snapshots of the future: opportunities for non-residential ......hhhh hhhhh h hhhh h h h h hh 0 5 10...

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Stephen SelkowitzHead, Building Technologies Department

Snapshots of the Future:Opportunities for Non-Residential

ZNE and Very Low Energy Buildings

Environmental Energy Technologies DivisionLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

[email protected]

Emerging Technologies Open ForumJuly 8, 2010 Monrovia, CA

Extreme Low Energy Commercial Buildings:Extreme Low Energy Commercial Buildings: Status and Innovation ChallengesStatus and Innovation Challenges

• For some climates and building types we can design, build and operate a Extreme Low Energy Building today—But Complicated, costly, unreliable, requires special

attention,…..• Research and Technical Innovation Challenges:

—How to scale in depth and breadth—How to move from “one of a kind” to standard practice—How to Reduce cost, increase reliability—Address all climates—Address all building types

• Policy, Economic, Political Innovation Challenges


Scale and Impact: ET as Approach to Achieve Sector-wide Efficiency Goals?

Narrow WideShallow

Deep

Dep

th

Breadth

• Incremental change on existing technology

• Tighten standards; tune up & retrofit programse.g. ESCOs 5-20% Savings

• Major advances in components• Demonstration projects• Limited deployment in systems

e.g. Research, Demonstrations50% to Zero Net Energy

• Systems approach: integrate advanced components, optimize energy, comfort, cost

• Capture social equity, health, comfort, productivity issues

• Private/public partnership - Business case, risk reduction and credible third party data

Emerg

ing Tec

h

Buildings Buildings ““Grand ChallengeGrand Challenge””

• Focus on Life Cycle of the Building— Design Construction Operations Decommissioning

• Focus on Integrated Smart Building Systems— Materials Devices Integrated Systems Buildings

• Focus on “intersection” of Technology and Policy— Innovative, Disruptive technologies — Occupant behavior, life style, satisfaction, comfort— Investment and Decision making

• Focus on Measurable, Documented Energy Impacts— Make performance visible and understandable


Building Innovation “Game Changers” for NZEB

MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS• Smart Glass/Dynamic solar control• High R Windows, Insulation• Thermal Storage- Envelope, structural

• 200 lumen/watt lighting• Daylight integration• Dimmable, Addressable Lighting Controls

• Task Conditioning HVAC• Climate Integrated HVAC• HVAC vs comfort and IEQ

• Miscellaneous Electrical Loads

• Demand Response• Controls infrastructure- sensors, networks• Building- and Grid- Smart electronics• Electrical Storage

LIFE-CYCLE OPERATIONS

• Building Life Cycle Perspective• Benchmarks and Metrics• Building Information Models (BIM)• Integrated Design Process and Tools• Building Operating Controls/Platform• Building Performance Dashboards

• Understanding Occupants/Behavior• Facility Operations


Information-Technology based Building Life-Cycle Integration View

Commissioning Tools & Active

Tests

DesignDesign

OperationsOperations

Design ToolsEnergy Tools

Retrofit Tools

Automated Diagnostic

Tools

CommissioningCommissioning

ConstructionConstruction

Information Monitoring& Diagnostic System

Local / web-based

Metrics,Program

Requirements

Building Information

Model

Maintenance & Operations

OccupancyOccupancy

RenovationRenovationandand

DecommissioningDecommissioning

buildingSMARTbuildingSMARTData modelData model

Making Performance Visible e.g.: European building energy certificates

Display energy certificates based on actual energy use, not theoretical. Save real, not virtual emissions.Transparency between expectations and outcomes.Multiple performance indicatorsCalifornia is launching similar initiatives, e.g. AB1103Improve operator performanceImprove “market” performance

Subtleties:Asset RatingOperational Rating

Web-based Decision Support Tool “Action-oriented benchmarking”

extends whole-building benchmarkingWhole Building Energy Benchmarking

Action-Oriented Energy Benchmarking

Investment-Grade Energy Audit

Screen facilities for overall potential

Minimal data requirements(utility bills, building features)

Identifies and prioritizes specific opportunities

Requires sub-metered end-use data; may require additional data logging

Highly applicable for RCx and CCx

Estimates savings and cost for specific opportunities

Requires detailed data collection, cost estimation, financial analysis

Necessary for retrofits with capital investments

EnergyIQ.lbl.gov

““Smart Building SkinsSmart Building Skins””

Operable façade components: Motors or actuators for shading devices, light-redirecting elements, operable windows, or switchable glass coatings

Interior or exterior sensors that measure relevant quantities that are used by the controller

Control algorithms: Accepts input from sensors or computations then determines how to position the operable façade components


Integrated R&D Program for Smart Glazings

Mg2 Ni

Invent NewMaterials

CharacterizeCoating

Performance

InventInnovative

Manufacturing Process

Invent/TestIntegratedSystems

InventIntegratedWindow

AssessHumanFactors

AssessSavings

Automated daylight blind: concave-up slats with mirrored coating in upper zone and light grey finish

in lower zone

Time Lapse from Tests in LBNL FaTime Lapse from Tests in LBNL Faççade Test Facility: ade Test Facility: Interior Daylight Luminance Patterns with Dynamic ShadingInterior Daylight Luminance Patterns with Dynamic Shading

Automated Shading Controls Glare Throughout the DayAutomated Shading Controls Glare Throughout the Day

LBNL Façade Test Facility

1 2 3654

321

• Dimmable lighting– Addressable– Affordable (1/3 original cost estimate)– Multifunctional

• Automated Shading– Cooling load control– Glare control

Intelligent Lighting and Intelligent Lighting and Shade ControlShade Control

New York Times HQ New York Times HQ

New York Times office with dimmable lights and automated shading

Occupied 2007


14Optimize Performance of Systems Options in a Full-Scale Mockup

• Evaluate Shading, daylighting, employee feedback and constructability in a ~4500 sf testbed

• Fully instrumented; 1 year testing

• Concerns with glass facade:– Window glare (Tv=0.75)– Control of solar gain/cooling– Daylight harvesting potential

• Lighting Systems– Daylight dimming– Addressable systems– Task tuning– Load Shed/DR

• Real sun and sky conditions, 12- month monitored period

• Support:NYSERDA, DOE, CEC, NY Times

North

AB


Energy/Demand Management with Active Façades+ Daylighting Controls

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Lighting

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Typical commercial building load profile

Peak demand reductions during curtailments

Lighting: 75%Air conditioning: 25%Other: 10%

A/C

Other

Dimmed Lighting

Reduced Solar Gain


Good Lighting Controls (Daylight Dimming) Work

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Day of Year 1990

kWh/12 hr/zoneDaily Energy Use (6 A.M to 6 P.M.)

Data from advanced lighting controls demonstrationin Emeryville, CA (1990) !!!

Energy Use before retrofit:

After retrofit:South zone:North zone:

40-60%Savings

40-80%Savings

Dimming is 3% of lighting sales


Lighting wastes energy because dimming lighting controls are not widely used

Vacancy Detection or SchedulingAutomatic Dimming with DaylightTuning Strategies

Personal dimming controlsInstitutional requirements

Lumen MaintenanceDemand Response

All Lighting Should be:All Lighting Should be:•• DimmableDimmable•• AddressableAddressable•• (Affordable)(Affordable)

Major Lighting Control Major Lighting Control StrategiesStrategies

Windows & Lighting

HVAC

Onsite Power & Heat

Natural Ventilation, Indoor Environment

Building Materials

Appliances

Thermal & ElectricalStorage

System of Systems Integrated Whole Building Approach

Building Design Platform:Tool for Architects to Design New Buildings

With Embedded Energy Analysis

Building Operating Platform Sensors, Communication, Controls,

Real-Time Optimization for Cost, Energy Use, CO2 Footprint

Exploring Intelligent Control SystemsExploring Intelligent Control Systems

Task Requirements

User Preferences

Interior Conditions

Weather Conditions

Load Shedding/Demand Limiting

Signal

SmartControllers

Lighting Systems

(with dimming ballasts, sensors)

Building Performance(cost, comfort,

operations)

Dynamic Window

(active control of daylight, glare, solar gain)

Energy InformationSystem

HVAC

Sensors, meters,…


New Programs/ ET Support1. LBNL Integrated Systems Testbed User Facility:

• $16M ARRA DOE funding• 6 new test beds in operation – 2012-- Test and evaluate emerging tech/systems-- Assess user reaction, operations, etc

2. Commercial Building Partnerships25-30 Buildings: New, Retrofit, Portfolio; aggressive savings

-- Assess tools, document design process-- Measured performance

3. Building Innovation Hub (DOE- TBD)• $130M, 5 yr program

What Not What Not To DoTo Do

• Owners swamped by yet another “program” approach to building energy improvements; numerous discrete (overlapping) programs:

• Audit programs

• Rebate programs

• Benchmark programs

• Commissioning programs

• Retrofit programs

• Load Management programs

For New Buildings:The “determine performance goals, use integrated design approach withstate-of-the-art smart systems, construct and commission, operate to meet targets” Program

For Existing Buildings:The “benchmark your energy use and set goals, actively monitor end use and indoor environmental quality, diagnose and fix problems as they arise -> take operational and/or investment actions to meet goals, and actively monitor feedback, re-evaluate benchmarks in light of costs…” Program

“IT management” problem; Build these programs around a single shared “life-cycle” Building Information Model (BIM)

What’s Needed

DR programsRenewables programsLEED programsEPACT Tax Credit programsTitle 24: Codes and standards( + Life safety, earthquake, disabled access, ….)

Building Owners Need Integrated Programs for Maximum Market Impact with Lowest Cost and Effort

Strategy Portfolio for Getting to Strategy Portfolio for Getting to ““Very Low EnergyVery Low Energy”” or or ““Zero Net EnergyZero Net Energy”” BuildingsBuildings

• Deployment: (5-30% savings)• Identify what works and deploy it widely• Applies to all buildings: new and existing• Mandatory programs: codes and standards• Voluntary programs: incentives

• Demonstrate Emerging Solutions (20-60% savings)• Find underutilized, unproven technologies and systems• R&D to improve, optimize; make them mainstream

• R&D --> Breakthrough Innovations (50-80% savings plus on-site renewable power)• New, more effective, high performance, integrated systems options• Technology, Systems, Process• Lower costs, lower risk

FeedbackMarketForces


Visioning an Energy Future with Cost- Effective, Low-Energy Buildings

“If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses."

– Henry Ford

“The best way to predict the future is to invent it.”

– Alan Kay (pioneer of personal computing, Graphical User Interface, and Object-Oriented Programming)

“Think Big, Start Small, Act Now”

Slide Number 1Extreme Low Energy Commercial Buildings:�Status and Innovation ChallengesScale and Impact: �ET as Approach to Achieve Sector-wide Efficiency Goals?Buildings “Grand Challenge”Building Innovation “Game Changers” for NZEB�Information-Technology based Building Life-Cycle Integration ViewMaking Performance Visible �e.g.: European building energy certificatesWeb-based Decision Support Tool �“Action-oriented benchmarking” �extends whole-building benchmarking“Smart Building Skins”Integrated R&D Program for Smart GlazingsAutomated daylight blind: concave-up slats with mirrored coating in upper zone and light grey finish in lower zoneTime Lapse from Tests in LBNL Façade Test Facility: �Interior Daylight Luminance Patterns with Dynamic Shading�Automated Shading Controls Glare Throughout the DaySlide Number 13Optimize Performance of Systems Options in a Full-Scale MockupEnergy/Demand Management with Active Façades+ Daylighting ControlsGood Lighting Controls (Daylight Dimming) Work�Lighting wastes energy because dimming lighting controls are not widely usedSlide Number 18Exploring Intelligent Control SystemsNew Programs/ ET SupportWhat Not To DoStrategy Portfolio for Getting to “Very Low Energy” or “Zero Net Energy” BuildingsVisioning an Energy Future with Cost-Effective, Low-Energy Buildings

snapshots of the future: opportunities for non-residential ......hhhh hhhhh h hhhh h h h h hh 0 5 10...

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