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Acknowledgement We are very grateful to our institution for encouraging us and making us

understand the value of making project file on different subject. We get wideinformation about the subject and especially about the respective topic that has

been selected.

Our special thanks to Pr of ShailaSh r ivastavMadam for her kind cooperationand proper guidance and valuable contribution.

Further we also thanks to our principal & coordinator for supporting us to carryout this activity with great interest.

Thus I appreciate the cumulative affords of all mentioned above and also myfriends in preparing this project file and contributing their valuable time to make

it a successful one.

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VIDYA PRASARAK MANDALS

K.G. JOSHI COLLE G E OF ARTS & N .G. BEDE K AR COLLE G E OFCOMMERCE

THANE NAAC ACCREDITED (A)*****

Ce r tificate

This is to certify that G r oup name

S .no Name R .No . 1. Soham . A . Naik 41

of the SYBMS.-A class has satisfactorily carried out the required project work

in Managerial Economics and that this project file represents their bonafiedwork during the year 2011-2012.

Date 19-August-2011 Professor in-charge______

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INDEX

SERIAL No Title

1 Int r oduction to Child labou r 2 W hy do people include child r en in the

workfo

rce

3 Causes of child labou r 4 Statistics of child labou r 5 Relation of Fi r e c r acke r s and its impact on

child labou r

6 Ha r mful effects of chemicals in fi r ecr acke r indust r y on Child r en

7 W hat a r e the consequences of Childlabou r?

8 Do the gove r nments of count r ies with ahigh level of child labou r ca r e about what

is happening ?

9 How to Eliminate Child labou r?

10 THE DA K AR DECLARATION

11 G LOBALISATION AND CHILDLABOUR

12 Is child labou r r eally an issue fo r businesses ?

13 Is child labou r r eally an issue fo r businesses ?

14 So how do companies tackle the p r oblem

15 Can audito r s r eally ensu r e that child r en

are not involved in the supply chain

16 C onclusion

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(A) W hat is meant by Child labou r ?

A child labou r is under the age of eighteen. He receives extremely little or no

pay. He is s controlled by violence or other threats. He has no option to leavethe situation. He has no access to education or health care. Child labour is notonly found in developing or under developing countries but also in developedcountries of the world.Child labour is caused by any working child who is under the age specified by law. The word, work means full time commercial work to sustain self or add to the family income. Child la bour is a hazardous toChilds mental, physical, social, educational, emotional and spiritualdevelopment. Broadly any child who is employed in activities to feed self andfamily is being subjected to child labour.

(B) . W hy do people include child r en in the wo r kfo r ce?

Children are sought after as workers for a variety of reasons. Lower cost iscertainly a key element. One such survey conducted found that Childrenreceived just one sixth of the minimum national wage however, children are

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also in demand because they are easily controlled, quick to learn basic skills,often willing to work long hours, non-unionised, uneducated and unable tocomplain to the authorities. The inclusion of children in the workforce has often

been justified on the grounds that their nimble fingers are able to undertaketasks that adults are unable to complete. This has been a popular and ostensibly

logical argument for tasks such as rug making and bead -threading.

(C) . W hat a r e the causes of child labou r? The causes of child labour and attitudes towards it are complex and are usuallyrooted in cultural, social and economic structures and traditions.

(i) P ove r tyPoverty is the main cause of child labour today. Less industrialisedcountries tend to have a

Higher demand for agricultural and less skilled workers than doindustrialised countries, and this demand may be readily met by the useof child labourers. And this demand may be readily met by the use of child labourers. The relationship between poverty a nd child labour is not,however, a simple one. Issues such as income distribution, fertility,education malnutrition, the status of women, together with the structureand framework of the economy can all affect the likely incidence of childlabour.

(ii) Absence of p r ima r y schooling

Children are deprived from primary schooling .there are many reaso n to be deprived from education. They are sold to shopkeepers or industrialistfor work so they can earn some money. They are not allowed to enjoytheir childhood . If they are educated they will know what are the

problems of child labour and what are its consequences .

The State of Kerala in India, for example combines a very low level of income with a low level of child labour. This is widely attributed to its

provision of almost universal primary education. However, provision of primary education alone does not guarantee a reduction in child labour.The local social climate must also encourage families to take advantageof education where it is available.

(iii) Social st r uctu r es and attitudesSocial attitudes can be a significant factor influencing the prevalence andnature of child labour in many societies.

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It is believed that time spent on the education of girls and children from poor or low status/low caste families is wasted. A working life, whether paid or unpaid, is seen as the appropriate future for such children from avery early age. It can be seen therefore that there exists a range of factorsthat combine to provide both the motivation and the opportunity for child

labour.

(D) . Statistics of child labou r:

Fig: Distribution of economically active children 5 -14 years of age indeveloping countries, by regions and sex, 199 5

According to, International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates, there aresome2 50 million children between the age of 5 and1 4 years who are ineconomic activity in developing countries alone . Nearly 120 million of them,work as full-time activity. The remainder combine work with schooling or other non-economic activities.

While most child labour is found in the developing regions of the world,industrialized countries are not entirely free of it either. In Eastern and CentralEurope, for example, child labour has been reappearing in the wake of social

and economic dislocation caused by the transition to a market economy.

In absolute terms, Asia, being the most densely populated region of the world,has the largest number of child workers. 61 per cent are found in Asia, 32 per cent in Africa and 7 per cent in Latin America.

Economic activity participation rate of children from five to 1 4 years of age, byregion and sex

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Wor ld Afr ica Asia( exclJapan)

Oceania(excl AUS

& NZ)

LatinAmerica

andCaribbean

Sex Ratio(world)

Both Sexes(%) Boys(%) Girls (%)

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Fig: Economic activity participation rate of children five to 1 4 years of age, byregion and sex, 199 5

Africa hasthe highest participation rate of child labour among thedevelopingnations of the world. However, surveys donot take into account domestic work in ones ownhousehold or caring for sick or disabled family members. If suchwork were taken into account there wouldbe little or no variation between thesexes in the totalnumber of working children, and the number of girlsmighteven exceed that of boys. This type of work canbe as detrimental to children asthat done outside thehome since it is reported to be the main reason foraboutone-third of youngsters not attending school.

Household work also represents hazards, such asdanger from unsupervisedcooking and caring for siblings which can be far too great a responsibility forayoung child.The relative level of the child workforce in any oneeconomicactivity can vary widely from one country toanother.

However, on the basis of data collected froma number of countries, averagelevels can be estimatedfor children working in different branches ofeconomicactivity and in various occupations.

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

World Africa Asia (exclJapan)

LatinAmerica

andCaribbean

Oceania(excl Aus &

NZ)

ot Sexes (

)

oys(

)

irls(

)

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Fi : Econom ica ll ac ti ch il n in 2 deve lop ing coun t ies, by indus t y andgender (averages)

The larges t propor tion of ch ild workers is in econom ic ac tivities andoccupa tions re lated to agr icu lture.A lthough the average propor tion of ch ildrenin agr icu ltura l ac tivities and occupa tions is 0 to percen t, it can be as h igh as90 to 9 per cen t in some coun tr ies. The percen tage of g ir ls in such ac tivitiesishigher than tha t of boys.

A large number of ch ildren suffer in jur ies or illnesses from the ir work.

R epresen ting more than 20 per cen t accord ing to one recen t large na tiona l survey. Some s top work a ltoge ther due to work-re lated in jur ies and /or illnessesor s top work temporar ily, wh ile a large number con tinue to work in sp ite of the ir in jur ies or illnesses, thus jeopard i ing the ir deve lopmen t and fu ture ab ilit yto s tudy or work.

Many ch ildren work long hours every day of the week. Some survey resu ltsshow tha t more than ha lf the work ing ch ildren toil for n ine hours or more per day.

There are cases where up to four f if ths of them work seven days a week inc luding pub lic ho lidays, espec ially in rura l commun ities; thus they have noday off or free time. On average, g ir ls work longer hours than boys and are pa idless than the ir work ing bro thers do ing the same type of work.

Par tici pa tion ra tes of ch ildren in econom ic ac tivity are on average twice as h ighin rura l commun ities than in urban cen tres. In add ition, rura l ch ildren,

par ticu lar ly g ir ls, tend to beg in econom ic ac tivity a t an ear ly age.

Industry

Agriculture, hunting, forestry &Fishing

Manufacturing

Wholesale &retail trade, restaurants &hotelsCommunity, social and

personal services

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Survey resu lts show tha t in some coun tr ies up to 20 % of econom ica lly ac tivech ildren in the rura l areas and around % in urban areas are under the age of 10years .

A large ma jor ity, around 0 %, of ch ild workers are unpa id fam ily workers,espec ially in rura l areas where work ing gir ls ou tnumber work ing boys. They areengaged in domes tic serv ice, agr icu lture, homework and sma ll fam ilyen terpr ises, whe ther in rura l or urban areas. More than four in f ive ch ildrenwork w ithou t pay.Most of those work ing as pa id emp loyees are pa id much less than the preva ilingrates in the ir loca lities, even when compared w ith the lega l minimum wages.

Genera lly, ch ildren are no t pa id for over time work a lthough many of them work add itiona l hours and of ten are requ ired to do so when demand for var ious

serv ices reaches its peak and /or when there are labour shor tages.

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Approximately 217.7 million Children of 5-7 age groups are engaged in childlabour across the world.

Among them working children between 5-14 age group,

y 69% are employed in agriculture sector,y 9% in the industrial sector and the remaining,y 0.9% in mining,y 6.5% in personal services like domestic help andy the remaining in other activities like hotels and retail trade.

Around 20% of child labourers suffer from severe illness or injuries duringwork which leads to a permanent disability to work.

Around 70 per cent of child workers are unpaid family workers, especially in

rural areas.

The largest numbers of child workers are found in Asia, which account s for over 60% of the worlds total child workforce.

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H owever, it is be lieved tha t this number has large ly s tab ilised, and may bereduc ing. Increased income, the spread of educa tion and decreas ing fam ily s i eis cred ited w ith this change.

In Afr ica however, the converse s itua tion is found. Econom ic cr ises, comb ined

with po litica l ins tab ilit y, have led to the breakdown of essen tial soc ial serv ices,rap id popu lation grow th, reduced s tandards of living, w idespread d isp lacemen t and the break up of fam ilies.

The impac t of the D iseases like A ids and H I has exaggera ted the prob lem. I t is es tima ted, for examp le, tha t in Europe some 9,000 ch ildren in the 10 to 1age range are engage in work. Eas tern Europe has been par ticu lar ly bad lyaffec ted in recen t years as an upsurge in ch ild labour has occurred in the wakeof the trans ition to a marke t economy There may a lso be large d ifferences

be tween coun tr ies in the same reg ion. So, it can be seen tha t although the

cha llenge of ch ild labour is a t its grea tes t within less indus tr ialised coun tr ies,the issue is truly g loba l and affec ts subs tan tial numbers of individua ls.

E . Re l i of F ir e c r cke r and i i act on ch ild labou r

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Working children(millions)

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As the dazz ling f ireworks lit up the sky, wha t also ge ts lost in the d in is thedarker s ide of f irecracker manufac ture. Most of these f irecrackers aremanufac tured by ch ild labour.Sivakas i in Tam il Nadu has been infamous for emp loy ing ch ildren inmanufac tur ing f irecrackers.

As a resu lt of leg islations brough t in over the years, ch ildren have been removedfrom the fac tor ies, bu t they con tinue to do the same work from the ir homes eventoday .

In v illages across S ivakas i distr ict, one invar iab ly encoun ters illega l makesh if t f irecracker manufac tur ing un its, w ith young ch ildren work ing in them. The ir sof t and tiny f ingers churn ou t f ireworks for up to 10 hours a day. Children are

pa id just R s. 0 /- a day and are a cheaper op tion than an adu lt worker, who w ill demand R s. 0 /-.Peop le living here say tha t they have no op tion bu t to make the ir ch ildren work.This occupa tion fe tches them more money than work ing for someone e lse and

Child Labour in fir e cra cke r

manufa c

uring unit, India

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unless children work with adults they cannot afford anything, not even clothesor food.

Locals say about 1 5,000 people are dependent on these illegal firecr acker unitsfor a living. Among them are thousands of children who spend their time

making firecrackers.

While the small and illegal firecracker units justify the use of child labour, bigger factories are more discreet. They outsource the work to contractors, whoget the job done in the villages.

Eventually, its the little child back home, who doe s the job and the contractor and the company simply evade the blame.

It takes half a million children in Southern Tamilnadu to make these fireworks

round the year. These children earn Rs. 10 to Rs. 1 5 per day for working 1 5 hours/day.

Children often are denied education, food, and freedom. These children areafceted by various disease which are non curable in short times and thus theysuffer and family and their employees also dis-own them at times.

A recent study shows, the production pace gets accelerated during September -October in sivakasi to meet the enormous demand during Diwali. To cope upwith the target, thousandsof children are employed on casual basis.

(F) . Ha r mful effects of chemicals in fi r e c r acke r indust r y :

Firecrackers also cause serious injuries if not handled p roperly, especially bychildren

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(G ). W hat a r e the consequences ? Excessive levels of work undertaken by children can have detrimentalconsequences for the children themselves, for their parents and for the

communities in which they live.

For children the consequences may be broken down into three categories :1. educational,2. physical and3. psychological.

The developmental problems and want of future opportunity that accompany thelack of a basic education have already been highlighted.

Physical problems can arise from working in often cramped and unsafe or unsanitary conditions.

Whilst impaired growth is suffered by many child labourers, additional, morespecific problems may also be faced depending on the work carried out.

Respiratory diseases, for example, are common where the workplace is filledwith particles, as in the rug making or metal polishing trades. Severe cuts, evenloss of a limb, may besuffered from using knives, matches or unguarded cutting equipment.

Sight can be irreparably damaged by spending years working in poorly litconditions. Extended periods spent working in such poor conditions can in themcause long-term emotional and psychological problems.

However, it is those children at risk of sexual order liberate psychological abusethat may experience the greatest psychological damage. Children in domesticservice, children working away from home and children in the sex trade, aremost likely to suffer the long-term trauma of such abuse.

Child labour has consequences for adults too. There is an emotional cost whenchildren work far from home, as the bond between child and parent can becomestrained or irreparably broken. There is also a potential financial cost. Theavailability of a very cheap labour force may suppress local wages and mayultimately contribute significantly to adultunemployment.

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Ironically, this can lead to an ever greater reliance upon child income, possiblyeven causing children to be removed from school, thereby creating a viciouscircle.

(H) . Do the gove r nments of count r ies with a high level of child labou r ca r e

about what is happening ?

Many such governments are indeed concerned about the issue, recognising thelong-term detrimental impact of child labour on the country as a whole.

However, the countries where the problem is most prevalent are often the poorest, and thus limited in what they can do by the resources available to them.

However, it is not simply a question of funding. Authorities working toovercome child labour may also face resistance from affected communities,

where children are traditionally seen as an acceptable component of theworkforce, and from those with a vested interest, such as the owners of thefactories and farms where the children work.

Corruption within local law enforcement agencies can also hinder the effectiveapplication of any policy that might be introduced.

Furthermore, in the short term, the economic case against child labour may not be completely clear cut.

As countries compete for global investment on the basis of labour costs, theinclusion of low-waged children within the workforce may seem to represent anefficient means by which to find a place on the international economic stage.

(J) How to Eliminate Child labou r? In 1992, the Indian Labour Organisation launched the International Programmeon the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC). At an international level, IPECseeks to contribute to a worldwide movement against child labour by providinginformation and support. At a national and a community level, IPEC helps to

raise awareness and understanding of the issue, and to find appropriate ways of eliminating the worst forms of child labour, taking into account the social andeconomic circumstances of the country in question. Funded by 1 8 donor countries, IPEC now has projects in over 50 countries worldwide

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(K )The Daka r Decla r ationWe are against prostitution, slavery and drug Trafficking by children. These areCRIMES and not work. The decision makers should distinguish between work and crime. We are fighting every day against hazardous work and againstexploitation of child work. We are also fighting for the improvement of life and

Working conditions of all children in the world. We want all the children in theworld to have, one day, the right to make a choice between working and notworking. Work should be in accordance with the capacity and development of each and every child and not depend on his/her age.

(L) G lobalisation and child labou r

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The increasing globalisation of the world economy brings both benefits anddrawbacks for working children. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by major companies can help create jobs,Increase export earnings and ultimately alleviate the poverty that is so closelylinked with child labour. However, countries trying to encourage FDI may seek

to gain competitiveAdvantage over rival investment locations by offering the lowest possible costof production. This may involve providing a cheap and compliant workforce, anincreasing proportion of Which may be children? The case for and against attempts to eradicate childlabour through compulsory means remains unclear However, despite thedivergence of views concerning appropriate means, there exists a consensus thatthe international community must act swiftly and effectively to address theworst excesses of child labour wherever they are found.

(M) Is child labou r r eally an issue fo r businesses ?

Child labour is an ethical issue for the global community, including businesses.The primary responsibility for eliminating child labour may be seen as lyingwith national governments and international bodies such as the ILO and UN.However, as the discussion on globalisation has shown, international businessesare one element in a complex set of factors that can result in or conversely helpreduce, child labour As part of the global community therefore, businesseshave an obligation to take responsibility for the influence that they yield

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(N) So how do companies tackle the problem?There are three main types of approach used by companies to address the issueof child labour. Labels which seek to ensure that a single product or producttype is free from child labour. Codes of conduct and supplier guidelines, usuallytailored to the specific issues faced by that company. A pan-industrial standard

for social responsibility, including child labour, to which a company might seek to adhere.

(O) Can audito r s r eally ensu r e that child r en a r e not involved in the supplychain ?

No, not completely. Establishing whether child labour exists at a given site may be difficult. Verifying performance is a key part of the process, but i s muchmore complicated than it Sounds. Problems faced by auditors includephysicalviolence against auditors, particularly where the audit has revealed problemsuse of false identity cards for underage workers Complex lay off

arrangements, in which the source of the product becomes almost untraceableinaccessibility of the site to be audited.

P C lu iThere needs to be total blanket ban on child labour and instead Governmentsshould provide them with education, shelter as they are the future generationswho will continue the human race. Eliminating child labour demands anintegrated approach. Thus I like to conclude my project that the governmentindustries and common men should come toget her and act against child labour .Child labour is a criminal offense. I urge to all families do not employ smallchildren to do the house hold work .People should stop bursting crackers duringDiwali because of your desires there are many children who are employed inthese industry .SAY NO TO CHILD LABOUR.

(Q) WIBLIOGRAPHYI referred to many websites such as Wikipedia Google Hotmail andwww.childlabour.com and many other websites.

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