By Jesse Sanzari and Yuna Chung (GATE 8)

“So the word 'why' not only taught me to ask, but also to think. And thinking has never hurt anyone. On the contrary, it does us all a world of good.” – Anne Frank

Welcome to Mirror Mirror!Admission Fee - $10

1. Timeline

3. Who

2. Where

4. Mirror Mirror…

To become the fairest of them all, you must know why things occurred. The

exhibits will explain the reasoning of why the Holocaust occurred and how we can

stop something like this to happen again.

Sources Used

By seeing these two timelines, you will be able to identify the

gradual increase of anti-Semitism and how it

lead to the Holocaust.

Timeline #1

Timeline #2

Timeline of Anti-Semitism (Before 1930)

753 BC – Roman Empire

500 ~1750 – Middle Ages

1348 – Black Plague in Europe

1480 – Spanish Inquisition

1290 – England expelled all of its Jews.

1306 – France expelled all Jews.

753 BC – Roman Empire

• Temple in Jerusalem had been rebuilt three times due to damage – by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylonia, Judaea’s foreign rulers, and Herod the Great

• Accused Jews as “Christ Killer”• Jews had no citizenship• Byzantium (ancient Greek city) enforced anti-Jewish

laws and that all Jews disappear from the eastern Roman Empire in 527

• Jews banished from Rome in 139 BC• Jewish-Roman Wars from 66 to 135 A.D.

Rome vs. Jewish Rebels

500 ~1750 – Middle Ages• Jews were classified as different & strange• Jews were forbidden to own land, and so

they could not be farmers – Jews became money lenders

• King (all rulers were Christians) threw the Jews out of his kingdom & made a law saying that Christians did not have to pay Jews back the money that had borrowed

• Jews were deported may be the reason Hitler deported all Jews to ghettos with the thought of “because people did this in the past, its okay to do it now.”

1348 – Black Plague in Europe• When the Black Plague spread throughout

Europe, Jews were accused for poisoning the water

• Many Christians in Germany blamed the disease on the Jews and again killed Jews, so many Jews moved to Poland for safety

• Christians everywhere in Europe went on a murderous rampage against Jews and burned them alive wherever they found them

1480 – Spanish Inquisition• Anti-Semitism that swept across medieval Europe and

arrived to Spain in the 14th century – tensions between Christians and Jews

• Was several inquisitions that occurred between the 12th and 19th centuries

• Was the period of persecution of heretics (a baptized member of the Roman Catholic Church who disavows a revealed truth), Jews, and others from the 15th to 17th centuries

Timeline of Increased Anti-Semitism (World War 2, Holocaust)

1930

1933

1935

1938

1939

1941 & Result

1930• September 14, 1930- Germans elect Nazis

making them the 2nd largest political party in Germany.

• This indicates the beginning of Germany’s power. As the years go by, Germany’s power increases. The Nazi Party has the authority and power to usurp and harm Jews and other individuals not set to be a part of society without any penalty.

1933

• January 30, 1933: Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany.

• Now Hitler has the authority and the citizens’ attention to eliminate all Jews and other individuals who were not set to be a part of the society.

1933• March 12, 1933: The first concentration camp

at Oranianburg outside Berlin opened. • The first concentration camps in Germany

were established soon after Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January 1933.

• After this camp, many more are set up. These camps serve as place for physical and inhumane anti-Semitic acts take place.

These are the very first prisoners to arrive at Oranian burg.

1933

• April 1, 1933 – There was a one day Nazi boycott of Jewish owned shops.

• The boycott was organized by local Nazi party chiefs.

• Many Germans continued to shop in Jewish-owned stores.

• This event marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign by the Nazi party against the entire German Jewish population.

Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister of propaganda, speak about the boycott of Jewish-owned shops.

1933• May 10, 1933: Public burning of books written by

Jewish people, political dissidents (protestors), and others who were not approved by the state.

• German university students burned 25,000 volumes of “un-German” and immortal books.

• One of the books being written by a beloved German Jewish poet Heinrich Heine, who wrote in his 1820-1821 play Almansor the famous caution, "Where they burn books, they will also ultimately burn people."

Click this link to see an actual footage of the burning on May 10, 1933: http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_fi.php?ModuleId=10005852&MediaId=158

1935• September 15, 1935: German Jews stripped of

rights by Nuremberg Race Laws. • Jews were excluded from Reich citizenship and

prohibited from marrying with Germans. • The Germans identified Jew by seeing their

family history: if he or she must had three or our Jewish grandparents, he or she is Jewish.

Click on this link to see Hitler’s speech at the Nuremberg Laws. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iY56JpRkD0&bpctr=1361684866

This artifact is in the National Archives presently. This states that Jews cannot marry Germans.

1938 • November 9/10, 1938: Kristallnacht - The Night of Broken Glass

• Night of Broken Glass - shattered store windowpanes that covered German streets.

• Was a series of violent anti-Jewish pogroms throughout Germany, Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops.

• In result - 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed, 900 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed, 30,000 Jewish men deported to concentration camps (Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen).

This article was written on Friday, November 11, 1938.

1939

• January 30, 1939: Hitler threatens Jews during Reichstag speech.

• Hitler declares the horrifying resolution to the "Jewish problem”.

• “If the international finance-Jewry inside and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations into a world war yet again, then the outcome will not be the victory of Jewry, but rather the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!”

1941• Hitler appoints Reinhard

Heydrich to implement the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question.”

• This position gave Heydrich the power to crush Czech resistance and to push for deportations of Czech Jews to Poland.

• Previously, Heydrich ran the Prussian Gestapo, the largest political police force in the Reich.

• It is an inexplicable horror that the “elimination” of all Jews was classified as the “Jewish Question”.

Result

• After 1939 about 6 million Jews were killed in the countries that Hitler controlled. Gypsies, homosexuals, mentally and physically disabled people and others who were against Hitler were also killed in the Holocaust.

Where?

Places, such as, horrific concentration camps and terrible

conditioned ghettos, affected everyone involved in the

Holocaust by showing the true horror of how inhumane people

can be.

Dachau

Was one of the first concentration camps – opened in March 22, 1933

Became the model for other death camps that are later to be built

As a result of the Kristallnacht, more than 10,000 Jewish men were in Dachau

Prisoners were tested by medical experiments, including high-altitude experiments using a decompression chamber, malaria and tuberculosis experiments, hypothermia experiments, and experiments testing new medications

Hundreds of prisoners died or were permanently disabled as a result of these experiments.

Auschwitz—Birkenau Largest death campTrains arrived at Auschwitz-

Birkenau with transports of Jews from every country in Europe occupied by or allied to Germany

Most were from Hungary – 426,0001.1 million Jews were deported More than 960,000 Jews were killed Three sub camps

1. Opened in May 19402. Opened in October 19413. Opened in October 1942

ChelmenoLocated in Poland First euthanasia camp where victims were

executed by gas chambers that looked like shower stalls

Euthanasia camps like Chelmeno also secretly gave lethal injections to the prisoners

320,000 people were exterminated

This is the site where the SS shot and burned the last 45 of 48 prisoners at Chelmno.

BuchenwaldOne of the largest concentration campsSS carried out shootings in the stables and

hangings in the crematorium areaMedical experiments, viruses and contagious

diseases, such as, typhus, cholera, and diphtheria, were tested on the prisoners

SS Dr. Carl Vaernet conducted experiments that he claimed would “cure” homosexual inmates

Elie Wiesel, author of “Night”, was a prisoner here

ChelmenoLocated in Poland First euthanasia camp where victims were

executed by gas chambers that looked like shower stalls

Euthanasia camps like Chelmeno also secretly gave lethal injections to the prisoners

320,000 people were exterminated

This is the site where the SS shot and burned the last 45 of 48 prisoners at Chelmno.

BuchenwaldOne of the largest concentration campsSS carried out shootings in the stables and

hangings in the crematorium areaMedical experiments, viruses and contagious

diseases, such as, typhus, cholera, and diphtheria, were tested on the prisoners

SS Dr. Carl Vaernet conducted experiments that he claimed would “cure” homosexual inmates

Elie Wiesel, author of “Night”, was a prisoner here

Sachsenhausen• Second concentration camp opened at

Oranienburg in 1936• Many prisoners died due to lack of food and

incredible cruelties of the SS• Set the standard for other concentration camps –

its design and the treatment of prisoners• 100,000 inmates died from exhaustion, disease,

malnutrition or pneumonia from the freezing winter cold

• Many were executed or died as the result of brutal medical experimentation

A prisoner of Sachsenhausen after the liberation of the Soviet Army.

Berlin (Germany) City in which the Reichstag Speech was given to

the Reichstag (seat of the German Parliament) on January 30, 1939

Reichstag Speech was a public threat against all Jews

Reichstag Speech provided a horrifying resolution to the "Jewish problem"

Warsaw GhettoGermans deported about 265,000

Jews from Warsaw to Treblinka killing center

In response to the deportations, several Jewish underground organizations created an armed self-defense unit known as the Jewish Combat Organization

Conducted the largest Jewish uprising from July 22 – September 12 of 1942

Jewish fighters were armed with pistols and fought their German leaders

Inspired other uprisings by ghettos

TeresienstadtDanish leaders were persistent that the Danish Red

Cross visit the Danish deportees to gather information on their treatment

Model concentration camp used to deceive the Danish Red Cross International Red Cross when visited in June 1944

Gardens were planted, houses were painted, and barracks were renovated and the Nazis staged social and cultural events

After visit, Germans resumed deportations from Theresienstadt until October 1944

This is a photograph of the children at Teresienstadt on the day of the visit.

Who

Countries For &

Against

Victims, Perpetrators,

Rescuers, Bystanders

Countries Involved in the Holocaust

For

• Nations in which Germany had collaborated by committing anti-Semitic acts against the Jews:

• Italy• Japan• Hungary

Against

The Allies:• United States• Soviet Union• United Kingdom • Netherlands• Belgium• China • France

Germany, Italy, Japan • These three countries signed the Tripartite Pact (also

known as the Axis Alliance). • Germany chose the two nations because:A) Germany knew the countries’ hegemony (control over land):• Italy: Mediterranean• Japan: East Asia & Pacific • Because as of a result of World War 1, Germany lost land in

Europe.

B) Had two common interests:• Territorial expansion• Destruction of Soviet Union (was the first totalitarian state to

establish itself after World War One) (Totalitarian = dictatorial government)

• None of the allied countries wanted Jewish immigrants.

Germany, Italy, Japan (continued)• Italy’s failed attempt to conquer Greece.• Italy was the first Axis partner to give up.• Japan fought on alone, surrendering formally on

September 2, 1945.

Hungary • Joined the Tripartite because they saw that

Germany, Italy, and Japan were powerful. Hungary knew that if they were to go against the countries, Hungary would be defeated by the strong forces of the three countries.

• As of a result, they issued anti-Jewish legislation and supported the inhumane and inexplicable anti-Semitic acts towards the Jews.

• Hungary never surrendered.

The Allies• US,UK, Soviet Union, France, China, Netherlands, Belgium are considered

“The Allies”.

• They were against Germany in all that they did. They were against the harsh treatment of the Jewish people and the concentration camps.

• United States-bombed the Buchenwald Concentration camp, freeing thousands of prisoners.

• Soviet Union-Throughout 1942-44 the Soviet Union resisted the German advance, and the defeat of the German 6th Army at Stalingrad is considered a major turning point of the war. In April 1943, members of the Belgian resistance held up the twentieth convoy train to Auschwitz, and freed 231 people.

• Netherlands-The Netherlands became an Allied member after being invaded in 1940 by Germany, and began attacks on Germany and Poland.

• Belgium, a neutral country before the war, became an Allied member after being invaded on 10 May 1940 by Germany. They retaliated and bombed concentration camps. They freed thousands of prisoners.

• China-Pressured the Nationalist Government to grant the Communists state and military positions in the government.

• France-The Battle of France in May–June 1940, which resulted in the defeat of the Allies, the fall of the French Third Republic and the creation of the rump state Vichy France which received diplomatic recognition by the major part of the international community, including the government of the United States.

• UK-Gave surprise attacks on Germany after becoming on of “The Allies.”

• In May 1940, German forces had overrun Belgium, the Netherlands and northern France using Blitzkrieg (‘Lightening War’) tactics. With the USA and the Soviet Union both still hesitant in isolationism, Britain now stood alone against Nazi Germany.

• Most all 7 countries created resistances and succeeded in freeing Jewish people and the other prisoners of the Nazis.

Who?

Victims

Rescuers

Perpetrators

Bystanders

Belgian Resistance(Belgium)• In April 1943, members of the Belgian resistance

held up the twentieth convoy train to Auschwitz, and freed 231 people.

• Belgium was another of the many countries included in Germany’s allied forces.

Belgian soldiers that belong to the Belgian Resistance Forces.

Miep Gies- Rescuer (Netherlands)• Miep Gies, the woman who tried to save Anne Frank and her

family, is one of the most famous because of the wide distribution of The Diary of Anne Frank.

• Miep Gies was from Netherlands, one of the many countries of Germany’s allies.

Estelle Sapir-Victim (Poland)• Estelle Sapir (c. 1926 – 13 April 1999) was

a Polish Jewish Holocaust survivor who achieved a measure of fame for her successful battle with the Swiss banking industry, in particular Credit Suisse, after a half-century of fighting for the return of her family's money, which had been deposited by her father, Józef Sapir, before he was sent to his death in the Nazi concentration camp at  during World War II.

René Blum-Victim (France)• René Blum was arrested on 12 December 1941 in

his Parisian home, among the first Jews to be arrested in Paris by the French Police. He was held in the Beaune-la-Rolande camp, then in the Drancy Internment Camp. On September 23, 1942 he was shipped to the Auschwitz concentration camp where he was killed by the Nazis.

Adolf Hitler

• Leader of Nazi Party• Chancellor of Germany of the Third Reich from 1933-1945• Encouraged others to blame the Jews for Germany’s status • Publically harassed the Jews in the Reichstag Speech: • “If the international finance-Jewry inside and outside

Europe should succeed in plunging the nations into a world war yet again, then the outcome will not be the victory of Jewry, but rather the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!”

• Had a passion for destruction, ruthless hatred, and the massacre of millions of innocent people

Josef Mengele • Was known as the “Angel

of Death”• Know for pseudo-medical

experiments especially on twins and Gypsies

• Assigned SS garrison physician of Auschwitz

• Examined the prisoners for the Selection

Innocent twins, such as these young girls, would be experimented by Dr. Mengele.

Pope Pius XII• Born in Rome, Italy as Eugenio

Pacelli• Appointed Pope on March 2,

1939• Only let Jews into Italy if they

were baptized and would convert to Catholicism. Later, the Jews that entered Italy were revoked because they began to practice Judaism again and the Pope did nothing to stop it.

• Did not do anything else except stay neutral so he would not affect Catholicism in German lands.

German Citizens, Nazi Party, SS Guards…• The categories of people named above saw the

harsh, dehumanizing acts and said nothing. • They were merely scared of the consequences

that would follow if they had said “stop” or spoke for the unheard voices.

• Their actions show that they are as equally guilty as the perpetrators because they had the voice to speak, but chose not to.

Why is it Important to Know “When, Where, Who, and Why”?• “Ever since I was a little girl and could

barely talk, the word 'why' has lived and grown along with me. Even when I was older, I couldn't stop asking questions. When I got older, I noticed that not all questions can be asked and that many whys can never be answered. So the word 'why' not only taught me to ask, but also to think. And thinking has never hurt anyone. On the contrary, it does us all a world of good.”

• “How wonderful it is that nobody need wait a single moment before starting to improve the world.”

• Knowing why helps us prevent something terrible like the Holocaust from happening again.

WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST OCCUR?

Why did countries and individuals do such inexplicably horrifying things to Jews?

Why were Jews tormented?

Why did no one care?

Why were people helping?

People Thought it was Okay to Repeat History. • As you observed from the timeline, you can see that

anti-Semitism had begun long before the start of World War II.

• In a time of Germany’s crisis, they needed a solution to regain their economy and hegemony status - they needed someone to blame. To figure out who to blame was simple - they chose the Jews because they were already victims of anti-Semitism in the past.

• For instance, why did Hitler deport people to ghettos? Because it was done in the past. In the Middle Ages, Jews were deported to ghettos. Thus, Hitler must have thought, “Because people did this in the past, its okay to do it now.”

On the other hand, why were people helping? • Because they knew repeating history was bad. • When something bad has happened, we have the

intention to think “forget the past”…that is wrong. Like Confucius said, “Study the past if you would define the future.” People need to be aware of what has happened before them in order to create a solid foundation for their future.

• The past should never be forgotten. “The past is never dead.” (William Faulkner)

How can we prevent an event like the Holocaust from occurring again?

1. Study the past – Just because something happened before, does not give anyone the right to think it is “good” and repeat it. The past is filled with terrible mistakes and events that should be recognized to never appear in our future. Educating children is key to having a future with no negativity.

2. Stop the hate and spread the love – The little jokes about Jews grew to become an inexplicably terrifying anti-Semitic event – the Holocaust. Stop the hate before it’s too late. We can do this in our everyday lives – stick up for those who are bullied or tell a teacher or a trusted adult. If you are one who teases, learn how to accept differences because spreading the love goes a long way, too.

Pyramid of Hate

Anti-Semitism has been around for millenniums. Even as far back as May 16, 474 BC (one day before Passover), a decree was sent to all satraps that they were to kill the Jews on March, 8 473 BC.

Hitler knew that Germany was in a state of financial crisis and felt that the country needed a specific person(s) to blame. Since it had been done before in history and there were Jewish people in Germany, Hitler chose to blame Germany’s problems on Jewish people.

Words of a Survivor • Was from Sighet (present-

day part of Romania, but past in Hungary)

• Wrote a memoir “Night” that was originally titled “And the World Has Remained Silent”

• “I swore never to be silent whenever and wherever human beings endure suffering and humiliation.”

We all need to learn from the past and avoid letting people repeat the horrible events from the past. To do so, we have to educate everyone on how the Holocaust deeply effected people, families, communities, and the whole world. In addition, everybody is equal and nobody deserves to be treated like they are inferior to anybody else. Everybody needs and deserves to be treated with respect, kindness, caring, compassion, and love. By recognizing the horrible acts that have occurred in the past, we can ensure a brighter, more loving future for all.

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