- Inventions and Entrepreneurs | SOL USI. 8cTerms:Inventor: someone who is the first to think of or makesomethingEntrepreneur: someone who organizes resources to bring a new or better goodor service to market in hopes of earning a profitNew Technologies and the impact on society: The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney. It increased the production ofcotton and thus increased the need for slave labor to cultivate and pick thecotton. Jo Anderson (a slave) and Cyrus McCormick worked to invent the reaper.McCormick was an entrepreneur who brought the reaper to market. Thereaper increased the productivity of the American farmer. The steamboat was improved by the entrepreneur, Robert Fulton. Iteventually provided faster river transportation that connected Southernplantations and farms to Northern industries and Western territories. The steam locomotive provided faster land transportation.

Power Point Presentation

Saunders/Tayman 2007

Abolitionist and Suffrage Movement

SOL US1.8d

Purpose: You are to create a presentation using Microsoft PowerPoint to illustrate the key individuals that were involved in the abolitionist and suffrage movement. You are to make a total of 7 slides depicting the important contributions that the following people had on history:

Harriet TubmanWilliam Lloyd GarrisonFrederick DouglassIsabel Sojourner TruthSusan B. AnthonyElizabeth Cady Stanton

Step 1: Go to the dock and open PowerPoint (Click on the orange “P”)

Click on PowerPoint Presentation

Step 2: Choose an appropriate background to use.

Step 3: Create the title page:

The first slide that you will make will be your title slide:

The title should read:

“THE PEOPLE OF THE ABOLITIONIST/SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT”

Step 4: Create one slide per key individual. This will include at least one picture involving the person as well as the class notes that were taken during instruction. Pictures can be found on www.google.com under images. You may also use google in order to find additional facts on each person. Some additional facts might include when was the person born, when did they die, contributions to their movement, interesting facts, where they lived, etc.

Step 5: SAVE THE PRESENTATION UNDER YOUR NAME.

File-Save As-change save name to your name-click on SAVE

VIRTUAL UNDERGROUND RAILROAD JOURNEY

The Underground Railroad was a series of routes that slaves took from the South in an attempt to gain their freedom by reaching the North. Conductors, people that helped the escaped slaves, were the guides who led the slaves to freedom.

NOW YOU WILL EXPERIENCE THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD AND ALL OF ITS DANGERS!! PAY ATTENTION!!

__________________________

Directions: Go to “www.nationalgeographic.com/features/99/railroad/”

Choose Enter and begin the Journey! Answer the following questions on your journey:

1) Who was known as Moses and why was she important?

2) On the Underground Railroad, what did a lantern on the hitching post mean?

3) What was a safe house? How would you feel if you were hiding out in a safe house?

4) What do you think were some dangers on the Underground railroad?

5) People who thought slavery was morally wrong and wanted to end slaver immediately were known as _______________________________________________.

6) Name four people who helped you on your journey to freedom.

7) What abolitionist paper did Frederick Douglass publish?

GO TO THE DROP DOWN MENU AND CHOOSE “FACES OF FREEDOM”:

8) Write on sentence about why these people were important to abolitionist.

Frederick Douglass:

Susan B. Anthony:

William Loyd Garrison:

GO TO THE DROP DOWN MENU AND CHOOSE “ROUTES TO FREEDOM”:

9) How many miles was the journey that you just took? How long would that take most slaves? What states did you pass through on the Underground Railroad?

GO TO THE DROP DOWN MENU AND CHOOSE “FOR KIDS”:

10) Was the Underground Railroad really underground? Why did they call it underground?

11) Where did Henry Brown hide? What other creative ideas do slaves use to gain their freedom?

Essential Understanding: The abolitionists worked to end slavery.The suffrage movement helped women gain equal rights.- Abolitionists and Suffragists | SOL USI. 8dAbolitionist Movement Most abolitionists demanded immediate freeing of the slaves. Abolitionists believed slavery was wrong.o Morally wrongo Cruel and inhumaneo A violation of the principals of democracy. Abolitionist leaders included both men and women.o Harriet Tubman led hundreds of enslaved African Americans tofreedom along the Underground Railroad.o William Lloyd Garrison wrote the Liberator and worked for theimmediate emancipation of all enslaved African Americans.o Frederick Douglass wrote the North Star and worded for rights tobetter the lives of African Americans and women. Essential Understanding: The abolitionists worked to end slavery.The suffrage movement helped women gain equal rights.Suffrage movement Supporters declared that “All men and women are created equal”. Supporters believed that women were deprived of basic rights.o Denied the right to voteo Denied educational opportunities, especially higher education.o Denied equal opportunities in businesso Limited in rights to own property The movement was led by strong women who began their campaignbefore the Civil War and continued after the war had ended.o Isabel Sojourner Truth a former enslaved African American, wasnationally known advocate for equality and justice.o Susan B. Anthony was an advocate to gain voting rights for womenand equal rights for allo Elizabeth Cady Stanton played a leadership role in the women’srights movement.

Essential Understanding: The abolitionists worked to end slavery.The suffrage movement helped women gain equal rights.- Abolitionists and Suffragists | SOL USI. 8dAbolitionist Movement Most abolitionists demanded immediate __________________ of the slaves. Abolitionists believed slavery was ___________________.o ____________________ wrongo Cruel and _______________________o A violation of the principals of ___________________________. Abolitionist leaders included both ___________________ and ________________.o ________________________ led hundreds of enslaved African Americans tofreedom along the Underground Railroad.o _______________________ wrote the Liberator and worked for theimmediate emancipation of all enslaved African Americans.o _____________________________ wrote the North Star and worded for rights tobetter the lives of African Americans and women. Essential Understanding: The abolitionists worked to end slavery.The suffrage movement helped women gain equal rights.Suffrage movement Supporters declared that “All men and ___________ are created _________________”. Supporters believed that women were deprived of basic rights.o Denied the right to ______________________o Denied _____________________ opportunities, especially ________________ education.o Denied __________________ opportunities in ______________________o Limited in rights to _________________________ property The movement was led by strong women who began their campaignbefore the Civil War and continued after the war had ended.o _______________________________ a former enslaved African American, wasnationally known advocate for equality and justice.o ________________________________ was an advocate to gain voting rights for womenand equal rights for allo ______________________________ played a leadership role in the women’srights movement.

Directions-create a COMPLETE description for each of the following:

Abolitionists- Suffrage-

Harriet Tubman Isabel Sojourner Truth

William Lloyd Garrison Susan B. Anthony

Frederick Douglass Elizabeth Cady Stanton