software defined radio -introduction 성균관대학교...
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Software Defined RadioSoftware Defined Radio-Introduction-Introduction
성균관대학교 성균관대학교 정보통신공학부정보통신공학부
조준동조준동
6.256.25 2002 2002
© 스마트 파워 모빌 컴퓨팅 Lab. 1
2IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
New Paradigm of ITNew Paradigm of IT Introduction to Software RADIOIntroduction to Software RADIO
What is the Software RADIO ?What is the Software RADIO ? Advantage of the Software RADIOAdvantage of the Software RADIO Physical Layer of a Radio Modem/Software Defined Radio ModemPhysical Layer of a Radio Modem/Software Defined Radio Modem
Instances of Software RADIOInstances of Software RADIO Software Defined RADIO ProjectSoftware Defined RADIO Project Reconfigurable Chip design exampleReconfigurable Chip design example Example of Development Tool/Configurable ResourceExample of Development Tool/Configurable Resource
Methodology of Software RADIOMethodology of Software RADIO Technical ChallengeTechnical Challenge Multi Mode and Reconfigurable TerminalsMulti Mode and Reconfigurable Terminals ComponentsComponents Hardware ReconfigurationHardware Reconfiguration SDR Functional Blocks DescriptionSDR Functional Blocks Description
3IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Information Technology Information Technology evolutionevolution
Before 80 : Middle Age, Computing Sc. belongs to fiefs (IBM, …), no networkBefore 80 : Middle Age, Computing Sc. belongs to fiefs (IBM, …), no network All proprietary, no flow : All is parchment or proprietary spreadsheetAll proprietary, no flow : All is parchment or proprietary spreadsheet
80s : All is transparent for a computer scientist80s : All is transparent for a computer scientist All is fileAll is file : UNIX (/dev/null, /dev/lpr, ...) : UNIX (/dev/null, /dev/lpr, ...) a file is a set of characters which can be manipulated by a file is a set of characters which can be manipulated by C languageC language
85s : All is readable on a desk (or a 85s : All is readable on a desk (or a PCPC) for anybody) for anybody All is documentAll is document (no more interoperability & transparency) (no more interoperability & transparency)
95s: All is an available object on the 95s: All is an available object on the networknetwork for communication for communication All is document, readable everywhere (All is document, readable everywhere (HTML pageHTML page) or executable ) or executable
everywhere (Java)everywhere (Java) Privilege to information access : kiosk, serverPrivilege to information access : kiosk, server
00s : All is a digital, fluid & live stream distributed over networks00s : All is a digital, fluid & live stream distributed over networks Nomadic user, virtual presence (user or sw/content move), Virtual Machine Nomadic user, virtual presence (user or sw/content move), Virtual Machine
& JavaBeans& JavaBeans Ubiquitous IT (networked planet grid) & Mobile computing infrastructure Ubiquitous IT (networked planet grid) & Mobile computing infrastructure
(Xeo satellites)(Xeo satellites) 05s : 05s : All is programAll is program, alive on ad hoc networks, alive on ad hoc networks
An entity on the network is a Java An entity on the network is a Java ProgramProgram (Jini Concept) (Jini Concept) Intentional architectureIntentional architecture
4IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Infrastructure of a IS:Infrastructure of a IS:Urbanization of an Information Urbanization of an Information SystemSystem
DistributedMultimedia
Data
Multimedia HyperdocumentMultimedia Hyperdocument
Infrastructure with QoS, mobility & securityInfrastructure with QoS, mobility & security
New Services & Usagebiometric AuthenticationAdaptive & multi-modalHuman InterfaceSpeech recognitionAdaptability & customizationof applications accordingterminal configuration &end-user’s services
New Services & Usagebiometric AuthenticationAdaptive & multi-modalHuman InterfaceSpeech recognitionAdaptability & customizationof applications accordingterminal configuration &end-user’s services
Mobile TerminalsNetwork Computers
Mobile TerminalsNetwork Computers
New ServicesIntelligent Routers & SwitchersConfigurabilityActive & Ad hocNetworks
New ServicesIntelligent Routers & SwitchersConfigurabilityActive & Ad hocNetworks
Interface : XMLProtocol: IP
New ServicesIndexation by contentProtection of digital ObjectsNavigation, Search engineinformation filtering
New ServicesIndexation by contentProtection of digital ObjectsNavigation, Search engineinformation filtering
Mobile/fix, wired/wireless
Extra/Inter/Intranet
5IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Open Network (Next seism in Open Network (Next seism in Computing & networking)Computing & networking)
Software radio, software Terminal, Software radio, software Terminal, "Software Network" : Ad hoc & Active "Software Network" : Ad hoc & Active NetworksNetworks
New Architectures : P2P, M2M, …New Architectures : P2P, M2M, …
The Future :The Future :Open, Smart & Configurable Open, Smart & Configurable NetworksNetworks
6IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Gilder’s versus Moore’s Gilder’s versus Moore’s lawlaw
97 9 9 01 03 05 07
Log
Gro
wth
Processor PerformanceW
AN/MAN B
andw
idth
100
10,000
1M
2x/3-6 months
2x/18 months
1000 x
Greg Papadopoulos, Sun Microsystems
7IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
The Ideal Information The Ideal Information CompanionCompanion
U M TS
G S MD E C T
B luetooth
802.11
ONE phone for many Standards
ONE PDA for many Standards
ONE WLAN for many Standards ONE Information Appliance
8IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Future trends of mobile Future trends of mobile communicationscommunications
Mobility
vehicle
pedestrian
static
GSM
3G cellular
WirelessLAN
4G cellular
IntelligentTransportSystems
Millimeter-waveLAN
HAPS
Data rate
10k 2M 50M 156M 622M
Advancedwirelessaccess
2G 3G 4G 5G
2000 2010 2020
High data rateHigh mobilitySystem roamingSeamless connections tobroadband networks
9IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Wireless Data Wireless Data Standards Standards
Info Appliance Info Appliance
1800 MHz 2100 MHz 2400 MHz 5200 MHz
GSM1800 UMTS 802.11 HIPERLAN/1
UMTS 802.11GSM1800 HIPERLAN/1
TX
RX
EDGE UMTSBT
802.11
HIPERLAN/1
Channel BandwidthData Rate
Two Forces Driving Two Forces Driving the Wireless Internetthe Wireless Internet
The cellular The cellular industryindustry
Wide area Wide area coverage.coverage.
Global roaming.Global roaming. Mobile users at Mobile users at
vehicular speeds.vehicular speeds. Subscription-Subscription-
based.based. Licensed bands.Licensed bands.
The wireless LAN The wireless LAN industryindustry
Local coverage.Local coverage. No handoff or roaming.No handoff or roaming. Fixed users.Fixed users. Revenue through Revenue through
equipment sales.equipment sales. Unlicensed bands.Unlicensed bands.The
WirelessInternet
11IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Heterogeneous wireless Heterogeneous wireless communication networkscommunication networksby by Havinga, Havinga, [email protected]@cs.utwente.nl
There exist many wireless communication There exist many wireless communication networksnetworks frequency bandsfrequency bands requirements on mobilityrequirements on mobility transmission speed and qualitytransmission speed and quality
Examples:Examples: StaticStatic: wireless LANs (802.11), Bluetooth, : wireless LANs (802.11), Bluetooth,
Radio Local LoopRadio Local Loop PedestrianPedestrian: DECT, PHS: DECT, PHS VehicleVehicle: 2/3G cellular, pagers, broadcast : 2/3G cellular, pagers, broadcast
TV/radioTV/radio
12IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Future wireless Future wireless communicationcommunication
Two trends will have major impactTwo trends will have major impact Wide proliferation of Wide proliferation of various wireless various wireless
access networksaccess networks Each with their own preferred type of Each with their own preferred type of
serviceservice Different quality: data rates, latency, Different quality: data rates, latency,
mobility support, ..mobility support, .. Software radio technologiesSoftware radio technologies
Programmable radios, Tunable front-endsProgrammable radios, Tunable front-ends
13IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Heterogeneous networks, Heterogeneous networks, why?why?
Due to roaming the network changed Due to roaming the network changed e.g. from indoor wireless LAN to outdoor e.g. from indoor wireless LAN to outdoor
cellular radiocellular radio There is coverage from multiple wireless There is coverage from multiple wireless
networksnetworks Possibility to select the most appropriate Possibility to select the most appropriate
network for a given application, based on network for a given application, based on for examplefor example
Service classificationService classification User requested QoS parametersUser requested QoS parameters Available network capacity (bandwidth, latency)Available network capacity (bandwidth, latency) Energy consumption neededEnergy consumption needed
14IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Heterogeneous network Heterogeneous network architecturearchitecture
GoalGoal design a design a flexibleflexible and and openopen architecture suitable for a architecture suitable for a
variety of variety of different wireless access technologiesdifferent wireless access technologies, for , for applications with applications with different QoS demandsdifferent QoS demands, and , and different different protocolsprotocols.. Key requirementsKey requirements Different access technologies (Software Defined Radio)Different access technologies (Software Defined Radio) Heterogeneous network support (use combination of Heterogeneous network support (use combination of
networks)networks) Mobility management (seamless handover)Mobility management (seamless handover) Wireless system discoveryWireless system discovery Selection of efficient configurationSelection of efficient configuration Simple, scalable, low costSimple, scalable, low cost Energy efficient (always on)Energy efficient (always on) SecureSecure Compatible/interoperable with existing and future workCompatible/interoperable with existing and future work Quality of Service support (end-to-end, and local applicable)Quality of Service support (end-to-end, and local applicable)
15IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Evolution of the Cell PhoneEvolution of the Cell Phone Two co-existent 3-G cellular standards:Two co-existent 3-G cellular standards:
Wideband CDMAWideband CDMA Also called UMTS, UTRA, IMT-2000.Also called UMTS, UTRA, IMT-2000. Standardized by 3GPP.Standardized by 3GPP. Evolution of the GSM backbone.Evolution of the GSM backbone.
cdma2000cdma2000 Standardized by 3GPP2.Standardized by 3GPP2. Evolved from IS-95 CDMA (cdmaONE).Evolved from IS-95 CDMA (cdmaONE).
Common traits:Common traits: 2 GHz PCS band (licensed).2 GHz PCS band (licensed). Variable asymmetric data rates for multimedia:Variable asymmetric data rates for multimedia:
~144 kbps to vehicles.~144 kbps to vehicles. ~ 2 Mbps to fixed locations near base station.~ 2 Mbps to fixed locations near base station.
Software-defined-radio (SDR) implementation.Software-defined-radio (SDR) implementation.
16IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Wireless Networking Wireless Networking HierarchyHierarchy
LAN: IEEE 802.11& HIPERLAN
PAN: Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15
MAN:IEEE 802.16
17IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Standardization of Standardization of Wireless NetworksWireless Networks
Wireless networks are standardized by IEEE.Wireless networks are standardized by IEEE. Under 802 LAN MAN standards committee.Under 802 LAN MAN standards committee.
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetwork
Data Link
Physical
ISOOSI7-layermodel
Logical Link Control
Medium Access (MAC)
Physical (PHY)
IEEE 802standards
18IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANsIEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs Key features of MAC:Key features of MAC:
Infrastructure or ad-hoc network.Infrastructure or ad-hoc network. Coordinated (PCF) or distributed (DCF) operation.Coordinated (PCF) or distributed (DCF) operation.
DCF uses CSMA/CA.DCF uses CSMA/CA.
PHY defines data rate and operating band:PHY defines data rate and operating band: Infrared at 1 or 2 Mbps.Infrared at 1 or 2 Mbps. RF at 1 or 2 Mbps in using FH or DS 2.4 GHZ ISM band.RF at 1 or 2 Mbps in using FH or DS 2.4 GHZ ISM band. 802.11b amendment 802.11b amendment
5.5 or 11 Mbps using DS and CCK in 2.4 GHz band.5.5 or 11 Mbps using DS and CCK in 2.4 GHz band. 802.11a amendment802.11a amendment
6-54 Mbps using COFDM in 5-6 GHz U-NII band.6-54 Mbps using COFDM in 5-6 GHz U-NII band.
IEEE 802.11 can also be used for broadband IEEE 802.11 can also be used for broadband access.access.
19IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
IEEE 802.16 Wireless MANIEEE 802.16 Wireless MAN Working group on broadband wireless accessWorking group on broadband wireless access
Focus on providing access to small/medium Focus on providing access to small/medium business and residential opportunities.business and residential opportunities.
Early stages of development.Early stages of development. Task 1Task 1
PHY for the 10-66 GHz licensed bands.PHY for the 10-66 GHz licensed bands. LMDS band: 500 Mbps in 28-31 GHz band.LMDS band: 500 Mbps in 28-31 GHz band.
Task 2Task 2 Coexistence of fixed broadband wireless.Coexistence of fixed broadband wireless.
Task 3Task 3 PHY & MAC for 2-11 GHz MMDS licensed PHY & MAC for 2-11 GHz MMDS licensed
bands.bands. Task 4Task 4
Fixed broadband version of 802.11a.Fixed broadband version of 802.11a.
20IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
BluetoothBluetooth Bluetooth SIG formed in 1998 by Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Bluetooth SIG formed in 1998 by Ericsson, Nokia, IBM,
Toshiba, and Intel.Toshiba, and Intel. Design goals:Design goals:
Inexpensive: $5 single chip solution.Inexpensive: $5 single chip solution. Short range: 10 m or less.Short range: 10 m or less. Low data rate: < 720 kbps.Low data rate: < 720 kbps. Peer-to-peer and ad-hoc networking.Peer-to-peer and ad-hoc networking. Data (ACL) and voice (SCO) support.Data (ACL) and voice (SCO) support.
Technology:Technology: 2.4 GHz ISM band.2.4 GHz ISM band. 79 channels of 1 MHz each.79 channels of 1 MHz each. Frequency Hopping at 1600 hops/sec.Frequency Hopping at 1600 hops/sec. Nonorthogonal binary GFSK modulation.Nonorthogonal binary GFSK modulation.
21IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Throughput of BluetoothThroughput of Bluetooth
5 10 15 200
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Es/No in dB
Dat
a R
ate
in k
bps
DH5
DH3
DH1
DM5
DM3
DM1
22IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Bluetooth ProfilesBluetooth Profiles
Hands-free headset.Hands-free headset. Cordless telephone.Cordless telephone. Synchronization of PDA, cell phone, Synchronization of PDA, cell phone,
computer.computer. Serial port emulation.Serial port emulation. Wearable computing.Wearable computing. Wireless LAN access.Wireless LAN access. Ad-hoc network.Ad-hoc network. Peripherals: Printer, scanner, fax machine.Peripherals: Printer, scanner, fax machine.
23IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
IEEE 802.15 Wireless PANIEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN Standardization began in 1997 under the Ad Hoc Standardization began in 1997 under the Ad Hoc
Wearables Standards Committee.Wearables Standards Committee. Same goals and constraints as Bluetooth:Same goals and constraints as Bluetooth:
2.4 GHz band, 10 m. range, inexpensive.2.4 GHz band, 10 m. range, inexpensive. Task 1Task 1
Standard almost identical to Bluetooth.Standard almost identical to Bluetooth. Task 2Task 2
Coexistence of wireless LANs and PANs.Coexistence of wireless LANs and PANs. Task 3Task 3
20 Mbps High-rate PAN similar to Bluetooth 2.20 Mbps High-rate PAN similar to Bluetooth 2. Task 4Task 4
Low rate 2-200 kbps PAN with extremely low power Low rate 2-200 kbps PAN with extremely low power consumption for perpetual sensors.consumption for perpetual sensors.
24IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
W-LAN (MS) PHY LayerW-LAN (MS) PHY LayerParameter GSM 2G Cell W-CDMA 3G Cell W-CTDMA 3G IEEE 802.11 WLAN Bluetooth HomeRF
Operating Frequency
890-915 MHz (RX) 935-960 MHz (TX)
2110 - 2170 (RX) 1920 - 1980 (TX)
2110 - 2170 (RX) 1920 - 1980 (TX)
2400 - 2483.5 MHz ISM
2400 - 2483.5 MHz ISM
2400 - 2483.5 MHz ISM
Spread Spectrum Method
TDMA/FDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD CDMA/TDD FHSS None or FHSS FHSS, TDMA or CSMA/CA
Data Rate 9.6 - 64 kbps 32 kbps -384 kbps 256 kbps -4 Mbps 1 Mbps 2 Mbps
0.7 Mbps 2 Mbps (future)
1 Mbps 2 Mbps
Modulation Method (Index)
GMSK (BT=0.3) QPSK data modulation on up and dow n; Spreading is QPSK on up and BPSK on dow n.
QPSK data modulation on up and dow n; Spreading is QPSK. SF = 2-16
2-FSK (0.32) 4-FSK (0.16, optional)
2-FSK (0.32) TBD (TBD)
2-FSK 4-FSK (required)
Hop Rate opt, 21.66 Hz (1/4.615 ms)
na na 2.5 Hz 0 / 1600 Hz (max) 50 Hz
Channel Switching Time
na 224 msec 220 msec 300 msec
Rx/Tx Turnaround Time
half duplex full duplex half duplex 19 msec 220 msec 25 microsec
Antenna Diversity na Optional Optional Optional Not Required
Tx RF Power <1W 1.6W (384 kbps), 0.8W (128 kbps)
0.2W (2 Mbps), 0.1W (0.5 Mbps)
<1W (US) 100 mW (Europe & Japan)
0.001 / 0.100 W 0.1 W (N. America)
Rx Sensitivity -110 dBm -80 dBm @ 1 Mbps -75 dBm @ 2 Mbps
-70 dBm @ 1 Mbps -76 dBm @ 1 Mbps
Tx Stability +/- 9 Hz +/- 2 kHz +/- 2 kHz +/- 60 kHz ?Tx Spectrum Shape
-30 dBc, 1st Adj Ch -60 dBc, 2nd Adj Ch
-40 dBc, 1st Adj Ch -60 dBc, 2nd Adj Ch
-40 dBc, 1st Adj Ch -60 dBc, 2nd Adj Ch
-40 dBc, 2nd Adj Ch -60 dBc, 3rd Adj Ch
?
Hop Seqnce, # Ch. random, <124 na na random, 80 random, 79 or 23 random, 79 or 23
Power Consumption Standby / Max
2 ma RX Avg 120 ma TX Avg
fd fd 0.3 - 30 ma @ 5 vDC
25IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
26IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
IdealIdeal 한 목표한 목표 : : 채널 변복조 채널 변복조 waveformwaveform 을 을 SoftwareSoftware 를 이용를 이용 .. TX:source encoder, up-conversion of baseband signal to TX:source encoder, up-conversion of baseband signal to
carry frequency carry frequency RX:carry phase recovery, symbol or PN code timing recoveryRX:carry phase recovery, symbol or PN code timing recovery
개방형 구조개방형 구조 ((Open Architecture)Open Architecture) Radios that are Radios that are flexible and flexible and easily easily configurableconfigurable by by
softwaresoftware 다중 대역다중 대역 , , 다중 모드다중 모드 Radios based on Radios based on virtual componentsvirtual components (ie. system- (ie. system-
on-a-chip)on-a-chip) 대부분의 기능들이 소프트웨어대부분의 기능들이 소프트웨어 --programmable, programmable, 하드웨어하드웨어 --
재구성가능한 프로세서 엘리먼트에서 소프트웨어에 의해 실현재구성가능한 프로세서 엘리먼트에서 소프트웨어에 의해 실현 Configurable-ASIC, DSP Configurable-ASIC, DSP 칩칩 , , 마이크로프로세서 칩마이크로프로세서 칩 , , FPGA, FPGA,
다른 다른 programmable-DSPprogrammable-DSP
27IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Multi-Mode Info ReceiverMulti-Mode Info ReceiverConventional HeterodyneConventional Heterodyne
GSM 1800
BT / 802.11
UMTS
GSM 1800
BT / 802.11 LO1
UMTS
Legend
BT / 802.11
2G Cellular
3G Cellular
Low-Pass0.200-MHz BW
LO2
10-MHz Low-Pass
10-MHz Low-Pass
10-MHz Low-Pass
FDD Mode 1
FD
D M
od
e 2
LO4
LO5
LO6
5.0-MHz BW
1.25-MHz Ch l
1.25-MHz Ch 2
1.25-MHz Ch 3
LO3
10-MHz Low-Pass
1.0-MHz BW Low-Pass
LO7
28IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Programmable Channel Filter
I
Q
Multi-Mode Info Receiver Multi-Mode Info Receiver Software Defined RadioSoftware Defined Radio
LO
A/D Converter
GSM 1800
BT / 802.11
UMTS
GSM 1800
BT / 802.11
UMTS
29IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Design Issues in SDRDesign Issues in SDR
•Design of fast and efficient analog-digital converters
•Flexibility at the RF front-end
•Effective data management procedures, resource allocation
•Smooth reconfigurability of the hardware
30IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Multiple personalities: Multiple personalities: 개발 및 유지개발 및 유지 // 보수해야 보수해야 하는 제품 플랫폼 수 감소하는 제품 플랫폼 수 감소 One platform supports any physical layer, protocol One platform supports any physical layer, protocol
stackstack Lower System maintenance & upgrade costLower System maintenance & upgrade cost
No hardware replacement or frequent upgradeNo hardware replacement or frequent upgrade
Flexibility:Flexibility: 체계적으로 스케일될 수 있는 제품구조체계적으로 스케일될 수 있는 제품구조 새로이 진화되어 가고 있는 새로이 진화되어 가고 있는 capacity capacity 수용수용
Backward CompatibilityBackward Compatibility 미래 안정적미래 안정적 ((Future-Proof) Future-Proof) 시스템 개발시스템 개발 Time-to-Market Time-to-Market 최소화최소화
31IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Higher power consumption than Higher power consumption than dedicated ASIC approachdedicated ASIC approach
More MIPS requiredMore MIPS required Higher cost (today)Higher cost (today)
32IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Current SDR usersCurrent SDR users
MilitaryMilitary Consolidating a stack of radiosConsolidating a stack of radios Bridging between radio networksBridging between radio networks
Cellular base stationsCellular base stations Avoid “fork lift upgrades”Avoid “fork lift upgrades” Multiple standards on same systemMultiple standards on same system New features to market quickerNew features to market quicker
33IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Emerging SDR usesEmerging SDR uses
Personal communication devicesPersonal communication devices Cellular / Paging / Wireless LAN(s)Cellular / Paging / Wireless LAN(s)
PC based “generic transceiver”PC based “generic transceiver” Radio / TVRadio / TV Emerging unlicensed RF band appsEmerging unlicensed RF band apps
34IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
What is “free/open What is “free/open software?”software?”
““Free as in liberty”Free as in liberty” User has User has access to the sourceaccess to the source User is User is free to modifyfree to modify and is and is
encouraged to contribute the encouraged to contribute the modifications back to the communitymodifications back to the community
A A cultureculture of of innovationinnovation Various licenses: GNU General Public Various licenses: GNU General Public
License (GPL), Mozilla, Artistic License.License (GPL), Mozilla, Artistic License.
35IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
How to develop SW radioHow to develop SW radio
Proprietary software for each Proprietary software for each hardware platformhardware platform
Standardization of a common Standardization of a common hardware platformhardware platform
Resident compilers and/or real-Resident compilers and/or real-time standard operating systemtime standard operating system
36IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Who uses free software?Who uses free software?
World wide community of users World wide community of users Publicly traded companies support Publicly traded companies support
or distribute free software: or distribute free software: IBM, IBM, Red Hat, MandrakeRed Hat, Mandrake
LinuxLinux Apache web serverApache web server Not a fringe activityNot a fringe activity
37IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
What is GNU Radio?What is GNU Radio?Eric BlossomEric Blossom [email protected]@comsec.com
Blossom ResearchBlossom Research +1 831 917 3428+1 831 917 3428798 Lighthouse Ave., Suite 109798 Lighthouse Ave., Suite 109Monterey, CA 93940 USAMonterey, CA 93940 USA
It’s a free software defined radioIt’s a free software defined radio A A platform for experimentingplatform for experimenting
with digital communicationswith digital communications A A platform for signal platform for signal
processingprocessing on commodity on commodity hardwarehardware
38IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
VisionVision
Transmit and receive Transmit and receive any signalany signal Create a Create a practical environmentpractical environment
for experimentation & product for experimentation & product deliverydelivery
Expand the “Expand the “free software free software ethic”ethic” into what were previously into what were previously hardware intensive arenas hardware intensive arenas
39IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
What H/W is required?What H/W is required?
Commodity PCCommodity PC RF front end (e.g., TV tuner module)RF front end (e.g., TV tuner module) Multi-channel applications / wide B/W:Multi-channel applications / wide B/W:
High speed A/D (20 – 25 Msamples/sec)High speed A/D (20 – 25 Msamples/sec) Single channel / narrow bandwidth:Single channel / narrow bandwidth:
SoundBlaster, AC97 codec, etc.SoundBlaster, AC97 codec, etc.
40IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
SDR ATSC receiver is SDR ATSC receiver is practical!practical!
Commodity PC:Commodity PC: Dual processor Athlon 1800+ MPDual processor Athlon 1800+ MP 512 MB RAM / 120 GB disk512 MB RAM / 120 GB disk $1300$1300 Can do:Can do:
6 * 10^9 integer ops / sec6 * 10^9 integer ops / sec 4 * 10^9 FIR filter taps / sec4 * 10^9 FIR filter taps / sec
41IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
ATSC computational ATSC computational requirementsrequirements
10801080i TSP decode takes about ½ of a i TSP decode takes about ½ of a single CPUsingle CPU
Naïve equalizer: about 2.5 * 10^9 Naïve equalizer: about 2.5 * 10^9 taps/staps/s Smart s/w version: about 0.6 * 10^9 taps/sSmart s/w version: about 0.6 * 10^9 taps/s
Viterbi decoder: 10^6 decisions / sec.Viterbi decoder: 10^6 decisions / sec. Highly amenable to SIMD implementationHighly amenable to SIMD implementation Short constraint lengthShort constraint length
42IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Open source hardware Open source hardware too!too!
General purpose SDR PCI peripheral:General purpose SDR PCI peripheral: Tuner module $20Tuner module $20 25 Msample/sec A/D converter $1225 Msample/sec A/D converter $12 Spartan II FPGA (100k gates) $18Spartan II FPGA (100k gates) $18 Misc analog, SRAM, etcMisc analog, SRAM, etc $10 $10 PWBPWB $10 $10 Assembly & Test $10Assembly & Test $10
Total cost to manufacture: $80Total cost to manufacture: $80
43IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
GNU Radio resourcesGNU Radio resources Home page (links to source code)Home page (links to source code)
http://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradiohttp://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradio Mailing listMailing list
[email protected]@gnu.org ArchiveArchive
http://mail.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/discuss-http://mail.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/discuss-gnuradiognuradio
Open source hardwareOpen source hardware http://www.opencores.org/projects/pcihttp://www.opencores.org/projects/pci PCI bridges, ethernet, memory controllers, etc.PCI bridges, ethernet, memory controllers, etc.
44IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
SDR EvolutionSDR Evolution Next Generation: HIPERLAN/2, 3G Cellular Next Generation: HIPERLAN/2, 3G Cellular
OFDM, CDMAOFDM, CDMA
Code Domain ChannelizationCode Domain Channelization
Wide Band, Frequency-Shared MediumWide Band, Frequency-Shared Medium
Friendly Interference Suppressed Via Orthogonal Friendly Interference Suppressed Via Orthogonal
Chipping Codes with ~30 dB Processing GainChipping Codes with ~30 dB Processing Gain
Software-centric, Can Vary Channel Characteristics Software-centric, Can Vary Channel Characteristics
with Application and Environmentwith Application and Environment
45IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Run-time configurable ASIC: DS spreading, Chip shaping (FIR filter), Run-time configurable ASIC: DS spreading, Chip shaping (FIR filter), Timing recovery, Antijam, transmission security, Correlator(low Timing recovery, Antijam, transmission security, Correlator(low precision arithmetic to reduce power consumption)precision arithmetic to reduce power consumption)
Maximize the number of functions performed by the DSP: Data Maximize the number of functions performed by the DSP: Data burst, FEC, Interleaving,burst, FEC, Interleaving,
Adaptive S.P. Deinterleaver, Adaptive DecoderAdaptive S.P. Deinterleaver, Adaptive Decoder SDRSDR 기술에 적용 가능한 분야기술에 적용 가능한 분야
Hardware Software-Controlled Hardware Programmable SoftwarePost-Shipping
Programmable Software
Antenna
VCOBaseband B/WOutput Power
Modulator(Switched)Encryption
RF SelectivityIF
Chip-rate processing
ModulationEncryption
Smart AntennaSignal Processing
Source codingIF Selectivity
Power-ManagementSymbol-rate processing
User-interface
46IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
BB/IF Real/Complex
Digital/Analog
ANTENNA RFChannelSelector/Combiner
BasebandProcessing
DSP
Call/MessageProcessing &
I/O
CommonSystem
Equipment
I/O
MONITOR/CONTROL
Multimedia/WAP
ROUTING
I/O I/O I/O I/O
BBText Flow
Control bits
BBText Flow
Control BitsRFRF
Voice/PSTN
Data/IP
Flow Control
NSS/Network
AIR
I
C
I
C
I
C
I
C
AUX AUX AUX AUX AUX
Ext. Ref
Clock/StobeRef, Power
Remote Control/Display
Local Control
Typical Signal Processing blocks in software Defined Typical Signal Processing blocks in software Defined RadioRadio SDR Forum RecommendedSDR Forum Recommended
47IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
ADC sampling rateADC sampling rate dynamic range (determine precision dynamic range (determine precision
of arithmetic operations)of arithmetic operations) translation of digital IF to basebandtranslation of digital IF to baseband modulation/demodulation algorithmsmodulation/demodulation algorithms error coding/decoding algorithmserror coding/decoding algorithms synchronization algorithmssynchronization algorithms
48IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
49IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Soft Radio Research GroupSoft Radio Research Group
DARPA’s Adaptive Computing Systems DARPA’s Adaptive Computing Systems ProjectProject
Virginia TechVirginia Tech University of California at BerkeleyUniversity of California at Berkeley Brigham Young UniversityBrigham Young University Chameleon Systems Inc.Chameleon Systems Inc. Morphic Inc.Morphic Inc. Quicksilver Technology Inc.Quicksilver Technology Inc. Sirius Inc.Sirius Inc.
50IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Technical ApproachTechnical Approach co-simulation methodologyco-simulation methodology 를 사용하여 설계를 사용하여 설계
re-configurable FPGA devicesre-configurable FPGA devices 를 포함한 를 포함한 platformplatform 를 를 개발개발
physical hardwarephysical hardware 설계 및 검증설계 및 검증 일차적으로 일차적으로 re-configurable ASICsre-configurable ASICs 생성생성 동일한 동일한 logiclogic 를 를 FPGA FPGA 형태로 재생성형태로 재생성
SDR PlatformSDR Platform 으로 구현될 수 없는 으로 구현될 수 없는 serviceservice 를 정의를 정의 .. Partition and real-time operation, optimization (power, Partition and real-time operation, optimization (power,
complexity, size, performance)complexity, size, performance) 유사 유사 project : TRUST http://www.ist-trust.orgproject : TRUST http://www.ist-trust.org
51IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Radio ArchitectureRadio Architecture, , RF RF 기술에 집중기술에 집중 Re-configurable Radio applicationsRe-configurable Radio applications 에 적합한 에 적합한
Zero IFZero IF,, single IF single IF Radio Front-End re-configurationRadio Front-End re-configuration SOI, BICMOSSi-GeSOI, BICMOSSi-Ge 과 과 Micro-MachiningMicro-Machining 등과 등과
같은 다양한 기술하에서 같은 다양한 기술하에서 front-end front-end 구조를 개발구조를 개발 . . function partitioningfunction partitioning 의 최적화의 최적화
52IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
low power : low-power DSP and MCU processor low power : low-power DSP and MCU processor in combination with a small, low power in combination with a small, low power programmable logic device (PLD).programmable logic device (PLD). Functions needed for GSM Phase 2+ or UMTS Functions needed for GSM Phase 2+ or UMTS
terminal. terminal. DSP16000 and ARM7 MCU, Xilinx’s DSP16000 and ARM7 MCU, Xilinx’s
CoolRunner PLD with extreme low power CoolRunner PLD with extreme low power consumption (<0.5mA) consumption (<0.5mA)
serve as HW co-processor for MCU, serve as HW co-processor for MCU, DSP or both.DSP or both.
reconfigurable coprocessorreconfigurable coprocessor SW part designed in Processor Expert™ SW part designed in Processor Expert™ Embedded Beans libraryEmbedded Beans library
53IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Object oriented, component based embedded application Object oriented, component based embedded application CASE development toolCASE development tool code portability, component reusabilitycode portability, component reusability expert knowledge system assistance.expert knowledge system assistance. virtual prototypingvirtual prototyping IP sharing by embedded components exchange.IP sharing by embedded components exchange.
GSM - UMTSGSM - UMTS components (Embedded Beans) as building blockscomponents (Embedded Beans) as building blocks
MCU expert knowledge systemMCU expert knowledge system calculates overall system timing propagation calculates overall system timing propagation automatic connection of peripherals automatic connection of peripherals Verifies the application timingVerifies the application timing
Processor Expert™ generates resulting source code (in Processor Expert™ generates resulting source code (in selected language – typically C, ASM, C++ or VHDL). selected language – typically C, ASM, C++ or VHDL).
54IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
BRAMs
BRAMs
VersaRing
VersaRing
Ver
saR
ing
Ver
saR
ing
IOB
’s
IOB
’s
IOB’s
IOB’s
DLL DLL
DLLDLL
Control
LUT
Control
LUT
Configurable storageelement
CLBs
Configurable storageelement
StandardArrary of CLBs
LUT :o look up table for logic functionsowide RAM or ROMo shift registerControl :o Combination of both LUTso Arithmetic supporto Carry controlo Route throughConfigurable Storageelement :o clocking modeo polarity asynchronous reset
Xilinx Virtex FPGA : intelligent configurationmechanism for fast and partial
Increasing density and reducing powerIncluded extra functions to support digital signaloperations such as extra arithmetic support andincreased RAMDynamic reconfiguration is also supported.
Block RAM large resource for storage ofapplication data
I n p u t O u t p u tBlocks (IOBs). configurable interfacing
55IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
56IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Algorithm Definition& Specification
Optimization ofHardware Structure
PerformanceEst.
DSP/MCURequirement
ASIC/FPGA
Verification
Complexity ofReconfiguration
processor technology,such as DSPs, FPGAs,
Complexity & Levels ofReconfigurationComplexity
Software Repositoryand Access Methods
Transparent Reconfiguration Reconfiguration Signalling Verifying the Reconfiguration
TransparentReconfiguration
Selective Redefinitionof Module(s)
Micro and Macro levelProcess Management
Software Repositoryand Access Methods
57IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode n
RFBB signal
Processing
RFBB signal
Processing
RFBB signal
Processing
RF
RF
RF
Memory forparameter
set
Basebandsignal
processing Pro
gra
mm
able
hig
h p
ow
erB
aseb
an
d s
ign
al p
roce
ssin
g
Fle
xib
le a
nd
ad
apti
ve R
F f
ron
ten
d
Multi-mode terminal with parallel modesMulti-mode terminal with software defined
signal processingFully adaptive software reconfigurable
system
RF BaseBand
수신된 신호를 IF 혹은 Baseband 신호로 변환
변조부, 채널 코덱부, 채널화기, 암호화부,시간/위상 추적부
58IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
다중 대역 안테나다중 대역 안테나 선형 광대역 선형 광대역 RF RF 부품부품 광대역 광대역 A/D, D/A A/D, D/A 변환기변환기 고성능 고성능 DSP/DSP/ 재구성 가능한 로직재구성 가능한 로직
Antenna RF ADC DSP
Smart 안테나
고 효율 선형 안테나
광대역, 소형화고 효율, 선형 RF 전력 증폭
기다른 신호와 동일 시간에 간
섭과 잡음이 없는 설계단일 모드와 같은 특성을 내
는 고주파 부품
첫번째 IF 단(아날로그 내림 변환)- ADC- 두번째 IF 단(디지털 내림 변
환)Band pass sigma delta
구조
기저대역부를 SW화 할 수있을 만큼의 성능,
TMS320C62X : 최대 성능1600 MIPS, TMS320C64X :
4800 MIPS
Reconfigurable Logic
FPGA,RC(ReconfigurableComputing) ASIC
59IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
RFConversion
to IF andA/D
I/Ocontroller
ProcessController
TemporaryStorageBuffer
Output andinterface with
host PC
ProgramMemory
ProgramMemory
Fo
rmat
ion
of
Str
eam
Pa
cket
s/In
terp
reta
tio
n
InterconnectingArray of Processing
Elements
Configurable ASIC FPGA
적절한 수준의 프로그래 밍 능력과 집적도를 제공
할 때 최선의 솔루션 , 낮은 프로그램 능력 집
적도
/ 고속 병렬 선형 신호처리 를 위한 최선의 프로그래머
블 솔루션 , 높은 전력 소비 칩 사이즈
가 큼
DSP
복잡한 분석, 의사 결정을 포함하는 기능에 대한 최선의 프로
그래머블 솔루션ASIC, FPGA에 비해
낮은 성능
Programmability,Level of Integration,
Development/Implementation/Test
Cycle,Performance in required
processing time,Power.
60IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Multiplexing &Burst Construction Encription
ChannelCoding
Interleaving
DataProcessing
CRCinsertionModulation
Sequencer
Spreading
Equalization
Rate matching Channelization
Segmentation
RadioResource
Advantage Drawback
Only simple program-Scheduling,
factorization forcommon function
Restrict re-configurabilitywithin macro,
Data path routing-macro function composedof ASIC or FPGA or both, Routing Device-
Sequence
61IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Advantage Drawback
Low-complexity ofhardware
Slower reconfiguration process, ifreconfiguration is failed, the
system will not operate-necessaryof default mode
Systematic re-programming of wholebaseband module, new standard is
installed on same hardware
FPGA
MPU
Previous Standard is running
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
MPU
Reconfiuration
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
MPU
Present Standard is running
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
62IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
IN
F1FPGA
F6FPGAF4 F5Master
MPU
OUT
F2 F3
ASIC
High Speed
Low Speed
Advantage Drawback
Allowing data pathrouting, reconfiguration
of the BusTime division scheme
High Speed - for wide BW and FPGA re-synthesize
Low Speed - Control & low-rate datatransition
Time Delay
Longest
Longer
Band Width
Narrow
Wider
H/W Complexity
Better
Poor
BUS
Switched Net
63IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Reconfiguration Resource Controller
Service
Interface
RADIO Manager
POLICY
DSP FPGA/ASIC
Real-Time Operating System
64IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Stream I/O Layer
fixed length packercontaining
programminginformation or data to
be process
Interface
A mean to exploit processing powerattainable through deep pipeline, First-represented as data flow graph (smallcomputational primitive), changing the
parameter,Functionality is divided into layer.
Configuration Layer
Maintain address and alist of the modules (ofprocessing layer) and
configuration
Drawback
A set of interconnectedprocessing modules, the
core of SDR.
ProcessingElement 1
Stream Packet Stream Packet Stream PacketProcessingElement 2
InterpretPacket
ConfigurationPipeline
Reconstruct
Packet
ProcessingPipeline
Bypass PipelineProcessing Layer
Application Layer Software
I/O Layer
Configuration Layer
65IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
· Status of software modules· module UNIQUE identifierlist· module location in memory· active/inactive flag
ConfigurationMap
ModuleDefinition
For downloading step,identify software pieces andhardware pieces.
ModulesIdentification
MCU : defined as in the SDRCUFPGA : module can befused as binary codeDSP : between both
Operating control
Data In
Data Out
ConfigurationControl
· Function ID - Identifier of thefunction· Device ID - Identifier of targetdevice· Function Parameters - Astructure of function specificparameters· Device Parameters - Astructure describing devicespecific resources· Functional control - Control forstopping, starting etc.
Encapsulation data and methods to be wrapped
Interface Installed and managed using differentcode and support
Object serialization An object to literally be broken up intobytes for serial delivery
Reflection Capabilities of objects to be examined
66IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
, OFDM .데이터 효율 및 순 데이터 율에서 유사하지만 은 데이터 율을 가변할 수 있다
OFDM
변조 및 처리 방식
단순 주파수 영역 (기준 신호 사용)
다중 반송파 협대역 시그널링저속 데이터 율 전송주파수 영역 처리
복잡한 시간 영역 등화 (학습 신호 사용)
VSB
단일 반송파을 사용한 광대역 시그널링고속 데이터 율 전송시간 영역 처리
기준 신호
등화
동기 시간(인터리빙)시간/주파수(인터리빙)
파일럿 반송파 및 싱크 신호다이버서티
67IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
기능 분석을 통해기능 분석을 통해 , , 각 기능 블록 별로 각 기능 블록 별로 common functioncommon function 의 최소의 의 최소의 오버헤드로의 개발오버헤드로의 개발
DSPDSP 와 와 FPGA FPGA 구현시 데이터 처리율 및 구현시 데이터 처리율 및 소요 면적 비교소요 면적 비교
요구되는 데이터율 및 제어를 고려하여 요구되는 데이터율 및 제어를 고려하여 ASIC/DSP/FPGAASIC/DSP/FPGA 간의 분할간의 분할
68IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Reconfigurable Platform Reconfigurable Platform byby HartensteinHartenstein
응용분야응용분야 : : pattern recognition, image pattern recognition, image processing, SDR and encryptionprocessing, SDR and encryption
Fine granularity FPGA: 1% logic+99%wireFine granularity FPGA: 1% logic+99%wire Mesh-based reconfigurable circuits: PE Mesh-based reconfigurable circuits: PE
array with direct interconnect of a PE only array with direct interconnect of a PE only to its neighbors (no routing channels).to its neighbors (no routing channels).
Kress array: mapper + data scheduler= Kress array: mapper + data scheduler= 70% PE circuitry70% PE circuitry
69IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
Kress array architectureKress array architecture
Locally individual PE as function, routing Locally individual PE as function, routing element, or both allowedelement, or both allowed
Multiple pipelines: Multiple pipelines: linear,meandering,zig-linear,meandering,zig-zag,spiral,feedback, forks,joinszag,spiral,feedback, forks,joins
Totus style wrap-around connect is Totus style wrap-around connect is supportedsupported
Additional global bus multiplexed to row Additional global bus multiplexed to row buses for reaching all PEsbuses for reaching all PEs
70IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
SDRSDR 을 가능하게 한 요소을 가능하게 한 요소
Sampling theorem and availability Sampling theorem and availability of fast DSP,ADC and DAC.of fast DSP,ADC and DAC.
DSP- and FPGA-based prototyping DSP- and FPGA-based prototyping board board
테스트를 위한 프로그램 등이 제품과 동시에 지원테스트를 위한 프로그램 등이 제품과 동시에 지원1. 1. Quixote Quixote 사 사 ((http://www.innovative-http://www.innovative-DspDsp.com/products/.com/products/quixotequixote..htmhtm))
2 .LYRtech Inc (2 .LYRtech Inc (http://www.signal-http://www.signal-lsplsp.com.com) ) 3. transtech - dsp (3. transtech - dsp (http://www.http://www.transtechtranstech--dspdsp.com/tiger/.com/tiger/
tsts-cp39.-cp39.htmhtm)) 4. Heron 4. Heron 사 사 ((http://www.http://www.traquairtraquair
.com/catalog/heron.systems.html.com/catalog/heron.systems.html)) 5. Matlab:5. Matlab:Sigmal-master (http://www.kimhua.co.kr)Sigmal-master (http://www.kimhua.co.kr)
72IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
DSPDSP 을을 적용한적용한 부분부분
Carrier RecoveryCarrier Recovery Timing synchronizationTiming synchronization FFT Window positioningFFT Window positioning Guard Interval RemovalGuard Interval Removal System ControlSystem Control FFTFFT EqualizerEqualizer FecFec I/Q DemodulatorI/Q Demodulator
73IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
ConclusionsConclusions
The layered architecture needs formal The layered architecture needs formal and unified structure for standardand unified structure for standard
The layered architecture is suited for The layered architecture is suited for today’s FPGAs that support partial today’s FPGAs that support partial reconfiguration and for tomorrow’s reconfiguration and for tomorrow’s configurable computing platformsconfigurable computing platforms
Current research at Virginia Tech Current research at Virginia Tech focuses on building a library and soft focuses on building a library and soft radio modules.radio modules.
74IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화
ConclusionsConclusions
앞으로의 전망과 나아가야 할 길앞으로의 전망과 나아가야 할 길
Soft radio Soft radio 구조에 대한 광범위한 사용 증대구조에 대한 광범위한 사용 증대 HardwareHardware 와 와 SoftwareSoftware 의 설계 결합 증대의 설계 결합 증대 Soft radio architectureSoft radio architecture 에 대한 관심과 연구 에 대한 관심과 연구
필요필요 Layered architectureLayered architecture 에 사용되는 에 사용되는 librarylibrary
개발과 개발과 modulemodule 개발에 대한 투자의 필요개발에 대한 투자의 필요 연구 참여를 통한 인한 국제 표준화에 참여연구 참여를 통한 인한 국제 표준화에 참여