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Sodiumbicarbonate

Names

IUPACnameSodiumhydrogencarbonate

OthernamesBakingsoda,bicarbonateofsoda,nahcolite

IdentifiersCASNumber 144558

BeilsteinReference

4153970

ChEBI CHEBI:32139

ChEMBL ChEMBL1353

ChemSpider 8609

DrugBank DB01390

ECNumber 2056338IUPHAR/BPS 4507

Jmolinteractive3D

Image(http://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BNa%2B%5D.OC%28%5BO%5D%29%3DO)

KEGG C12603

MeSH Sodium+bicarbonate

SodiumbicarbonateFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Sodiumbicarbonate[note1](IUPACname:sodiumhydrogencarbonate)isachemicalcompoundwiththeformulaNaHCO3.Itisasaltcomposedofsodiumionsandbicarbonateions.Sodiumbicarbonateisawhitesolidthatiscrystallinebutoftenappearsasafinepowder.Ithasaslightlysalty,alkalinetasteresemblingthatofwashingsoda(sodiumcarbonate).Thenaturalmineralformisnahcolite.Itisacomponentofthemineralnatronandisfounddissolvedinmanymineralsprings.ItisamongthefoodadditivesencodedbyEuropeanUnion,identifiedasE500.Sinceithaslongbeenknownandiswidelyused,thesalthasmanyrelatednamessuchasbakingsoda,breadsoda,cookingsoda,andbicarbonateofsoda.[note2]Thewordsaleratus,fromLatinsalratusmeaning"aeratedsalt",waswidelyusedinthe19thcenturyforbothsodiumbicarbonateandpotassiumbicarbonate.

Contents

1 History

2 Production

3 Mining

4 Chemistry

4.1 Thermaldecomposition

5 Applications

5.1 Pestcontrol

5.2 Paintandcorrosionremoval

5.3 pHbalancer

5.4 Milddisinfectant

5.5 Fireextinguisher



PubChem 516892

RTECSnumber

VZ0950000

UNII 8MDF5V39QO

PropertiesChemicalformula

NaHCO3

Molarmass 84.0066gmol1

Appearance Whitecrystals

Odor odorless

Density 2.20g/cm3[1]

Meltingpoint 50C(122F323K)(decomposestosodiumcarbonate)

Solubilityinwater

9g/100mL

69g/L(0C)[2]

96g/L(20C)[3]

165g/L(60C)[3]

236g/L(100C)[2]

Solubility 0.02%wtacetone,2.13%wtmethanol

@22C.[4]insolubleinethanol

logP 0.82

Acidity(pKa) 10.329[5]

6.351(carbonicacid)[5]

Refractiveindex(nD)

1.3344

StructureCrystalstructure

monoclinic

ThermochemistrySpecificheatcapacity(C)

87.61J/molK

Stdmolarentropy(So298)

102J/molK

Stdenthalpyof

947.7kJ/mol

5.5 Fireextinguisher

5.6 Cooking

5.6.1 Withacids

5.6.2 Byheating

5.7 Neutralisationofacidsandbases

5.8 Medicaluses

5.9 Personalhygiene

5.10 Insports

5.11 Asacleaningagent

5.12 Asabiopesticide

5.13 Cattlefeedsupplements

6 Inpopularculture

6.1 Film

7 Differencebetweenbakingsodaandbakingpowder

8 Seealso

9 Notes

10 References

11 Furtherreading

12 Externallinks

History

TheancientEgyptiansusednaturaldepositsofnatron,amixtureconsistingmostlyofsodiumcarbonatedecahydrate,andsodiumbicarbonate.Thenatronwasgroundup,solvated,andusedaspaintforhieroglyphics.

InChI

SMILES



formation(fHo298)

Gibbsfreeenergy(fG)

851.9kJ/mol

Pharmacology

ATCcode B05CB04(http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=B05CB04)B05XA02,QG04BQ01

Routesofadministration

Intravenous,oral

Hazards

Mainhazards Causesseriouseyeirritation

Safetydatasheet

ExternalMSDS(http://siri.org/msds/f2/bdm/bdmjw.html)

NFPA704

Flashpoint incombustible

Lethaldoseorconcentration(LD,LC):

LD50(Mediandose)

4220mg/kg(rat,oral)[6]

RelatedcompoundsOtheranions SodiumcarbonateOthercations Ammoniumbicarbonate

Potassiumbicarbonate

Relatedcompounds

Sodiumbisulfate

Sodiumhydrogenphosphate

Exceptwhereotherwisenoted,dataaregivenformaterialsintheirstandardstate(at25C[77F],100kPa).

verify(whatis ?)

Infoboxreferences

In1791,aFrenchchemist,NicolasLeblanc,producedsodiumcarbonate,alsoknownassodaash.In1846,twoNewYorkbakers,JohnDwightandAustinChurch,establishedthefirstfactorytodevelopbakingsodafromsodiumcarbonateandcarbondioxide.[7]

Thiscompound,referredtoassaleratus,ismentionedinthenovelCaptainsCourageousbyRudyardKiplingasbeingusedextensivelyinthe1800sincommercialfishingtopreventfreshlycaughtfishfromspoiling.[8]

Production

NaHCO3ismainlypreparedbytheSolvayprocess,whichisthereactionofsodiumchloride,ammonia,andcarbondioxideinwater.CalciumcarbonateisusedasthesourceofCO2andtheresultantcalciumoxideisusedtorecovertheammoniafromtheammoniumchloride.Theproductshowsalowpurity(75%).Pureproductisobtainedfromsodiumcarbonate,water,andcarbondioxideasreportedinoneofthefollowingreactions.Itisproducedonthescaleofabout100,000tonnes/year(asof2001).[9]

NaHCO3maybeobtainedbythereactionofcarbondioxidewithanaqueoussolutionofsodiumhydroxide.Theinitialreactionproducessodiumcarbonate:

CO2+2NaOHNa2CO3+H2O

Furtheradditionofcarbondioxideproducessodiumbicarbonate,whichatsufficientlyhighconcentrationwillprecipitateoutofsolution:

Na2CO3+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3

Commercialquantitiesofbakingsodaarealsoproducedbyasimilarmethod:sodaash,minedintheformoftheoretrona,isdissolvedinwaterandtreatedwithcarbondioxide.Sodiumbicarbonateprecipitatesasasolidfromthismethod:

Na2CO3+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3

00 1



Mining

Naturallyoccurringdepositsofnahcolite(NaHCO3)arefoundintheEoceneage(55.833.9Mya)GreenRiverFormation,PiceanceBasininColorado.Nahcolitewasdepositedasbedsduringperiodsofhighevaporationinthebasin.Itiscommerciallyminedusinginsituleachtechniquesinvolvingdissolutionofthenahcolitebyheatedwaterpumpedthroughthenahcolitebedsandreconstitutedthroughanaturalcoolingcrystallisationprocess.

Chemistry

Sodiumbicarbonateisanamphotericcompound.Aqueoussolutionsaremildlyalkalineduetotheformationofcarbonicacidandhydroxideion:

HCO3+H2OH2CO3+OH

Sodiumbicarbonatecanbeusedasawashtoremoveanyacidicimpuritiesfroma"crude"liquid,producingapurersample.Reactionofsodiumbicarbonateandanacidproduceasaltandcarbonicacid,whichreadilydecomposestocarbondioxideandwater:

NaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2CO3H2CO3H2O+CO2(g)

Sodiumbicarbonatereactswithaceticacid(foundinvinegar),producingsodiumacetate,water,andcarbondioxide:

NaHCO3+CH3COOHCH3COONa+H2O+CO2(g)

Sodiumbicarbonatereactswithbasessuchassodiumhydroxidetoformcarbonates:

NaHCO3+NaOHNa2CO3+H2O

Sodiumbicarbonatereactswithcarboxylgroupsinproteinstogiveabriskeffervescencefromthe

formationofCO2.Thisreactionisusedtotestforthepresenceofcarboxylicgroupsinprotein.

Thermaldecomposition

Above50C,sodiumbicarbonategraduallydecomposesintosodiumcarbonate,waterandcarbondioxide.Theconversionisfastat200C:[10]

2NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2

Mostbicarbonatesundergothisdehydrationreaction.Furtherheatingconvertsthecarbonateintotheoxide(atover850C):[10]

Na2CO3Na2O+CO2



TheseconversionsarerelevanttotheuseofNaHCO3asafiresuppressionagent("BCpowder")insomedrypowderfireextinguishers.

Applications

Sodiumbicarbonatehasawidevarietyofuses.

Pestcontrol

Usedtokillcockroaches.Onceconsumed,itcausesinternalorgansofcockroachestoburstduetogascollection.[11]

Paintandcorrosionremoval

Sodiumbicarbonateisusedinaprocessforremovingpaintandcorrosioncalledsodablastingtheprocessisparticularlysuitableforcleaningaluminiumpanelswhichcanbedistortedbyothertypesofabrasive.

pHbalancer

Itcanbeadministeredtopools,spas,andgardenpondstoraisepHlevels.[12]

Milddisinfectant

Ithasweakdisinfectantproperties,[13][14]anditmaybeaneffectivefungicideagainstsomeorganisms.[15]Becausebakingsodawillabsorbmustysmells,ithasbecomeareliablemethodforusedbooksellerswhenmakingbookslessmalodorous.[16]

Fireextinguisher

Sodiumbicarbonatecanbeusedtoextinguishsmallgreaseorelectricalfiresbybeingthrownoverthefire,asheatingofsodiumbicarbonatereleasescarbondioxide.[17]However,itshouldnotbeappliedtofiresindeepfryersthesuddenreleaseofgasmaycausethegreasetosplatter.[17]SodiumbicarbonateisusedinBCdrychemicalfireextinguishersasanalternativetothemorecorrosiveammoniumphosphateinABCextinguishers.Thealkalinenatureofsodiumbicarbonatemakesittheonlydrychemicalagent,besidesPurpleK,thatwasusedinlargescalefiresuppressionsystemsinstalledincommercialkitchens.Becauseitcanactasanalkali,theagenthasamildsaponificationeffectonhotgrease,whichformsasmothering,soapyfoam.

Cooking

Withacids

Sodiumbicarbonate,referredtoas"bakingsoda",isprimarilyusedinbaking,asaleaveningagent.Itreactswithacidiccomponentsinbatters,releasingcarbondioxide,whichcausesexpansionofthebatterandformsthecharacteristictextureandgraininpancakes,cakes,quickbreads,sodabread,andotherbakedandfried



foods.Acidiccompoundsthatinducethisreactionincludephosphates,creamoftartar,lemonjuice,yogurt,buttermilk,cocoaandvinegar.Naturalacidsinsourdoughcanbeleavenedwiththeadditionofsmallamountsaswell.[18]Sodiumbicarbonatecanbesubstitutedforbakingpowderprovidedsufficientacidreagentisalsoaddedtotherecipe.[19]Manyformsofbakingpowdercontainsodiumbicarbonatecombinedwithcalciumacidphosphate,sodiumaluminiumphosphate[20]orcreamoftartar.

Sodiumbicarbonatewassometimesusedincookingvegetables,tomakethemsofter,althoughthishasgoneoutoffashion,asmostpeoplenowpreferfirmervegetables.However,itisstillusedinAsianandLatinAmericancuisinetotenderisemeats.Bakingsodamayreactwithacidsinfood,includingvitaminC(Lascorbicacid).Itisalsousedinbreadingsuchasforfriedfoodstoenhancecrispnessandallowpassagesforsteamtoescape,sothebreadingisnotblownoffduringcooking.

Byheating

Heatcausessodiumbicarbonatetoactasaraisingagentbyreleasingcarbondioxidewhenusedinbaking.Thecarbondioxideproductionstartsattemperaturesabove80C.Sincethereactionoccursslowlyatroomtemperature,mixtures(cakebatter,etc.)canbeallowedtostandwithoutrisinguntiltheyareheatedintheoven.

2NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2

Neutralisationofacidsandbases

Sodiumbicarbonateisamphoteric,reactingwithacidsandbases.Itreactsviolentlywithacids,releasingCO2gasasareactionproduct.However,sodiumbicarbonateisnotrecommendedforthecleanupofacidspills.Theheatproducedincreasesthereactivityoftheacid,andthelargeamountofcarbondioxideproducedmayincreasetheareaofthespill.

Awidevarietyofapplicationsfollowsfromitsneutralisationproperties,includingreducingthespreadofwhitephosphorusfromincendiarybulletsinsideanafflictedsoldier'swounds.[21]

Medicaluses

Sodiumbicarbonatemixedwithwatercanbeusedasanantacidtotreatacidindigestionandheartburn.[22]

Intravenoussodiumbicarbonateisanaqueoussolutionthatissometimesusedforcasesofacidosis,orwheninsufficientsodiumorbicarbonateionsareintheblood.[23]Incasesofrespiratoryacidosis,theinfusedbicarbonateiondrivesthecarbonicacid/bicarbonatebufferofplasmatotheleftand,thus,raisesthepH.Itisforthisreasonthatsodiumbicarbonateisusedinmedicallysupervisedcardiopulmonaryresuscitation.InfusionofbicarbonateisindicatedonlywhenthebloodpHismarkedly(



treatmentoftricyclicantidepressantoverdose.[27]Itcanalsobeappliedtopicallyasapaste,withthreepartsbakingsodatoonepartwater,torelievesomekindsofinsectbitesandstings(aswellasaccompanyingswelling).[28]

Adversereactionstotheadministrationofsodiumbicarbonatecanincludemetabolicalkalosis,edemaduetosodiumoverload,congestiveheartfailure,hyperosmolarsyndrome,hypervolemichypernatremia,andhypertensionduetoincreasedsodium.Inpatientsconsumingahighcalciumordairyrichdiet,calciumsupplements,orcalciumcontainingantacidssuchascalciumcarbonate(e.g.,Tums),theuseofsodiumbicarbonatecancausemilkalkalisyndrome,whichcanresultinmetastaticcalcification,kidneystones,andkidneyfailure.

Sodiumbicarbonatecanbeusedtotreatanallergicreactiontoplantssuchaspoisonivy,poisonoak,orpoisonsumactorelievesomeoftheassociateditching.[29]

Bicarbonateofsodacanalsobeusefulinremovingsplintersfromtheskin.[30]

Somealternativepractitioners,suchasTullioSimoncini,havepromotedbakingsodaasacancercure,whichtheAmericanCancerSocietyhaswarnedagainstduetobothitsunproveneffectivenessandpotentialdangerinuse.[31]

Sodiumbicarbonatecanbeaddedtolocalanaesthetics,tospeeduptheonsetoftheireffectsandmaketheirinjectionlesspainful.[32]ItisalsoacomponentofMoffett'ssolution,usedinnasalsurgery.

Personalhygiene

Toothpastecontainingsodiumbicarbonatehasinseveralstudiesbeenshowntohaveabetterwhitening[33][33][34][35]andplaqueremovaleffect[36][37]thantoothpasteswithoutit.

Sodiumbicarbonateisalsousedasaningredientinsomemouthwashes.Ithasanticariesandabrasiveproperties.[38]Itworksasamechanicalcleanserontheteethandgums,neutralisestheproductionofacidinthemouth,andalsoactsasanantiseptictohelppreventinfections.[39][40]

Sodiumbicarbonateincombinationwithotheringredientscanbeusedtomakeadryorwetdeodorant.[41][42]Itmayalsobeusedasashampoo.[43]

Sodiumbicarbonatemaybeusedasabufferingagent,combinedwithtablesalt,whencreatingasolutionfornasalirrigation.[44]

Itisusedineyehygienetotreatblepharitis.Thisisdonebyadditionofatablespoonofsodiumbicarbonatetocoolwaterthatwasrecentlyboiled,followedbygentlescrubbingoftheeyelashbasewithacottonswabdippedinthesolution.[45]

Insports



Smallamountsofsodiumbicarbonatehavebeenshowntobeusefulasasupplementforathletesinspeedbasedevents,suchasmiddledistancerunning,lastingfromaboutonetosevenminutes.[46][47]However,overdoseisaseriousriskbecausesodiumbicarbonateisslightlytoxic[48]andgastrointestinalirritationisofparticularconcern.[47]Additionally,thispracticecausesasignificantincreaseindietarysodium.

Asacleaningagent

Apastefrombakingsodacanbeveryeffectivewhenusedincleaningandscrubbing.[49]Forcleaningaluminiumobjects,theuseofsodiumbicarbonateisdiscouragedasitattacksthethinunreactiveprotectiveoxidelayerofthisotherwiseveryreactivemetal.Asolutioninwarmwaterwillremovethetarnishfromsilverwhenthesilverisincontactwithapieceofaluminiumfoil.[50][51]Apasteofsodiumbicarbonateandwaterisusefulinremovingsurfacerustastherustformsawatersolublecompoundwheninaconcentratedalkalinesolution.[52]Coldwatershouldbeused,ashotwatersolutionscancorrodesteel.[53]

Bakingsodaiscommonlyaddedtowashingmachinesasareplacementforsoftenerandtoremoveodorsfromclothes.Sodiumbicarbonateisalsoeffectiveinremovingheavyteaandcoffeestainsfromcupswhendilutedwithwarmwater.

DuringtheManhattanProjecttodeveloptheatomicbombintheearly1940s,manyscientistsinvestigatedthetoxicpropertiesofuranium.Theyfoundthaturaniumoxidesstickverywelltocottoncloth,butdidnotwashoutwithsoaporlaundrydetergent.Theuraniumwouldwashoutwitha2%solutionofsodiumbicarbonate(bakingsoda).Clothingcanbecomecontaminatedwithdepleteduranium(DU)dust,andthennormallaunderingwillnotremoveit.ThoseatriskofDUdustexposureshouldhavetheirclothingwashedwithabout6ounces(170g)ofbakingsodain2gallons(7.5l)ofwater).[54]

Asabiopesticide

Sodiumbicarbonatecanbeaneffectivewayofcontrollingfungalgrowth,[55]andintheUnitedStatesisregisteredbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyasabiopesticide.[56]

Cattlefeedsupplements

Sodiumbicarbonateissoldasacattlefeedsupplement,inparticularasabufferingagentfortherumen.[57]

Inpopularculture

Film

Sodiumbicarbonate,as'bicarbonateofsoda',wasafrequentsourceofpunchlinesforGrouchoMarxinMarxbrothersmovies.InDuckSoup,Marxplaystheleaderofanationatwar.Inonescene,hereceivesamessagefromthebattlefieldthathisgeneralisreportingagasattack,andGrouchotellshisaide,"Tellhimtotakeateaspoonfulofbicarbonateofsodaandahalfaglassofwater."[58]InANightattheOpera,Groucho'scharacteraddressestheopeningnightcrowdatanoperabysayingoftheleadtenor,"Signor



Lassparricomesfromaveryfamousfamily.Hismotherwasawellknownbasssinger.Hisfatherwasthefirstmantostuffspaghettiwithbicarbonateofsoda,thuscausingandcuringindigestionatthesametime."[59]

Differencebetweenbakingsodaandbakingpowder

Quitesimply,bakingpowdercontainsbakingsoda,aswellasapowderedacidandcornstarch.Inscientificterms,bakingsodaisapuresubstancebakingpowderisamixture.

Bakingsodaisalkaline,soacidisusedinbakingpowdertoavoidametallictastewhenthechemicalchangeduringbakingcreatessodiumcarbonate.However,toavoidtheoverflavouringofacidictaste,nonacidingredientssuchaswholemilkorDutchprocessedcocoamustbeadded.[60]

Seealso

CarbonicacidSodabreadListofineffectivecancertreatmentsListofmineralsNahcoliteNatronNatrona(disambiguation)TronaWashingsoda

Notes1. Theprefix"bi"in"bicarbonate"comesfromanoutdatednamingsystemandisbasedontheobservationthat

thereistwotimesasmuchcarbonate(CO3)insodiumbicarbonate(NaHCO3)andotherbicarbonatesasinsodiumcarbonate(Na2CO3)andothercarbonates.

2. Incolloquialusage,thenamessodiumbicarbonateandbicarbonateofsodaareoftentruncated.Formssuchassodiumbicarb,bicarbsoda,bicarbonate,bicarb,orevenbicaarecommon.

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57. "AcidosisHealthWarningforLivestockFarmers".Retrieved5May2012.58. "DuckSoup(1933)".IMDb.Retrieved4August2015.59. "ANightattheOpera(1935)".IMDb.Retrieved4August2015.60. "Baking101:TheDifferenceBetweenBakingSodaandBakingPowder".JoytheBaker.Retrieved4August

2015.

Furtherreading

Bishop,DEdge,JDavis,CGoodman,C(May2004)."Inducedmetabolicalkalosisaffectsmusclemetabolismandrepeatedsprintability".Medicineandscienceinsportsandexercise36(5):80713.doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000126392.20025.17.ISSN01959131.PMID15126714.DavidR.Lide,ed.(2003).CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics(84thed.).BocaRaton,FL:



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