so this is democracy? - media institute of southern...
TRANSCRIPT
-
SO THIS ISDEMOCRACY?State of media freedom in Southern Africa 2016
-
State of media
freedom in Southern Africa
2016
SO TH
IS ISD
EMO
CR
ACY?
Published byM
ed
ia In
stitu
te o
f So
uth
ern
Afric
a (M
ISA
)
Priv
ate
Bag 1
33
86
Win
dh
oek, N
am
ibia
Tele
ph
on
e: +
26
4 6
1 2
32
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5
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site
: http
://ww
w.m
isa.o
rg
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ith the support of Frie
dric
h-E
bert-S
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g
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ed
ia A
frica
P.O
Bo
x 2
36
52
Win
dh
oek
Nam
ibia
Em
ail: in
fo@
fesm
ed
ia.o
rg
Web
site
: ww
w.fe
sm
ed
ia-a
frica.o
rg
Cover design and layout
Cla
ra S
ch
nack
Em
ail: c
m@
iway.n
a
EditingR
eyh
an
a M
aste
rs
Em
ail: z
am
bezim
asala
@gm
ail.c
om
Ru
i Co
rreia
Em
ail: c
orre
ia.ru
i@gm
ail.c
om
2
01
6 T
he M
ed
ia In
stitu
te o
f So
uth
ern
Afric
a.
All rig
hts
reserv
ed
.
Un
au
tho
rised
du
plic
atio
n c
on
traven
es a
pp
licab
le
law
s.
Th
e v
iew
s e
xp
ressed
by in
dep
en
den
t co
ntrib
uto
rs
are
no
t necessarily
tho
se o
f MIS
A
-
Contents
Win
dhoek D
ecla
ratio
n 1
29
Afric
a C
harte
r on B
roadcastin
g 1
32
Decla
ratio
n o
f Prin
cip
les o
n F
reedom
of E
xpre
ssio
n in
Afric
a 1
35
Decla
ratio
n o
f Table
Mounta
in 1
39
Afric
an P
latfo
rm o
n A
ccess to
Info
rmatio
n 1
41
Guid
elin
es o
n M
edia
Covera
ge o
f Ele
ctio
ns in
the S
AD
C re
gio
n 1
49
Afric
an D
ecla
ratio
n o
n In
tern
et R
ights
and F
reedom
s 1
56
6 About M
isa Alerts
9 Regional Overview
13 Country Overview
s
104 About MISA
106 Appendices
Angola11
Zimbabwe
3171
SouthAfrica
79Lesotho39
Swaziland93
Mozam
bique59
Tanzania
107Zam
bia83
101
Malawi
49
BotswanaNam
ibia
-
So T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
S
o T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
76
DETAINED
Th
is re
fers
to a
n in
cid
en
t wh
ere
a m
ed
ia w
ork
er
is im
pris
on
ed
or
deta
ined
. It
can
b
e le
gal
or
illegal a
nd
inclu
des b
ein
g s
en
-
ten
ced
to a
gao
l term
or b
ein
g
deta
ined
w
itho
ut
ch
arg
e
or
inco
mm
un
icad
o,
held
fo
r p
re-
ven
tativ
e re
aso
ns,
or
arre
ste
d.
Th
e
sta
tistic
giv
en
is
fo
r th
e
nu
mb
er
of
med
ia w
ork
ers
in
-
vo
lved
.
CENSORED
Th
is
covers
in
cid
en
ts
wh
ere
info
rmatio
n is
p
reven
ted
fro
m
bein
g co
mm
un
icate
d.
Fo
r ex-
am
ple
, issu
ing a
gaggin
g o
rder,
forc
ing
ed
itoria
l ch
an
ges,
us-
ing
legis
latio
n
like
inte
rdic
ts
an
d co
urt
ord
ers
to
sto
p in
for-
matio
n fro
m b
ein
g p
ub
lish
ed
,
sh
uttin
g
dow
n
or
su
sp
en
din
g
production and
confiscating eq
uip
men
t o
r m
ate
rials
. Th
e
sta
tistic
giv
en
is fo
r the n
um
ber
of m
ed
ia w
ork
ers
or m
ed
ia o
r-
gan
isatio
ns in
vo
lved
.
BOMBED
Th
is in
clu
des in
cid
en
ts w
here
a
journalists home or the office
of a
med
ia h
ou
se/o
utle
t/org
an
i-
satio
n
is
sab
ota
ged
th
rou
gh
bo
mb
ing,
ars
on
, van
dalis
m o
r
theft.
Th
e sta
tistic
giv
en
is
fo
r
the
nu
mb
er
of
med
ia
wo
rk-
ers
o
r m
ed
ia o
rgan
isatio
ns in
-
vo
lved
.
ASSAULTEDTh
is
inclu
des
any
incid
en
t
wh
ere
jo
urn
alis
ts
are
p
hysi-
cally
assau
lted
, to
rture
d,
or
wo
un
ded
d
urin
g th
e co
urs
e o
f
their
wo
rk.
Th
e sta
tistic
re
fers
to th
e n
um
ber
of
med
ia w
ork
-
ers
invo
lved
.
EXPELLED
Th
is in
clu
des in
cid
en
ts w
here
jou
rnalis
ts
are
exp
elle
d
from
,
pre
ven
ted
fro
m
en
terin
g
or
leavin
g
(su
ch
as
by
denyin
g
vis
as,
wo
rk p
ap
ers
o
r accre
di-
tatio
n),
an
d /
or
gen
era
lly in
-
hib
ited
fro
m m
ovin
g fre
ely
in
a co
un
try o
r certa
in are
as to
perfo
rm th
eir
wo
rk. T
he sta
tis-
tic giv
en
is
fo
r th
e n
um
ber
of
med
ia w
ork
ers
invo
lved
.
LEGISLATEDTh
is
rela
tes
to
all
asp
ects
o
f
the le
gis
lativ
e p
rocess an
d th
e
ap
plic
atio
n o
f co
mm
on
la
w.
It
inclu
des
insta
nces
wh
ere
o
f-
ficial proposals are made for
new
law
s, le
gis
latio
n is
passed
,
law
s
are
am
en
ded
o
r stru
ck
dow
n e
ither in
Parlia
men
t or b
y
the co
urts
, an
d civ
il litig
atio
n
is in
stitu
ted
again
st m
ed
ia. T
he
sta
tistic
giv
en
is fo
r the n
um
ber
of in
cid
en
ts re
po
rted
.
SENTENCED
Th
is
is
wh
en
a
jud
gem
en
t is
han
ded
d
ow
n again
st
a m
ed
ia
wo
rker
invo
lvin
g eith
er
a p
ris-
on term or a fine. The statistic
giv
en
is fo
r the n
um
ber o
f me-
dia
wo
rkers
invo
lved
.
THREATENED
Th
is in
vo
lves a th
reat
from
a
public official,
death threat,
vario
us
form
s
of
hara
ssm
en
t
(su
ch
as
veile
d
warn
ings,
thre
ats
o
f actio
n,
inte
rfere
nce
in
ed
itoria
l p
rocesses,
cyb
er
atta
cks,
raid
s an
d fo
rcib
ly o
c-
cupying a home or office), or
jou
rnalis
ts b
ein
g q
uestio
ned
or
inte
rrogate
d o
n th
eir
so
urc
es.
Th
e
sta
tistic
giv
en
is
fo
r th
e
nu
mb
er
of
med
ia
wo
rkers
o
r
med
ia o
rgan
isatio
ns in
vo
lved
.
VIOLATION OFPUBLIC FoE*
Th
is cate
go
ry in
clu
des in
ci-
den
ts th
at
affe
ct
freed
om
o
f
exp
ressio
n
(Fo
E)
or
sp
eech
in g
en
era
l, an
d d
o n
ot n
eces-
sarily
in
vo
lve m
ed
ia w
ork
ers
or
org
an
isatio
ns.
Fo
r exam
-
ple
, cases o
f sed
ition
again
st
mem
bers
o
f th
e p
ub
lic,
gen-
era
l cu
rbs
on
fre
e
sp
eech
an
d
access
to
info
rmatio
n,
vio
latio
ns o
f the rig
ht to
free-
do
m o
f assem
bly
an
d p
rote
st,
restric
tion
s o
n a
rtistic
or a
ca-
dem
ic
freed
om
an
d
restric
-
tion
s
on
access
to
pu
blic
med
ia.
Th
e sta
tistic
giv
en
is
for
the n
um
ber
of
incid
en
ts
rep
orte
d.
KILLED ORM
ISSINGTh
is to
ps th
e lis
t in
te
rms o
f
severity
, an
d th
ere
is
n
o n
eed
to exp
lain
w
hy.
Inclu
ded
u
n-
der
this
cate
go
ry are
in
cid
en
ts
wh
ere
jo
urn
alis
ts
have
been
kille
d,
kid
nap
ped
o
r go
ne
mis
sin
g in
circ
um
sta
nces th
at
su
ggest
a lin
k to
th
eir
wo
rk o
r
role
as a
jou
rnalis
t. Th
e s
tatis
tic
giv
en
is fo
r the n
um
ber o
f me-
dia
wo
rkers
invo
lved
.
VICTORY
Th
is
inclu
des
imm
ed
iate
vic
-
torie
s fo
r med
ia w
ork
ers
or o
r-
gan
isatio
ns in
clu
din
g b
ein
g re
-
leased
u
nco
nd
ition
ally
, h
avin
g
ch
arg
es
dro
pp
ed
, w
inn
ing
or
avo
idin
g
civ
il litig
atio
n,
over-
turn
ing g
aggin
g o
rders
an
d b
e-
ing a
cq
uitte
d o
f crim
inal c
harg
-
es. T
his
cate
go
ry als
o in
clu
des
incid
en
ts th
at
advan
ce m
ed
ia
freed
om
, access to
info
rmatio
n
or
freed
om
o
f exp
ressio
n
in
gen
era
l. Fo
r exam
ple
, favo
ur-
ab
le p
olic
y sta
tem
en
ts,
med
ia
frien
dly
law
s o
r po
licie
s a
nd
fa-
vo
ura
ble
an
d p
reced
en
t-settin
g
co
urt
jud
gem
en
ts.T
he
sta
tistic
giv
en
is fo
r the n
um
ber o
f inci-
den
ts re
po
rted
.
*Freedom of expression
Throughout the year, M
ISA issues m
edia alerts in the following 11 categories:
MISA
alerts
-
Regional Overview
2016 by M
ISA Regional
Secretariat
RegionalO
verview
-
So T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
10
have e
ither e
nacte
d le
gis
latio
n o
r are
ta-
blin
g it,
to re
gula
te onlin
e conte
nt
and
curb
freedom
of e
xpre
ssio
n.
The
onsla
ught
again
st
the
media
has
expanded a
nd e
xte
nded to
inclu
de c
iti-
zens w
ho have exerc
ised th
eir
freedom
of
expre
ssio
n
rights
in
diffe
rent
ways
and th
rough a varie
ty of
actio
ns in
a
num
ber
of
countrie
s.
This
in
cre
ase in
citiz
en a
gency h
as b
een m
et w
ith h
ars
h
and b
ruta
l repris
als
by G
overn
ments
.
A
dis
concertin
g
develo
pm
ent
is
the
shift
by jo
urn
alis
ts on w
hat
used to
be
agre
ed positio
ns in
th
e re
gio
n.
In both
Angola
and Tanzania
, jo
urn
alis
ts have
welc
om
ed c
onte
nt in
legis
latio
n th
at re
-
quire
s jo
urn
alis
ts to
be lic
ensed - a
form
of
auth
oris
atio
n to
pra
ctic
e jo
urn
alis
m
based on specific educational specifica-
tions. S
ectio
ns o
f the m
edia
secto
r in th
e
two c
ountrie
s w
elc
om
e th
is o
n th
e b
asis
that it w
ill rais
e jo
urn
alis
tic p
rofe
ssio
nal
sta
ndard
s.
Is th
e id
ea catc
hin
g on,
in a
regio
n w
here
m
edia
fre
edom
org
anis
a-
tions use to pride themselves on fight-
ing to
re
move all
obsta
cle
s to
fre
edom
of e
xpre
ssio
n a
nd fre
edom
of th
e p
ress?
Not a
ll is lo
st, th
ough.
A c
ause fo
r cele
bra
tion is
the s
usta
ined
and vig
oro
us 12 year
cam
paig
n,
spear-
headed by MISA
Malaw
i which finally
gave birth
to
an A
ccess to
In
form
atio
n
Act
bein
g passed by Parlia
ment
at
the
end o
f 2016.
In B
ots
wana,
the 16th
of
Marc
h w
as a
his
toric
al
day fo
r th
e Lesbia
ns,
Gays &
Bis
exuals
of
Bots
wana -
LEG
AB
IBO
af-
ter th
e o
rganis
atio
n w
on a
court c
ase in
whic
h th
e S
tate
was in
stru
cte
d to
regis
-
ter and officially recognize the sexual m
inoritie
s b
ody.
The th
aw
ing of
rela
tions betw
een th
e
Sw
azi
govern
ment
and th
e m
edia
w
as
anoth
er
welc
om
e change.
This
w
as in
part, d
ue to
the e
ngagem
ent b
y th
e S
pe-
cia
l R
apporte
ur
on Fre
edom
of
Expre
s-
sio
n, P
ansy T
lakula
with
govern
ment o
n
issues re
latin
g to
freedom
of e
xpre
ssio
n,
media
fre
edom
and access to
in
form
a-
tion.
Tra
ditio
nal
media
on
the
contin
ent,
in-
deed,
the w
orld
, is
in
a state of flux as it is under
both
politic
al
and
econom
ic
sie
ge.
Dire
ctio
n is
bein
g d
es-
pera
tely
sought
in
a
world
reelin
g fro
m d
is-
ruptio
n. M
edia
houses
acro
ss th
e re
gio
n are
havin
g to
conte
nd
with
low
perfo
rmin
g e
conom
ies, s
hrin
k-
ing n
ew
sro
om
s, p
oor w
ork
ing c
onditio
ns
again
st
incre
asin
g costs
, re
duced adver-
tisin
g re
venue,
dra
stic
ally
re
duced prin
t
runs,
stiffe
r com
petitio
n,
hostile
govern
-
ments
, constric
ting m
edia
legis
latio
n a
nd
to to
p it
all,
incre
asin
g corru
ptio
n and
uneth
ical b
ehavio
ur w
ithin
the s
ecto
r it-
self.
Audie
nces are
bein
g captu
red by new
s
dow
nlo
aded off
socia
l m
edia
pla
tform
s
that
offe
r conte
nt
at
a
diz
zyin
g
pace
packaged in
a fo
rmat th
at a
ppeals
to d
i-
vers
e audie
nces and can be consum
ed
in seconds. The media is having to find
rele
vance
in
a
world
m
esm
eris
ed
by
technolo
gy
and
more
engaged
with
new
s on socia
l m
edia
pla
tform
s,
be it
real
or
fake.
New
s is
bein
g share
d at
lightn
ing s
peed a
nd b
y th
e tim
e it is
re-
fute
d,
it has cro
ssed bord
ers
and even
contin
ents
.
Build
ing,
and in
som
e cases re
viv
ing,
good
solid
in
vestig
ativ
e
journ
alis
m
to
ensure
susta
inability
and
rele
vance
is
both
a solu
tion and an obsta
cle
. O
ften
the
investig
ativ
e
sto
ries
hig
hlig
ht
cor-
ruption in the public sector, or the finger points at public officials, w
hich brings th
e m
edia
into
dire
ct c
onfro
nta
tion w
ith
govern
ing e
lites. T
he m
edia
then a
re u
n-
der
dire
ct
thre
at
from
people
w
illing to
abuse th
eir p
ow
er.
The c
onte
sta
tion b
etw
een S
tate
s a
nd th
e
media sector has intensified on the leg
-
isla
tive fro
nt w
ith g
overn
ments
in c
oun
-
tries through the SAD
C region finding
insidious ways to curtail the influence
and re
ach o
f the m
edia
.
Thro
ugh th
e guis
e of
ensurin
g pro
tec-
tion of
citiz
ens fro
m com
pute
r re
late
d
crim
es,
govern
ments
acro
ss th
e re
gio
n
National O
verview
2016 by MISA
Regional SecretariatEnglish/Portuguese
Angola
-
So T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
S
o T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
13
12 T
he
year
2016
was
no
diffe
rent
from
any
oth
er
year
when
it com
es
to
the
them
es
that
dom
inate
d
the
agenda
but
the
inte
nsity
certa
inly
was a fe
w notc
hes
up.
Angola
ns
saw
in th
e new
year
suffe
ring fro
m m
ajo
r
hangovers
fro
m th
e pre
vio
us year
th
e
unfinished business that seems to be
the s
taple
, with
key d
evelo
pm
ents
dra
g-
gin
g on,
over
years
befo
re a re
solu
tion
em
erg
es. C
hie
f am
ong th
ese w
as th
e o
n-
off d
ebate
over th
e s
uccessio
n o
f Pre
si-
dent Jo
s E
duard
o d
os S
anto
s, th
e e
qual-
ly on-o
ff tria
l again
st
journ
alis
ts doin
g
their job, in specific Rafael M
arques, and la
st
but
not
least
the on-o
ff-on-o
ff
regula
tion o
f the m
edia
secto
r, left h
ang-
ing in
abeyance s
ince th
e e
nactm
ent o
f
the P
ress L
aw
in 2
006.
Habem
us presidentum?
Uncerta
inty
over th
e e
ventu
al e
xit fro
m
politic
s o
f the 7
4-y
ear o
ld P
resid
ent D
os
Santo
s c
ontin
ues, d
espite
overw
helm
ing
evid
ence
that
now
it
is a done deal.
With
le
gis
lativ
e ele
ctio
ns schedule
d to
be held
in
Angola
on A
ugust
23 of
this
year,
it w
ould
appear
that
Dos Santo
s
will
indeed finally
hand over
power
afte
r alm
ost
four
decades in
pow
er.
In
term
s of
the new
constitu
tion of
2010,
the country
ceased to
have pre
sid
en-
tial
ele
ctio
ns,
optin
g fo
r th
e party
-list
pro
portio
nal
repre
senta
tion
syste
m,
with
th
e num
ber
one candid
ate
of
the
win
nin
g party
auto
matic
ally
becom
ing
pre
sid
ent. T
he c
hange o
ffere
d a
surg
ical
solu
tion to
th
e irk
som
e debate
aro
und
Dos Santoss tenure, lim
ited to two five-
year
term
s under
the 1975 and 1992
constitu
tions,
both
of
whic
h
faile
d
to
pro
vid
e a cle
ar
answ
er
on w
hen D
os
Santo
ss
pre
sid
ency
actu
ally
sta
rted,
giv
en th
at th
e s
econd ro
und o
f pre
sid
en
-
tial
ele
ctio
ns again
st
UN
ITA
le
ader
Jo-
nas S
avim
bi n
ever to
ok p
lace. L
ikew
ise,
there
w
as no cla
rity on w
heth
er
or
not
Dos S
anto
s h
ad s
erv
ed h
is tw
o te
rms, a
s
the c
ountry
was in
and o
ut o
f war, m
ak-
ing it im
possib
le to
hold
ele
ctio
ns.
There
is g
ood re
ason fo
r the u
ncerta
inty
to pers
ist.
New
s of
Dos Santo
ss
depar-
ture
have over
the years
been em
bla
-
zoned on fro
nt-p
ages on a num
ber
of
occasio
ns.
In 2016,
these pencille
d a
see-s
aw
of c
ontra
dic
ting d
evelo
pm
ents
,
sta
rting w
ith a
n a
nnouncem
ent in
Marc
h
that D
os S
anto
s w
as g
room
ing o
ne o
f his
child
ren to
take o
ver th
e re
ins. T
he n
ew
s
gain
ed m
om
entu
m w
hen a
lso in
Marc
h,
it w
as
announced
that
Dos
Santo
s
would leave office in 2018. H
owever,
this
puzzle
d a
naly
sts
, as e
lectio
ns w
ere
schedule
d fo
r 2017,
whic
h begged th
e
questio
n o
f how
Dos S
anto
s w
ould
sta
y
on a
s p
resid
ent a
nd th
en h
and o
ver to
a
sta
nd-in
candid
ate
. In
Ju
ne D
os Santo
s
announced th
at
he w
as conte
stin
g th
e
July
ele
ctio
ns fo
r th
e pre
sid
ency of
the
MPLA
. W
ith no oth
er
conte
nder,
Dos
Santo
s w
as u
nanim
ously
ele
cte
d, b
ein
g
endors
ed b
y th
e p
arty
in A
ugust.
The debate
culm
inate
d w
ith th
e new
s
in D
ecem
ber
that
a successor
to Pre
si-
dent Dos Santos had been identified in
the person of Joo Loureno. How
ever, at
no poin
t w
as it
made cle
ar
that
Dos
Santo
s w
as out
of
the pic
ture
, w
ith th
e
final list still subject to adjustments as
it moved a
long a
num
ber o
f ste
ps in
the
appro
val
pro
cess in
th
e party
s politic
al
bure
au a
nd c
entra
l com
mitte
e b
etw
een
January
and F
ebru
ary
of 2
017. F
or m
uch
of th
e re
cent p
ast, D
eputy
Pre
sid
ent M
a-
nuel V
icente
had b
een w
idely
expecte
d
to fill Dos Santoss shoes w
hen the time
cam
e, b
ut th
e o
nce p
ivota
l party
sta
lwart
has s
ince n
ot o
nly
been o
vers
hadow
ed,
but
als
o im
plic
ate
d in
in
vestig
atio
ns in
Portu
gal
into
shady dealin
gs in
volv
ing
Angolan and Portuguese citizens. H
is nam
e n
ow
appears
at N
um
ber 2
4 o
n th
e
party
list.
Als
o te
lling, is
the in
itial a
ppeara
nce fo
r
the first time on the partys electoral list
of tw
o o
f Dos S
anto
ss
lesser k
now
n c
hil-
dre
n,
Jos Filo
meno Z
enu
Dos Santo
s
and W
elw
istc
hia
T
chiz
dos
Santo
s.
How
ever, as more inform
ation on the com
positio
n o
f the lis
t em
erg
ed, F
ilom
e-
no D
os S
anto
ss
nam
e w
as n
o lo
nger o
n
the lis
t. Filo
meno D
os Santo
s has been
head o
f FSD
EA
, Angola
s s
overe
ign fu
nd
since 2013. The first lady, Ana Paula
dos S
anto
s, is
on th
e lis
t, at N
um
ber 1
7.
Meanw
hile, in April D
os Santos fired the entire
board
of
the sta
te oil
com
pany,
Sonangol,
then appoin
ted his
daughte
r
Isabel
dos Santo
s as chie
f executiv
e of
the com
pany,
a m
ove th
at
was w
idely
critic
ised b
y A
ngola
n s
ocie
ty.
How
ever, two sm
all details that seem
to have escaped m
ost
observ
ers
is
th
at
what
has
been
com
munic
ate
d
to
the
media
is
th
at
Dos
Santo
s
will
re
tire
from
activ
e p
olitic
al life
, w
ith n
o c
larity
on w
hat th
at w
ould
mean in
real te
rms;
and th
e fa
ct th
at u
ntil D
ecem
ber it w
as
reporte
d b
y a
num
ber o
f relia
ble
sourc
es
that
Dos Santo
s w
as still
on th
e party
s
ele
ctio
n lis
t, occupyin
g th
e 3
rd p
ositio
n,
behin
d
heir
appare
nt,
Joo
Loure
no
and B
orn
ito de Sousa,
toute
d fo
r th
e
positio
n of
vic
e-p
resid
ent.
By contra
st,
what
has been w
idely
com
mente
d on,
is th
e fa
ct th
at o
n th
e v
ario
us o
ccasio
ns
when D
os Santo
s has spoken th
rough
-
out
this
pro
cess,
not
once has he said
a w
ord
about
his
departu
re,
nor
about
Joo L
oure
no re
pla
cin
g h
im. N
ot to
be
om
itted fro
m any scenario
th
ough,
if-
sth
e fa
ct th
at th
e 7
4-y
ear-o
ld p
resid
ents
health
w
ill als
o be a fa
cto
r in
his
deci-
sio
n to
retire
from
public
life.
Ele
ctio
ns schedule
d fo
r A
ugust
will
be
under
the in
dire
ct
contro
l of
the N
um
-
ber
2 on th
e lis
t, B
orn
ito de Sousa,
as
pre
sent
Min
iste
r of
Territo
rial
Adm
inis
-
tratio
n,
whic
h is
th
e m
inis
try re
sponsi-
ble
fo
r th
e N
atio
nal
Ele
cto
ral
Com
mis
-
sio
n.
Oppositio
n
partie
s
have
voic
ed
their
obje
ctio
n,
askin
g fo
r his
re
moval.
Querie
d a
bout th
e in
dependence o
f the
electoral body and his personal conflict of
inte
rests
, B
orn
ito de Sousa said
th
at
constitu
tionally
and le
gally
there
was n
o
incompatibility. H
e assured that the pro-
cess w
as tra
nspare
nt
enough,
with
out
any h
um
an in
terv
entio
n.
Panama Papers
The
Angola
n
Sovere
ign
Fund
was
caught in the fine mesh of the w
orld-
wid
e
investig
atio
ns
that
follo
wed
the
revela
tions c
onta
ined in
the in
form
atio
n
leak know
n as th
e Panam
a Papers
. The
Inte
rnatio
nal
Consortiu
m
of
Investig
a-
tive Jo
urn
alis
ts lin
ked F
SD
EA
to a
num
-
ber of key figures in Angola, G
ermany,
Sw
itzerla
nd and R
ussia
, all
mentio
ned
in th
e P
anam
a P
apers
. Investig
atio
ns u
n-
covere
d a
link b
etw
een a
n A
meric
an o
il
com
pany and severa
l pow
erfu
l politi-
cia
ns in
Angola
. Accord
ing to
the le
aked
documents, approxim
ately fifteen shell com
panie
s
funnelle
d
money
thro
ugh
UB
S b
ank a
ccounts
. Oil M
inis
ter B
ote
l-
ho d
e V
asconcelo
s w
as c
ited in
the p
a-
pers
, but h
um
an rig
hts
cam
paig
ner a
nd
journ
alis
t R
afa
el
Marq
ues belie
ves th
at
there
are
m
ore
, in
clu
din
g V
ice Pre
si-
dent M
anuel V
icente
. In
Marc
h, F
SD
EA
said
in a
n in
tern
al re
port th
at U
SD
486
millio
n h
ad d
isappeare
d fro
m th
e fu
nd,
an am
ount
roughly
equiv
ale
nt
to 10%
of its capital. How
ever, this information
was
made
public
only
in
Septe
mber.
A num
ber
of
investig
ativ
e re
ports
have
linked th
e Fund to
shady deals
in
volv
-
ing com
panie
s lin
ked to
FSD
EA
head
Filo
meno
Dos
Santo
s
and
associa
tes,
chie
f am
ong th
ese,
Banco K
wanza In
-
vest,
founded by Filo
meno D
os Santo
s
him
self. F
SD
EA
denie
d a
ny w
rongdoin
g
Angola
English
-
So T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
S
o T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
15
14
and s
aid
that its
accounts
were
audite
d
by D
elo
itte &
Touche,
with
re
gula
r re
-
ports
to
th
e N
atio
nal T
reasury
D
irecto
-
rate and the Auditor-G
enerals Office.
Repressing Law
Afte
r more
than a
decade in
limbo, A
n-
gola in Novem
ber of 2016 finally prom-
ulg
ate
d a
num
ber o
f pie
ces o
f legis
latio
n
conte
mpla
ted in
the P
ress L
aw
of 2
006.
The Pre
ss Law
its
elf
has been update
d
to ensure
com
patib
ility w
ith th
e new
constitu
tion (2
010).
The new
te
xt
was
penned by none oth
er
than Pre
sid
ent
Eduard
o D
os Santo
s him
self.
Besid
es a
new
vers
ion of
the Pre
ss Law
, th
e sud-
den im
petu
s c
am
e w
ith a
new
additio
n,
the cre
atio
n of
the Entid
ade R
egula
do-
ra
da
Com
unic
ao
Socia
l A
ngola
na
(ER
CA
) th
e n
ew
body n
ow
responsib
le
for m
edia
regula
tion, re
pla
cin
g th
e C
on
-
selh
o N
acio
nal d
e C
om
unic
ao S
ocia
l.
ER
CA
to
be cre
ate
d in
te
rms of
the
ERC
A Law
will in essence be the final
arb
iter
over
most
aspects
of
the m
edia
,
especia
lly
the
pra
ctic
e
of
journ
alis
m.
MIS
A-A
ngola
expre
ssed concern
at
the
com
positio
n
of
the
13-m
em
ber
body,
to be m
ade up of
11 re
pre
senta
tives of
politic
al p
artie
s a
nd 2
from
am
ong m
e-
dia
pro
fessio
nals
. U
nder
the
guis
e
of
offe
ring pro
fessio
nal
assis
tance to
m
e-
dia
org
anis
atio
ns to
ensure
th
ey are
in
com
plia
nce w
ith la
ws and re
gula
tions,
ER
CA
will
org
anis
e a
nd m
ain
tain
a d
a-
tabase o
n b
ehalf o
f media
org
anis
atio
ns
and com
panie
s subje
ct
to ER
CA
super-
vis
ion,
to
perm
it assessm
ent
of
their
com
plia
nce w
ith th
e la
w.
ER
CA
w
ill
have th
e p
ow
er to
enfo
rce c
om
plia
nce
with
pro
fessio
nal jo
urn
alis
tic e
thic
s a
nd
sta
ndard
s;
enfo
rce
com
plia
nce
with
any
applic
able
la
ws,
regula
tions
and
technic
al re
quire
ments
with
in th
e s
cope
of its
com
pete
nce; a
nd
verify
com
pli-
ance by ra
dio
and te
levis
ion opera
tors
with both the generic and specific aim
s and conditio
ns of
their
respectiv
e char-
ters
and activ
ities.
Furth
erm
ore
, ER
CA
will h
ave th
e rig
ht to
investig
ate
, and a
d-
judic
ate
com
pla
ints
about
pote
ntia
l or
actu
al
transgre
ssio
n o
f the le
gal o
r reg-
ula
tory
norm
s n
ot ju
st fro
m
inte
reste
d
partie
s b
ut a
lso
on its
ow
n in
itiativ
e.
It bears
rem
indin
g th
at th
is is
a b
ody th
at
will b
e g
overn
ed b
y p
olitic
al p
artie
s, in
a c
om
positio
n th
at m
irrors
natio
nal p
o-
litical
stre
ngth
, in
oth
er
word
s,
with
a
majo
rity o
f MPLA
mem
bers
.
Licensing requirem
ents are inconsistent with international law on freedom
of inform
ation. The issue is not what Article 19 says; the issue is its enforceability and the use of international law as a tool of litigation in support of prosecuted journalists when you are arguing in dom
estic courts Enrique Arm
ijo, media
lawyer, W
ashington, USA
The Pre
ss Law
of
2006 pro
vid
ed fo
r a
num
ber
of
subsid
iary
sta
tute
s and de-
cre
es to
govern
th
e m
edia
. These have
now
been e
nacte
d a
s la
ws in
ow
n rig
ht.
Chie
f am
ong th
ese are
th
e Law
on th
e
Exerc
ise
of
the
Activ
ity
of
Tele
vis
ion
Bro
adcastin
g,
Law
on
the
Exerc
ise
of
the A
ctiv
ity of
Radio
B
roadcastin
g,
the
Law
on th
e S
tatu
te o
f the Jo
urn
alis
t and
m
ost
importa
ntly
th
e C
arte
ira de
Jorn
alis
ta,
the lic
ence to
pra
ctic
e jo
ur-
nalis
m.
In th
e event
of
any jo
urn
alis
t
found w
ork
ing w
ithout
bein
g lic
enced,
the
em
plo
yin
g
media
house
can
be
punished with a fine equivalent to ten
median public service salaries. The fine
triple
s in
the c
ase o
f a re
peat v
iola
tion.
The new
la
w als
o m
akes it
illegal
for
journ
alis
ts to
w
ork
as public
re
latio
ns
pro
fessio
nals
, a c
om
mon p
ractic
e in
Lu-
anda, often with conflicting interests. In
term
s of
the new
Pre
ss Law
, jo
urn
alis
ts
can fa
ce d
iscip
linary
, civ
il and c
rimin
al
sanctions, with fines of betw
een USD
600 and U
SD
120,0
00 if
found guilty
of
vio
latin
g th
e la
w. T
he new
la
w even
crim
inalis
es th
e public
atio
n of
images,
such as carto
ons,
that
can be deem
ed
offe
nsiv
e
to
indiv
iduals
.
Once
the
new
set o
f law
s c
om
es in
to e
ffect, m
edia
pra
ctitio
ners
will h
ave 9
0 d
ays in
whic
h
to com
ply
. M
ISA
-Angola
expre
ssed its
dis
ple
asure
at th
e fa
ct th
at th
e n
ew
law
em
pow
ers
th
e
Com
munic
atio
ns
Min
-
iste
r to
sto
p any bro
adcastin
g w
ithout
any conte
sta
tion m
echanis
m or
revie
w
pro
cess.
Anoth
er
issue th
at
has ra
ised
eyebro
ws is
th
e hefty
am
ount
of
USD
210,0
00 re
quire
d to
sta
rt a n
ew
agency.
Oddly
enough, in
a re
gio
n w
here
media
freedom organisations have been fight-
ing to
re
move all
obsta
cle
s to
fre
edom
of e
xpre
ssio
n a
nd fre
edom
of th
e p
ress,
in A
ngola
key people
am
ong jo
urn
al-
ists
are
actu
ally
in
fa
vour
of
licencin
g
journ
alis
ts,
as th
ey see in
it
the m
eans
to
rais
e
pro
fessio
n
sta
ndard
s.
Am
ong
those are
th
e Sin
dic
ato
dos Jo
rnalis
tas,
the jo
urn
alis
ts
pro
fessio
nal
unio
n.
On
pre
vio
us o
ccasio
ns s
ectio
ns o
f Angola
n
journ
alis
ts have defe
nded sta
te re
gula
-
tion of
the m
edia
, poin
ting to
Portu
gal
as a
n e
xam
ple
where
it work
s w
ell, w
ith
all
the ele
ments
th
at
the new
sw
ath
e
of
law
s seeks to
im
ple
ment,
inclu
din
g
min
imum
tertia
ry e
ducatio
n le
vels
(pos-
sib
ly a
lic
encia
tura
[M
aste
rs D
egre
e])
to b
e a
llow
ed to
pra
ctic
e jo
urn
alis
m. A
t
its 4
th C
ongre
ss h
eld
in S
epte
mber, th
e
Sin
dic
ato
vote
d to
focus its
effo
rts o
n e
n-
surin
g th
e appro
val
of
Journ
alis
ts
Sta
t-
ute
, and th
e cre
atio
n of
Lic
encin
g and
Eth
ics C
om
mis
sio
n.
The Sin
dic
ato
be-
moans th
e fa
ct th
at a
fter 3
5 y
ears
of in
-
dependence, A
ngola
n jo
urn
alis
ts d
o n
ot
have a pro
fessio
nal
licencin
g re
gim
en.
By contra
st,
MIS
A-A
ngola
has decrie
d
the c
reatio
n o
f ER
CA
. A v
ete
ran A
ngola
n
journ
alis
t expre
ssed th
e vie
w th
at
jour-
nalis
ts should
pre
ssure
th
e govern
ment
to e
nact th
e fu
ll range o
f media
legis
la-
tion. He accused politicians of pointing
fingers at the work of journalists, w
hile th
ey a
re th
e o
nes w
ho a
re h
inderin
g th
e
imple
menta
tion
of
media
re
gula
tion.
At
the tim
e of
the appro
val
of
the bill
in genera
l te
rms in
A
ugust,
oppositio
n
mem
bers
vote
d a
gain
st, c
iting a
num
ber
of
vio
latio
ns of
pre
cepts
in
th
e consti-
tutio
n,
whic
h th
ey la
belle
d setb
acks to
rights
and fre
edom
s guara
nte
ed in
th
e
Constitu
tion.
They
als
o
arg
ued
that
it
had been dra
fted w
ithout
any in
volv
e-
ment from
journalists. How
ever, the Sin-
dic
ato
expre
ssed its
satis
factio
n w
ith th
e
openness to
dia
logue a
nd w
ith th
e w
ay
their c
oncern
s h
ad b
een ta
ken o
n b
oard
.
How
ever, it said it was against crim
inal lia
bility
, whic
h it b
elie
ved w
as d
esig
ned
to in
timid
ate
jo
urn
alis
ts.
It fu
rther
said
that
the bill
conta
ined pro
vis
ions th
at
were
at
odds w
ith th
e constitu
tion. T
he
MPLA
m
ain
tain
s th
at
the te
xt
is a com
-
pro
mis
e to
ensure
the re
alis
atio
n o
f citi-
zens rig
hts
, freedom
s a
nd g
uara
nte
es.
It is
im
porta
nt
not
to confu
se lic
enc-
Angola
English
-
So T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
S
o T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
17
16
ing
of
journ
alis
ts
with
a
ccre
dita
tion
of
journ
alis
ts.
Renow
ned in
tern
atio
nal
freedom
of e
xpre
ssio
n e
xpert T
oby M
en-
del
put
it th
is w
ay:
lic
ensin
g of
jour-
nalis
ts is
unders
tood to
m
ean a syste
m
where
by in
div
iduals
are
require
d to
ap-
ply
to
an exte
rnal
auth
ority
fo
r perm
is-
sio
n to
pra
ctic
e jo
urn
alis
m,
whic
h per-
mis
sio
n m
ay be re
fused or
revoked.
In
som
e countrie
s,
the la
w pla
ces certa
in
min
imum
conditio
ns o
n w
ho m
ay p
rac-
tice jo
urn
alis
m, s
uch a
s m
inim
um
age o
r
train
ing crite
ria,
or
citiz
enship
re
quire
-
ments
. Form
ally
, th
is
is
not
licensin
g
as it
does not
involv
e th
e possib
ility of
perm
issio
n to
pra
ctic
e jo
urn
alis
m b
ein
g
refused or revoked. How
ever, where the
conditio
ns g
o b
eyond th
e p
ure
ly te
chni-
cal, fo
r exam
ple
by re
movin
g th
e rig
ht to
pra
ctic
e jo
urn
alis
m u
pon c
onvic
tion fo
r
crim
inal
defa
matio
n,
this
syste
m sta
rts
to reflect some of the key problem
s as-
socia
ted w
ith lic
ensin
g.
Accre
dita
tion,
on th
e o
ther h
and, is
quite
diffe
rent fro
m
licensin
g,
alth
ough th
e tw
o are
som
e-
times confu
sed.
Accre
dita
tion in
volv
es
the gra
ntin
g of
specia
l priv
ileges,
most
com
monly
access
to
restric
ted
are
as
such as le
gis
latu
res and courts
, to
jo
ur-
nalis
ts o
n th
e b
asis
that th
ey w
ill info
rm
the w
ider
public
about
these pro
ceed-
ings.
Lic
ensin
g re
quire
ments
are
in
consis
t-
ent
with
in
tern
atio
nal
law
on fre
edom
of
info
rmatio
n,
said
Enriq
ue
Arm
ijo,
a m
edia
la
wyer
with
th
e C
ovin
gto
n &
Burling law
firm in W
ashington, D.C
. The is
sue is
not
what
Artic
le 19 says;
the is
sue is
its e
nfo
rceability
and th
e u
se
of
inte
rnatio
nal
law
as a to
ol
of
litiga-
tion in
support
of
pro
secute
d jo
urn
al-
ists
w
hen you are
arg
uin
g in
dom
estic
courts
. A
lready a
s fa
r back a
s 1
985 th
e
Inter-Am
erican Court of H
uman R
ights (IA
CH
R) stated that com
pulsory licens-
ing o
f journ
alis
ts w
as in
com
patib
le w
ith
freedom
of
expre
ssio
n. W
illiam
B
ird of
Media
Monito
ring A
frica e
quate
d th
e in
-
troductio
n o
f licensin
g o
f journ
alis
ts to
a
dem
ocra
cy ta
kin
g tw
o s
teps b
ackw
ard
s.
Als
o w
ithin
th
e w
ide scope of
ER
CA
, a
dra
ft law
on th
e P
rote
ctio
n o
f Netw
ork
s
and
Info
rmatio
n
Technolo
gy
Syste
ms
was als
o appro
ved in
A
ugust.
Post
and
Tele
com
munic
atio
ns M
inis
ter
Jos C
ar-
valh
o da R
ocha said
th
e B
ill w
as a re
-
sponse to
A
frican U
nio
n guid
elin
es on
cyber
security
. It
is still
too soon to
as-
sess the full impact of the law
. How
ev-
er,
it can be said
th
at
a fe
w years
back
when A
ngola first planned to introduce le
gis
latio
n o
n c
yber-c
rimes, it ra
ted fa
ir-
ly h
igh in
a s
tudy o
n in
tern
et fre
edom
. It
now
rem
ain
s to
be s
een h
ow
it will fa
re
once th
is la
w is
fully
applie
d.
Dependence, m
ightier than the w
ord
In A
pril,
the A
ngola
n govern
ment
an
-
nounced
that
it w
ould
hold
w
eekly
briefings with journalists in Luanda to
overcome w
hat it termed the deficit
in in
form
atio
n about
the govern
ment
.
The m
eetin
gs w
ill involv
e m
inis
ters
and
oth
er m
em
bers
of th
e G
overn
ment. T
he
director of the Governm
ent Office for
the R
evita
lisatio
n a
nd E
xecutio
n o
f Insti-
tutio
nal C
om
munic
atio
n a
nd M
ark
etin
g
(GR
EC
IMA
), opera
ting fro
m w
ithin
th
e
Pre
sid
ency,
expla
ined
that
the
obje
c-
tive w
as to
foste
r a
more
pro
fessio
nal
rela
tionship
w
ith jo
urn
alis
ts,
who ro
u-
tinely
com
pla
ined about
limita
tions in
accessin
g g
overn
ment s
ourc
es a
nd d
ata
.
The Portu
guese new
s agency,
Lusa,
re-
porte
d
in
January
th
at
corp
ora
te
and
media
com
munic
atio
n
of
all
Angola
n
min
istrie
s and pro
vin
cia
l govern
ments
would be coordinated by the O
ffice of In
stitu
tional
Com
munic
atio
n and Pre
ss
(GC
II), cre
ate
d b
y p
resid
entia
l decre
e in
Decem
ber
2015.
Besid
es consolid
atin
g
the com
munic
atio
ns fu
nctio
n,
the G
CII
office will incorporate the professionals
in the service of the press offices of the
vario
us m
inis
teria
l agencie
s a
nd d
epart-
ments
, puttin
g a
n e
nd to
the p
ractic
e o
f
journalists working as press officers for
govern
ment
bodie
s,
now
again
st
the
law
. Em
plo
yees
in
the
serv
ice
of
the
GC
II are
stric
tly fo
rbid
den fro
m p
ractic
-
ing jo
urn
alis
m,
work
ing as fre
ela
ncers
,
analysts, or experts on specific subjects, and m
ay not
take part
in any debate
and pro
cessin
g of
journ
alis
tic m
ate
rial
reads th
e decre
e,
sig
ned by Pre
sid
ent
Dos S
anto
s. T
he d
ecre
e s
ays fu
rther th
at
the G
CII
will
support
min
istry
depart-
ments
and
pro
vin
cia
l govern
ments
in
the
are
as
of
institu
tional
com
munic
a-
tion a
nd th
e p
ress a
nd in
the d
raftin
g o
f
com
munic
atio
n pla
ns in
lin
e w
ith th
e
stra
tegic
dire
ctiv
es is
sued b
y th
e M
inis
-
try of
Socia
l C
om
munic
atio
n and G
RE-
CIM
A.
Pre
sentin
g cris
is m
anagem
ent
pla
ns, d
raftin
g s
peeches a
nd m
essages
for th
e m
em
bers
of th
eir re
spectiv
e b
od-
ies,
org
anis
ing
institu
tional
events
or
develo
pin
g
public
ity
cam
paig
ns,
are
am
ong oth
ers
, th
e re
sponsib
ility of
the
new
GC
II, superv
ised b
y th
e M
inis
try o
f
Socia
l Com
munic
atio
n a
nd o
vers
een b
y
GR
EC
IMA
.
Angola
English
-
3 May
In a sn
ap
p
oll
co
nd
ucte
d am
on
g
jou
rnalis
ts w
ork
ing fo
r Sta
te m
e-
dia
, o
n M
ay 3
, o
n th
e o
ccasio
n
of
the co
mm
em
ora
tion
o
f W
orld
Pre
ss Fre
ed
om
D
ay,
mo
st
of
the
partic
ipan
ts w
ere
o
f th
e o
pin
ion
that
there
is
p
ress fre
ed
om
in
An-
go
la. T
he p
ictu
re is
qu
ite d
iffere
nt
am
on
g
jou
rnalis
ts
in
the
priv
ate
med
ia,
wh
o,
in
Ap
ril, w
ere
ac-
cu
sed
by th
e sta
te-o
wn
ed
Jo
rnal
de A
ngo
la,
of
bein
g m
ou
thp
ieces
of th
e o
pp
ositio
n.
18 JanuaryA
re
po
rt o
n th
e m
ed
ia situ
atio
n
in A
ngo
la
wo
uld
b
e
inco
mp
lete
with
ou
t m
en
tion
ing
activ
ist,
hu-
man
rig
hts
cam
paig
ner
an
d jo
ur-
nalis
t R
afa
el
Marq
ues d
e M
ora
is,
arg
uab
ly
the
An
go
lan
govern
-
men
ts lo
ng-tim
e n
em
esis
. R
afa
el
Marq
ues lo
dged
a crim
inal
co
m-
pla
int
in co
urt
again
st
the G
ov-
ern
or
of
Cu
an
za
Su
l P
rovin
ce,
Gen
era
l Eu
sb
io d
e B
rito T
eix
eira
,
for s
eiz
ing la
nd
an
d th
en
giv
ing it
to a co
mp
any ow
ned
by h
imself.
Acco
rdin
g to
the s
ub
mis
sio
n d
eliv
-
ered to the Office of the A
ttorney-G
en
era
l, G
en
era
l B
rito
Teix
eira
even
wro
te a
petitio
n to
the g
over-
no
r of C
uan
za S
ul P
rovin
ce
that
is, to
him
self
to re
qu
est th
e le
gal
righ
ts to
la
nd
fo
r th
e co
nstru
ctio
n
of a
co
nd
om
iniu
m.
8 FebruaryIn
Feb
ruary
, h
um
an
rig
hts
an
d
pro
-dem
ocra
cy
activ
ist,
Man
uel
Ch
ivo
nd
e N
ito A
lves w
as c
harg
ed
with
co
nte
mp
t o
f C
ou
rt an
d su
b-
jecte
d to
a su
mm
ary
tria
l, at
the
trial a
gain
st th
e 1
7 A
ngo
lan
activ
-
ists
, du
bb
ed
the
An
go
la 1
7. T
he
trial
reco
nven
ed
o
n
8
Feb
ruary
an
d th
e fa
ther
of
activ
ist
Man
uel
Ch
ivo
nd
e N
ito A
lves w
as o
ne o
f
the w
itnesses. D
urin
g h
is c
ross-e
x-
am
inatio
n, N
ito fe
lt his
fath
er w
as
bein
g in
timid
ate
d by th
e lin
e o
f
questioning of the prosecutor. He
then
said
o
ut
lou
d Im
n
ot
afra
id
of lo
sin
g m
y life
. Th
is tria
l is a
ch
a-
rad
e. T
he u
ttera
nce p
rom
pte
d th
e
Pu
blic
P
rosecu
tor
to re
qu
est
that
Nito
b
e
ch
arg
ed
w
ith
co
nte
mp
t
of
Co
urt. T
he ju
dge th
en
sto
pp
ed
the h
earin
g again
st
the 1
7 activ
-
ists
, su
sp
en
ded
th
e
trial
for
the
day a
nd
op
en
ed
new
pro
ceed
ings
against Nito on the sam
e day. He
was sen
ten
ced
to
six
m
on
ths in
prison and asked to pay a fine on 8
Feb
ruary
, serv
ing h
is s
en
ten
ce a
t
Via
na P
riso
n.
28 March
Th
e s
am
e w
ord
s w
ere
said
in c
ou
rt
on
2
8
Marc
h
by
an
oth
er
yo
un
g
activ
ist,
Fra
ncis
co
M
ap
an
da (a
lso
kn
ow
n as D
ago
N
vel
Inte
lecto
).
He too w
as found guilty of con-
tem
pt
of
co
urt
an
d sen
ten
ced
to
eig
ht m
on
ths in
pris
on
. On
5 Ju
ly,
the C
on
stitu
tion
al
Co
urt
rule
d o
n
ap
peal
that
the tria
l h
ad
vio
late
d
so
me
of
his
co
nstitu
tion
al
righ
ts
and ordered his release. He w
as re
leased
o
n 2
1 N
ovem
ber,
seven
days e
arlie
r than
sch
ed
ule
d.
28 March
Th
e A
ngo
la 1
7 w
ere
co
nvic
ted
of
p
rep
ara
tory
acts
o
f re
bellio
n
an
d
crim
inal
co
nsp
iracy.
Th
ey
were
sen
ten
ced
to
p
riso
n
term
s
ran
gin
g fro
m tw
o years
an
d th
ree
mo
nth
s to
eig
ht
an
d a h
alf
years
,
fined 50,000 kwanzas (U
S$300) fo
r co
urt
co
sts
an
d ja
iled
. Fifte
en
of
them
w
ere
arre
ste
d
in
Jun
e
20
15
in
Lu
an
da,
afte
r o
rgan
is-
ing a re
ad
ing o
f an
ad
ap
tatio
n o
f
Am
eric
an
acad
em
ic G
en
e S
harp
s
19
93
bo
ok,
Fro
m D
icta
tors
hip
to
Dem
ocra
cy: A
Co
ncep
tual F
ram
e-
wo
rk fo
r Lib
era
tion
.
Th
e b
oo
ks
cover
describ
es it
as a b
luep
rint
for n
onvio
len
t resis
tan
ce to
rep
res-
siv
e re
gim
es.
Tw
o m
ore
p
eo
ple
were
arre
ste
d la
ter. A
mo
ng th
e 1
7
were
ra
pp
er
Lu
aty
B
eir
o,
write
r
Do
min
go
s d
a C
ruz a
nd
Nito
Alv
es,
wh
o h
ad
alre
ady h
ad
a b
rush
with
the
syste
m
two
years
earlie
r fo
r
prin
ting 2
0 T-s
hirts
w
ith p
olitic
al
slo
gan
s. T
hey w
ere
accu
sed
of a
cts
of
reb
ellio
n,
pla
nn
ing m
ass civ
il
dis
ob
ed
ien
ce
in
the
cap
ital
an
d
pro
du
cin
g fa
ke p
assp
orts
, am
on
g
oth
er c
harg
es. T
hey w
ere
form
ally
ch
arg
ed
o
n
16
Sep
tem
ber
20
15
with
p
rep
arin
g a re
bellio
n an
d a
co
up
atte
mp
t
again
st
the
pre
si-
den
t. A
mn
esty
In
tern
atio
nal
de-
scrib
ed
th
eir
dete
ntio
n as a tra
v-
esty
of ju
stic
e. B
eir
o a
nd
severa
l
oth
ers
w
en
t o
n
hu
nger
strik
e
to
pro
test
his
d
ete
ntio
n,
with
B
eir
o
main
tain
ing h
is h
un
ger
strik
e fo
r
36
d
ays.
Lu
aty
B
eir
o w
as giv
en
a five-and-a-half year sentence for re
bellio
n a
gain
st th
e p
resid
en
t of
the re
pu
blic
, crim
inal
asso
cia
tion
an
d fa
lsify
ing d
ocu
men
ts.
Activ
-
ist D
om
ingo
s d
a C
ruz, s
ingle
d-o
ut
as th
e gro
up
s le
ad
er,
was giv
en
an
eig
ht-a
nd
-a-h
alf
year
sen
ten
ce
for
reb
ellio
n an
d fo
r crim
inal
as-
so
cia
tion
. C
harg
es o
f p
rep
arin
g a
co
up
again
st
the
pre
sid
en
t w
ere
dro
pp
ed
.
Imm
ed
iate
ly a
fter th
e c
onvic
tion
s,
the activ
ists
la
wyers
lo
dged
tw
o
ap
peals
o
ne b
efo
re th
e S
up
rem
e
Co
urt
an
d
the
oth
er
befo
re
the
Co
nstitu
tion
al
Co
urt.
Th
ey
als
o
lod
ged
a w
rit fo
r h
ab
eas co
rpu
s,
wh
ich
w
as h
eard
by th
e Su
pre
me
Co
urt
on
2
9 Ju
ne.
Th
e C
ou
rt o
r-
dere
d
the
co
nd
ition
al
rele
ase
of
the 17 activists pending a final de-
cis
ion
on
their c
ase.
20 JulyO
n 2
0 Ju
ly, th
e N
atio
nal A
ssem
bly
ap
pro
ved
an
am
nesty
la
w
rela
t-
ing to
crim
es c
om
mitte
d u
p to
11
Novem
ber
20
15
, in
clu
din
g th
ose
rela
ted
to
th
e A
ngo
la 1
7 case.
So
me o
f the 1
7 s
tate
d th
at a
s th
ey
had
co
mm
itted
no
crim
e, th
ey d
id
no
t w
an
t to
b
e gra
nte
d am
nesty
.
Tw
o y
ou
th a
ctiv
ists
were
pu
nis
hed
for
critic
isin
g p
roceed
ings d
urin
g
the tria
l.
13 March
Am
nesty
In
tern
atio
nal
Po
rtugal
deliv
ere
d a h
um
an
rig
hts
p
etitio
n
to th
e A
ngo
lan
em
bassy in
Lis
bo
n,
dem
an
din
g th
at
au
tho
rities gu
ar-
an
tee a
fair tria
l to A
ngo
lan
activ
ist
an
d jo
urn
alis
t R
afa
el
Marq
ues d
e
Mo
rais
. In
M
ay
20
15
, M
arq
ues
was sen
ten
ced
to
six
year
in p
ris-
on
, su
sp
en
ded
fo
r tw
o years
, fo
r
libel
affe
ctin
g 1
2 p
eo
ple
, in
clu
d-
ing g
en
era
ls in
the A
ngo
lan
arm
ed
forc
es,
in
his
b
oo
k
Blo
od
D
ia-
mo
nd
s:
Co
rrup
tion
an
d T
ortu
re in
An
go
la. M
arq
ues a
lleged
that th
ey,
an
d d
irecto
rs o
f th
e C
uan
go
M
in-
ing C
om
pany w
ere
resp
on
sib
le fo
r
killin
gs,
tortu
re an
d la
nd
gra
bs in
the countrys diamond fields. W
e w
an
t th
e A
ngo
lan
govern
men
t to
begin
re
sp
ectin
g,
or
at
least
sh
ow
they
resp
ect
hu
man
rig
hts
. W
e
wan
t this
vis
ibility
to s
how
resp
ect
for
hu
man
rig
hts
,
said
A
mn
esty
Inte
rnatio
nal
Po
rtugal
pre
sid
en
t
Su
san
a
Gasp
ar.
Nearly
4
0,0
00
peo
ple
sig
ned
th
e A
mn
esty
p
eti-
tion
o
n b
eh
alf
of
Marq
ues.
Sin
ce
his first
brush w
ith the
law
in 1
99
9, R
afa
el M
arq
ues h
as fa
ced
a
barra
ge o
f co
urt c
ases a
gain
st h
im,
mo
st
on
ch
arg
es
of
defa
matio
n,
aris
ing fro
m exp
oss o
f in
cid
en
ts
of
co
rrup
tion
an
d re
late
d,
invo
lv-
ing senior government figures.
8 November
Am
nesty
In
tern
atio
nal
Secre
tary
-
Gen
era
l Salil
Sh
etty
d
ecla
red
in
Novem
ber
that
the
org
an
isatio
n
was
extre
mely
co
ncern
ed
w
ith
pre
ss
freed
om
an
d
the
situ
atio
n
of
jou
rnalis
ts in
A
ngo
la,
Mo
zam
-
biq
ue
an
d
Eq
uato
rial
Gu
inea.
Angola 2016 violations & victories
-
S
o T
his
is D
em
ocra
cy? 2
016
21
Sh
etty
said
Am
nesty
was k
eep
ing
a close eye on Angola, specifi
-
cally
in re
sp
ect o
f pre
ssu
re b
ein
g
applied on journalists. He added
that the organisations new office
in Jo
han
nesb
urg
w
as m
on
itorin
g
the s
ituatio
n.
December 27
Rafa
el
Marq
ues d
e M
ora
is,
wh
o
run
s th
e an
ti-co
rrup
tion
w
eb
site
Maka A
ngo
la, a
nd
Maria
no
Br
s,
of
the
weekly
, O
C
rime,
were
ch
arg
ed
w
ith
crim
en
in
juria
,
wh
ich
is s
imila
r to in
su
lt law
s, th
e
jou
rnalis
ts to
ld C
PJ.
Marq
ues d
e
Mo
rais
told
CP
J that a
pro
secu
tor
qu
estio
ned
h
im fo
r th
ree h
ou
rs
on
Decem
ber 2
7 b
efo
re c
harg
ing
him
w
ith crim
en
in
juria
over
an
artic
le
he
wro
te
an
d
pu
blis
hed
on
Maka A
ngo
la in
Octo
ber. T
he
artic
le
alle
ged
w
ron
gd
oin
g
by
An
go
las
atto
rney
gen
era
l, Jo
o
Maria
d
e So
usa,
in h
is p
urc
hase
of s
tate
-ow
ned
lan
d. A
su
mm
on
s
was
issu
ed
fo
r h
im
to
pre
sen
t
him
self
at
the In
terio
r M
inis
trys
Crim
inal
Investig
atio
n
Serv
ices
for in
terro
gatio
n a
bo
ut a
n a
lleged
in
su
lt again
st
the co
un
trys
A
t-
torn
ey G
en
era
l. Th
e in
su
lt,
an
alle
ged
sla
nd
er,
rela
ted
to
th
e
pu
blic
atio
n
of
evid
en
ce
sh
ow
-
ing
that
bu
sin
ess
dealin
gs
by
Gen
era
l Jo
o
M
aria
M
ore
ira d
e
So
usa,
An
go
las
A
ttorn
ey
Gen-
era
l, w
ere
co
ntra
ven
ing b
oth
th
e
co
nstitu
tion
an
d
the
law
. B
rs,
wh
o
rep
ub
lish
ed
th
e
artic
le
in
his
p
ap
er,
told
C
PJ
he w
as q
ues-
tion
ed
for th
ree h
ou
rs th
e fo
llow
-
ing
day,
befo
re
bein
g
ch
arg
ed
with
the s
am
e c
rime. B
rs s
aid
he
was q
uestio
ned
ab
ou
t th
e vera
c-
ity o
f the re
po
rt in h
is p
ap
er a
nd
for
deta
ils ab
ou
t w
ho
ow
ned
th
e
pu
blic
atio
n.
18 JulyO
n a m
ore
u
pb
eat
no
te, T
ere
sa
Fu
qu
iad
i o
f Jo
rnal
Nova G
aze-
ta w
as a
finalist in
the C
NN
M
ultiC
ho
ice
Afric
an
Jo
urn
al-
ist A
ward
s,
wh
ich
saw
a re
co
rd
nu
mb
er
of
ap
plic
an
ts,
16
37
,
from
38
co
un
tries.
O ano
2016
no
foi
dife
rente
de
qu
alq
ue
r
ano
no
que
diz
re
speito
a te
mas que
do
min
ara
m
dia
-a-d
ia
mas certa
mente
fo
i bem
m
ais
in
tenso.
Os a
ngola
nos d
era
m a
s b
oas v
indas a
o
novo ano com
fo
rtes re
ssacas do ano
anterior tudo aquilo que ficou por conclu
ir, com
o j
de costu
me,
com
gra
ndes quest
es que se arra
sta
m por
anos ante
s de apare
cer
um
a solu
o.
Desta
cam
-se entre
este
s,
o debate
ora
sim
, ora
no, s
obre
a s
ucesso d
o P
resi-
dente
Jo
s Eduard
o dos Santo
s,
pro
ces-
sos ig
ualm
ente
ora
sim
, ora
no, c
ontra
jorn
alis
tas por
fazere
m o seu tra
balh
o,
em especfico, R
afael Marques, e por
ltim
o,
mas no m
enos im
porta
nte
, a
regula
o o
ra s
im o
ra n
o, o
ra s
im, o
ra
no,
da com
unic
ao socia
l, que con-
tinua p
endente
desde a
pro
mulg
ao d
a
Lei d
e Im
pre
nsa e
m 2
006.
Habem
us presidentum?
A in
certe
za sobre
a eventu
al
sad
a da
poltic
a do pre
sid
ente
D
os Santo
s,
de
74
anos,
pers
iste
, apesar
da
evid
n-
cia
esm
agadora
de q
ue a
gora
a
srio
.
Com
as ele
ies le
gis
lativ
as pro
gra
ma-
das p
ara
o d
ia 2
3 d
e A
gosto
do c
orre
nte
ano, parece que Dos Santos finalm
ente entre
gar
o p
oder d
epois
de q
uase q
ua-
tro dcadas.
Em
te
rmos da nova con-
stitu
io de 2010,
o pas
deix
ou de te
r