snehal ob presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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PREPARED BY
SNEHAL JAMBHALE
MFM 1
Presentation ofPerceptual Errors &
Effect of it on Decisionin Organisation
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INDEX
Meaning Of Perception
Factors That Influence the Perceiver
Factors that Influence the Target
Perceptional Management Strategies
Examples of Perception
Errors of Perception
How Perceptional Errors Affect Decision in Organisation.
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MEANING OF PERCEPTION
Perceptionisdefinedastheprocessbywhichindividualsselect,organize,andinterprettheinputfromtheirsensestogivemeaningandordertotheworldaroundthem.
Perceptionmeansbetterdescribesone'sultimateexperienceoftheworldandtypicallyinvolvesfurtherprocessingofsensoryinput.
Perceptionmeanstobetterdescribesone'sultimateexperienceoftheworldandtypicallyinvolvesfurtherprocessingofsensoryinput.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE
PERCEIVER
Followingarethefactorsthatinfluencetheperceiver:
Schema:Organizationandinterpretationof
informationbasedonpastexperiencesandknowledge.
Motivational state:needs,values,anddesiresofaperceiveratthetimeofperception.
Mood:emotionsoftheperceiveratthetimeofperception.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE TARGET
Followingarethefactorsthatinfluencethetarget:
Ambiguity:alackofclarity.Ifambiguityincreasing,the
perceivermayfindithardertoformanaccurateperception.Social status:apersonsrealorperceivedpositioninsocietyorinanorganization.
Impression management:anattempttocontroltheperceptionsorimpressionsofothers.Targetsarelikelyto
useimpressionmanagementtacticswheninteractingwithperceiverswhohavepoweroverthem.Severalimpressionmanagementtacticsincludebehavioralmatchingbetweenthetargetofperceptionandtheperceiver,self-promotion(presentingonesselfinapositivelight),conformingto
situationalnorms,appreciatingothers,orbeingconsistent.
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PERCEPTIONAL MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES
Thereareninestrategiesforperceptionmanagement.Theseinclude:
Preparation:Havingcleargoalsandknowingtheidealpositionyouwantpeopletohold.
Credibility:Makesureallofyourinformationisconsistent,oftenusingprejudicesorexpectationstoincreasecredibility.
Multichannel support :Havemultipleargumentsand
fabricatedfactstoreinforceyourinformation.Centralized control :Employingentitiessuchaspropagandaministriesorbureaus.
Security:Thenatureofthedeceptioncampaignis
knownbyfew.
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PERCEPTIONAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Cont
Flexibility:Thedeceptioncampaignadaptsandchangesovertimeasneedschange.
Coordination:Theorganizationorpropagandaministryisorganizedinahierarchicalpatterninorder
tomaintainconsistentandsynchronizeddistributionofinformation.
Concealment:Contradictinginformationisdestroyed.
Untruthful statements :Fabricatethetruth.
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EXAMPLES OF PERCEPTION
1)WhenwecometoknowthatoneofourfriendsfatherisamilitarymanorretireMajorweperceivedthathe
mustbeverystrict,disciplined,alwayswantstogiveorderetc.Withoutknowingthepersonweinterpretthis.
2)Intelevisionwhenweseesomeadvertisementofa
productofaparticularcompanyweperceivedthattheproductmustbegoodasitisfromthewellknowncompany&everyonelikedit,thenitmustbegoodenough.Withoutknowingwhatexactlytheproductis
wepurchaseit.
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PERCEPTION ERRORS IN
ORGANISATION
Perception Errors
RegencyEffect
PrimacyEffect
HaloEffect
FalseConsensu
s Effect
Perceptual Defence
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PERCEPTION ERRORS IN ORGANISATIONExplanation:
1) Halo Effect:Haloeffectmeanswhenourgeneralimpressionofapersonisbasedonlikeoneprominentcharacteristic,whichdominatesourperceptionofothercharacteristicsofthatperson.E.g.apersonissometimeslatesothemanagerformsanegativeimpressionofthepersonandfromthenonseeseverythingtheemployeedoesnegatively.
2) Primacy effect:Ouropinionofpeopleisbasedonthefirst
informationweformaboutthem.Weevaluatethepersonbasedonourfirstimpressionofthem,soifwehadagoodfirstimpressionwewouldviewthatpersoninafavorablelight.
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PERCEPTION ERRORS IN ORGANISATION
3)Regency effect:Whenthemostrecentinformationdominatesourperceptionofothers.Whenamanagerevaluatesanemployee'sperformance,themostrecentperformancedominatessoifthelastthingtheemployeedidwassignabigcontractwithasupplier
thanthemangerwillhaveaverypositiveimpressionoftheemployee.
4)False consensus effect:Whereweoverstatetheextenttowhichothershavebeliefsandcharacteristicssimilarto
ourown.Whenwewanttoquitourjobwethinkthatalotofotherpeoplearealsothinkingaboutquittingtheirjob,likewethinkthat"everyonedoesitorthinksso.
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PERCEPTION ERRORS IN ORGANISATION
5) Perceptual defense:Thetendencyforpeopletoprotectthemselvesagainstideas,objects,orsituationsthatarethreatening.
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HOW PERCEPTUAL ERRORS EFFECTS
DECISION MAKING IN AN ORGANISATION
1) Person Perception in the Selection Interview:Theinterviewisadifficultsettinginwhichtoformaccurateimpressionsaboutothers.Interviewersoften
adopt"perceptualcrutchesthathinderaccurateperception.Forexample,whenapplicantspreviouslyinterviewedaffecttheinterviewer'sperceptionofacurrentcandidate,weseethecontrasteffect.Previouslyinterviewedjobapplicantsaffectaninterviewersperceptionofacurrentapplicant,leadingtoanexaggerationofdifferencesbetweenapplicants.Theseeffectscanhelporhinderacurrentinterview,andcancreatefalseimpressionsofa
candidate'squalifications.
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HOW PERCEPTUAL ERRORS EFFECTS DECISION
MAKING IN AN ORGANISATION CONT
2)Person Perception and Performance Appraisal :Organizationsneedtomeasureperformancefordecisionsaboutpayraises,promotions,andtrainingneeds.Thisinvolvestheuseofobjectiveandsubjectivemeasuresof
performance.2)a) Objective and Subjective Measures : Objectivemeasures, such as attendance records and sales figures,can be used to measure performance. These aremeasures that do not involve a substantial degree ofhuman judgment. At times, however, subjective measuressuch as rating scales and observers' opinions are alsoused to measure performance. However, observers areconfronted by a number of perceptual roadblocks and
rater errors.
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HOW PERCEPTUAL ERRORS EFFECTS
DECISION MAKING IN AN ORGANISATION
CONT
2)b) Rater Errors : When subjective performance is
measured, several rater errors can occur. Leniency
refers to the tendency to perceive the performance ofratees as especially good. Harshness is the tendencyto perceive the performance of ratees as especiallyineffective. Central tendency involves assigning most
ratees to middle-range performance categories.