slack immigration

7/25/2019 Slack Immigration

1/94

A Historical Look at the Status,A Historical Look at the Status,

Engagement and ImplicationsEngagement and Implications

of the Ta Ethne Immigration toof the Ta Ethne Immigration to

the United States from 1775 tothe United States from 1775 to

!!"!!"

A #ersion $e%eloped for theA #ersion $e%eloped for the&A'( Leadership )ele*ration&A'( Leadership )ele*ration


2/94

$ocumentation of This Look At$ocumentation of This Look At

Immigration from 1775 to 1+5!Immigration from 1775 to 1+5!

ill Her*erg-s and .scar Handlin-s /orks, along/ith 0ohn Hansen-s /ork, stand toda as the classic/orks on immigration to the USA up to the 1+5!s2

through ma3or research of their o/n, /hich includedTheir research /as *ased upon the /ork ofhundreds of other social researchers of their era2

That *od of research /hen 3oined /ith researchfrom the 1+"!s to no/ pro%ides clarit and %italunderstanding of our situation toda2


3/94

E4ploring The Ta Ethne 'igrationE4ploring The Ta Ethne 'igration

from 1775 to !!" A2$2from 1775 to !!" A2$2

An old pro%er* sas 6those /ho do notconsider and pa attention to histor are

doomed to repeat it2

There is a more *i*lical focus2 A look at

Israel in the .ld Testament era tells us that/hen Israel ignored 8od and histor, 8od/arned them and instigated their do/nfall2


4/94

The Three 9eriods that Led toThe Three 9eriods that Led to

:uture;Altering )hanges in the USA:uture;Altering )hanges in the USAThe first of the three periodsoccurred *et/een1775 and 1+


5/94

A Look At 1775 to 1+5!;;TheA Look At 1775 to 1+5!;;The

'ain Historical, Social and'ain Historical, Social and

?eligious :actors ?elated to?eligious :actors ?elated toImmigration to the USAImmigration to the USA


6/94

ill Her*erg-s @ .scar Handlin-sill Her*erg-s @ .scar Handlin-s

(asic ?esearch :indings(asic ?esearch :indings

.scar Handlin said in the 1+5!s 6.nce I thought to/rite a histor of the immigrants in America2 Then Idisco%ered that the immigrants were Americanhistory The Uprooted, The Epic Story of the GreatMigrations that Made the American People.=p2 2Little (ro/n, 1+57>

This is the most significant and critical realit forAmerica and American )hristians to understand;;then and now. e /ill e4plore the 6then follo/ed* a look at the 6no/2


7/94

A Look At 1775 to 1+5!BAmerica, AA Look At 1775 to 1+5!BAmerica, A

&ation of 69anta ta ethne Immigrants&ation of 69anta ta ethne Immigrants

America /as founded, gre/ and flourished in terms ofethnic peoples, population, religious adherents andtheir churches2 e /ill e4plore those categories2

Her*erg descri*ed America follo/ing 1"!7 saing 6Thecolonists /ho came to these shores from the time ofthe founding of 0amesto/n in 1"!7 to the out*reak ofthe ?e%olution /ere mostl of English and Scottish

stock, augmented * a considera*le num*er ofsettlers of $utch, S/edish, 8erman, and Irish origin2


8/94



Her*erg and Handlin said in separate researchdocuments in the 1+5!s 6At the time of the?e%olution, this (ritish;9rotestant element =usually,though inaccurately, known as Anglo-Saxon>

constituted at least 75 per cent of the ,!!!,!!!/hites /ho made up the ne/ nation =in 1775>2

C 6In addition, there /ere a*out three Duarters of amillion =75!,!!!> negroes2

C 6The great influ4 =of ethnics> came in the ne4t centur2

C In three huge /a%es, stretching o%er something morethan a hundred ears, o%er 5,!!!,!!! men and

/omen left Europe to come to continental UnitedStates2


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C ( 1+< /hen the great migrations /ere past,the (ritish;9rotestant element had *een

reduced to less than half the population, andAmericans had become linguistically and

ethnically the most dierse people on

earth.=Her*erg and Handlin> That situationhas continued to increase since 1+< to !!"2


10/94



C The melding force from 1775 /as acom*ination of the frontier, economics and thecontinuing /a%es of ethnic immigrant arri%alsfrom 1775 to 1+


11/94

The Economics of ImmigrantsThe Economics of Immigrants

6:rom 1F! to 1+!, Irish, (ohemians, Slo%aks,Hungarians, and man other peoples follo/edeach other in the ser%ice of the pick and sho%el,each earlier group, displaced * ne/comers,mo%ing up/ard in the occupational and socialscaleGIf successi%e /a%es of immigrationser%ed as the push- in this pattern of

occupational ad%ancement, education andacculturation to American /as proided theimmigrants with the opportunity of makingthe most of it,G =Her*erg>


12/94



C The second generation of immigrants assumedthe 3o*s of the %acated first generationimmigrants /ho mo%ed up on 3o* ladder2

C As the frontier mo%ed farther /est/ard and asne/ /a%es of immigrants came to America, themo%ement from menial to managerial 3o*scontinued2

C This kept immigrants from /holesale settlement/ithin ethnic encla%es, e4cept in cities2


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The Americaniation process did produce in thesome/hat melded population a fairl commonEnglish language among the ethnics2

C Ho/e%er, pronounced =pun intended> regional,and some su*;regional, dialectical accents,/orld%ie/ e4pressions and /ord choicesremained unmi4ed /ithin the %arious ethnics2

C Some immigrants staed in cities and oftenduplicated their ethnic status there2


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Americaniation of the %arious European ethnics

C e%en though the learned English for economic

reasons, this language melding did not eraseall of their ethnic identities2

C As /ill *e seen, this language melding did not

erase their religious identit from the oldcountr2 .f all their ethnic Dualities, theirreligious identit came o%er from old countr2


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'ost of the regional dialectical and/orld%ie/ differences can *e traced to ethnic

heritages that persisted2 )onsider the )a3unsin Louisiana2 8erman dair communitiesspotted the nation2 :or other e4amples see the$#$ package entitled The Appalachiansandthe San Antonio, Te4as )atholic 'issions %ideoproduced * the US 9arks and HistoricalSociet2


16/94



American frontier histor shaped and 6meldedonl to a degree the European ta ethnepeoples2

C .%er a t/o;hundred ear period these multipleethnic groups /ere melded mainl into an6Anglo Sa4on or Anglo;Sa4on;oriented

population, at least in terms of language2 It isout of this process that the AS9 aroseBhite Anglo Sa4on 9rotestant2


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American religious denominations, *eginning in 1775and continuing until 1+5!, under/ent classicchanges /hich /ere onl minimall theological2

In the American religious landscape 9rotestantismdominated from the 17!!s to the 1+!!s2

American Indians, /ho /ere almost the onlAmericans in the 15!!s and 1"!!s, and /ho e4isted

in man ethnic groupings, are said * %arioushistorians to ha%e suffered the most *et/een 1775and 1+< as the European ethnics came and settledthe American frontier from the Atlantic to the 9acific2


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The American Indian from 1"!! toThe American Indian from 1"!! to

1+!!1+!!

C The first change /as the o%errunning of theAmerican Indians * the Europeanimmigrants

C .f an estimated !! plus original languagesspoken /ithin the American continent, 175li%ing languages remain =&ational 'useum of

the American Indian, the Smithsonian Inst2>C .ptimum estimates of pre;)olum*ianpopulation /as 15,!!!,!!! to 1F,!!!,!!! =?2$a%id Edmonds of UT$allas>


19/94

The American Indian from 1"!! toThe American Indian from 1"!! to

1+!!1+!!

C ( 1F"! in the continental USA there /ereofficial go%ernment counts or estimates of+,

C ( 1FF! the American Indian count /as!5,5

C Like all earl US )ensus data, this /as *asedupon a pro3ected sample2 The issue is thedecline from 15,!!!,!!! to !",5


20/94

Immigration from 1775 to 1+


21/94

The ?eligious Situation In TheThe ?eligious Situation In The

USA from 1775 to 1+5!USA from 1775 to 1+5!


22/94

The :irst 9eriod of )hange fromThe :irst 9eriod of )hange from

1775 to 1+


23/94

The Si4 ="> Leading )hurchThe Si4 ="> Leading )hurch

8roups in the )olonies in 17F!8roups in the )olonies in 17F!)ongregational =7

AnglicanEpiscopal =

9res*terian =

Lutheran =5 churches>

'ethodist =Less than !! churches>(aptist =A*out !! churches>

)atholics are not included in this comparison


24/94


8roups in the USA in 1F5!8roups in the USA in 1F5!'ethodist

(aptist

9res*terianLutheran

)ongregational

Episcopal=See &eil (raun-s 'aity Mo(ili)ed'aster-s Thesis for

more discussion of this dnamic /ithin US histor2>


25/94


8roups in the USA in 1+5!8roups in the USA in 1+5!(aptist /as first

'ethodist

Lutheran9res*terian

Episcopal

)ongregational /as last=See 0im Slack-s and 0im 'arone-s I'( stud of the

principles and practices of church planting2>


26/94

$iscerning The La of the Land$iscerning The La of the Land

In fact, the se%en in 1775 /ere e4actlre%ersed * 1+5!2

( 1F5! 'ethodists /ere the largest9rotestant denomination in the USA and(aptists /ere second2

( 1+5! Southern (aptists /ere the largestof the se%en and 'ethodists /ere second2


27/94

$iscerning 6The La of the Land$iscerning 6The La of the Land

It is %er informati%e from a historiceangeli*ation and missiological perspectietofollo/ and compare the gro/th dnamics among the7 largest 9rotestant denominations in 1775 /ith the7 largest 9rotestant denominations in 1+5!2

(aptists in 1775, /ho had not et di%ided intot/o ma3or (aptist groups =&orthern and Southern>,

/ere the smallest of all se%en 9rotestantdenominations2 'ethodists /ere ne4t to last2

hat happened that caused this turn;aroundK


28/94

h $id These 8roups 8ro/ @ hh $id These 8roups 8ro/ @ h

$id the .rder End Up ?e%ersedK$id the .rder End Up ?e%ersedK

"ongregationalists/hose polit /as thought to *e*est fitted for the frontier /ent though an 6.ld Lightsand 6&e/ Lights theological contro%ers follo/ed * acomit agreement /ith 9res*terians2 &either of them

reco%ered from that missiological mistake2et, it /as )ongregationalists /ho *rought the initialand ma3or political and religious group /ith a manifestoto the &e/ Land2 And, in 1+!!, )ongregationalists

had 1,!!! missionaries on foreign fields, onl to seethem d/indle during the 1+!!s2


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Anglicanchurches /ere identified /ith theEnglish coloniers, /ith the causes of the

?e%olution and ne%er o%ercame that imageuntil the changed their name2 :e/ realie thatman of the 9uritans and /hat toda are Lo/)hurch Anglicans had gone /ith esle,

forming the foundations of the 'ethodist churchin *oth England and the )oloniesUSA2


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)resbyterianssuffered from the comitagreement *et/een them and the )ongregationalists,

and like the Episcopal churches, their institutionalpreference of land and *uilding, and reDuirements fora theologicall degreed, denominationall chosen andinstalled pastor kept them off the edges of the frontier2

The institutional denominations lagged an a%erageof !! miles *ehind the frontier /here more settledcommunities /ere like them and could afford them2


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+utheransseem to *e the strangeanomal among the si4 denominations2Lutherans did make it to the frontier anddid gro/2 Ho/e%er, persecution and lackof a colon *ase in &e/ England pushedLutherans to 'issouri territor and

north/ard into )anada /here the settled@ gre/ some distance from persecution2


32/94

Ho/ did 'ethodists *ecome :irst inHo/ did 'ethodists *ecome :irst in

1F5! and ?emain Second in 1+5!K1F5! and ?emain Second in 1+5!K

ethodistshad a strateg, a carefulldefined and carefull managed geographic

circuit plan that fitted the frontier2 Their plan/as the 6method found in 6'ethodist2 Theplan, designed * esle for England, /hich

/as ne%er accepted there fit the US frontier6*eautifull2 =This is in Duotes for a reason2>

H did ' h di * :i i


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C 6hen the rigors of circuit riding in the earl das, asthe )hurch mo%ed o%er the countr, are *rought*efore the mind and imagination, the Duestion is

freDuentl asked, Ho/ did the stand itK- The ans/eris The didn-t2- The died under it2 &o group of mene%er li%ed up more full to the truth, He that loosethhis life shall find it2- =pp2


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C 6The died, most of them, *efore their careers/ere much more than *egun2 .f the "5!preachers /ho had 3oined the 'ethodist

itineranc * the opening of the 1+th centur,a*out 5!! had to locate,- a term that /as usedfor those too /orn;out to tra%el further2 'an ofthe rest had to take periods for recuperation2.thers located not *ecause of health, *ut *reason of lack of support and the desire tomarr and esta*lish a home2 =Luccock>


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.f the first 77 circuit riders of the )onferencesto dieBthat is, all /ho died up to 1F


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6'an circuits /ere from !! to "!! miles in lengthG:or instance,in 17+1, :ree*orn 8arrettson /as assigned to a circuit /hichincluded almost half of /hat is no/ the state of &e/ orkGIn1F1< 0ames (2 :inle, on the )ross )reek )ircuit, .hio, had acircuit co%ering more than t/o counties, and preached timeson e%er round2 The salar schedule has an eloDuence of itso/n2 )ash /as almost unkno/n2 In 1F1 (en3amin T2 )rouchrecords recei%ing onl MF to/ard his ear-s allo/ance2 Thesame ear 9eter )art/right recei%ed the highest salar in the

Nentuck )onference;;MF2 (ut /hen he mo%ed, /ith his /ifeand si4 children, to the Sangamon )ircuit, Illinois, he recei%edM


37/94

Ho/ did (aptists *ecome Second inHo/ did (aptists *ecome Second in

1F5! and 8ro/ to :irst * 1+5!K1F5! and 8ro/ to :irst * 1+5!K

ethodism grew faster until after #%/,but 0aptist growth from #// to #12/ isunparalleled. 3rom a little oer #//,/// in

#//, they were approaching &/ million by#12/. =8austad 1+" as Duoted * (raun>

The *asic reason is that (aptist theolog

and polit fitted them *etter for the frontierthan an other denomination of churches2


38/94

8ro/th )haracteristics of (aptists8ro/th )haracteristics of (aptists

C Each local church /as autonomousC )hurches /ere congregational in polit

C(aptist church mem*ers going /est/ere encouraged to plant a church if no(aptist church e4isted /here the settled

C )hurches that emerged met in homes,saloons, hard/are stores, *arns,sta*les, school rooms, under trees, etc2


39/94


C Local churches found their pastor /ithin thematuring *elie%ers in their emerging church

C Local churches called, recognied and

ordained their o/n pastors

C E4perienced pastors tended to itinerate,pastoring ;< other churches

C As frontier to/ns settled in and gre/, somechurches sought pastors from more settledfrontier to/ns to the east


40/94


C ( the mid to late 1F!!s, in settledterritor *ehind the frontier-s leadingedge, as churches there increased in

num*er, in mem*ership sie andsta*ilit, /ith pastors of longer tenure inthe pastorate, reDuests arose for training

C This led to (aptist schools *eing started


41/94


42/94

The La of the Land $iscernedThe La of the Land $iscerned

.%er time, for sure * the earl 1+!!s, as religiousstatus *ecame the leading characteristic of an

American, the (i*le (elt /as forming2 The Americanculture /as de%eloping a stronger )hristian ethic, /ith)hristian %alues as its *ase2 !his base was inpractice for some, and only in the awareness or

conscience-ought to stage for others. It is out of

this *ase that the terms 6AS9 =6hite Anglo;Sa4on9rotestant> and 60udeo;)hristian emerged in themid;1+!!s2

Th ' 3 ) f th I i t


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The 'a3or )oncern of the ImmigrantsThe 'a3or )oncern of the Immigrants

* the 1+!!s* the 1+!!s

!heir big concern was the preseration of

their way of life4 aboe all, the transplanting of

their churches.=pp2 1!;11, Her*erg2>

In his footnotes Her*erg Duotes 'arcus L2Hansen-s research in The Pro(lem of the ThirdGeneration +mmigrant=Augustana Historical Societ,?ock Island, Ill2, 1+F, p2 15 /ho said !he church

was the first, the most important, and the mostsignificant institution that the immigrants

established.


44/94

( 1+5!, ho as an AmericanK( 1+5!, ho as an AmericanK

C ( the earl 1+!!s *eing an 6American cameout of a degree of melding of three generationsof ethnic groups into *eing 6Americans2

C Her*erg-s research disco%ered that * the1+!s, A Triple 'elting 9ot- situation in the UShad de%eloped as the norm2 Ethnic migrationsa/ their language and some of their culture

receded some/hat to the *ackground2 Englishhad *ecome a practical acDuisition of mostethnics, but their religion persisted tobecome the ethnics ma(or identity.


45/94


The singular most identifing characteristicamong most ethnics /ho migrated to the USAfrom 1775 to 1+< /as their religious status2

As their language *ecame mostl English andas the ga%e up some of their cultural identit,the sum of their status as 6Americans settledinto three accepta*le identifing religious

markersB)rotestant, "atholic or 5ew.So, by the #1%/s in the 6SA the identification ofan American was according to one of these threecategories7)rotestant, "atholic or 5ew.


46/94


47/94

A Look At )ulture and ?eligionA Look At )ulture and ?eligion

in the USA1+


48/94


In re%ie/ of /hat /ent *efore, the singular mostidentifing characteristic among most ethnics /homigrated to the USA from 1775 to 1+< /as theirreligious status2 As their language *ecame mostl

English and as the ga%e up some of their culturalidentit, the sum of their status as 6Americans settledinto three accepta*le identifing religiousmarkersB)rotestant, "atholic or 5ew.

So, by the #1%/s in the 6SA the identification of an

American was according to one of these three categories7

)rotestant, "atholic or 5ew.


49/94

The USA ?eligious Scene in 1+5!The USA ?eligious Scene in 1+5!

C In 1775 church mem*ers /ere onl 1! to 1Pof the US population

C ( 1+1! church mem*ers had gro/n to


50/94

The USA ?eligious Scene in 1+5!The USA ?eligious Scene in 1+5!

A )onsideration of )on%ersionsA )onsideration of )on%ersions

6)on%ersions from one communit to the other takeplace, *ut the seem to *e %er small and do notapprecia*l affect the o%er;all picture2 =Her*erg, p2

1"!> =Her*erg Duotes the ear(oo- of AmericanChrches, edition for 1+"!, pp2 "1;" for his data2In the research Her*erg Duotes 1

Almanac, p2


51/94

?eligion in USA in the 1+5!s A?eligion in USA in the 1+5!s A

)onsideration of )on%ersions)onsideration of )on%ersions

(urke-s article, a sur%e * the American Institute of9u*lic .pinion =a 8allup poll> in 1+55 indicated that ofan adult population of +",!!!,!!!, only about 8 per

cent no longer belonged to the religiouscommunity of their birthO of these 1,

9rotestants, a*out 1,!!!,!!! had made changes ofsome other kind2 See also 0ohn A2 .-(rien, o TooCan 4in Sols='acmillan, 1+55>2 =Her*erg-sfootnotes on pages 17!;1712>

A Stud of 'arriage 9atterns fromA Stud of 'arriage 9atterns from


52/94


1F7! to 1+

6In the earl 1+


53/94


1F7! to 1+

Nenned found @rish marriage/as +2!5 percent in 1F7!O 7cent in 1+!!, +2F< per cent in 1+!, and 721+ percent in 1+

cent in 1+!, and F12F+ per cent and 527F per centin 1+

Th USA ? li i S i 1+5! AThe USA ?eligious Scene in 1+5! A


54/94

The USA ?eligious Scene in 1+5! AThe USA ?eligious Scene in 1+5! A

)onsideration of Inter;'arriage)onsideration of Inter;'arriage

( the 1+5!s, religion not onl di%ided intothe three pools-O *ut those in each religiouscategor tended to marry only within their

pool2 Hollingshead found in a stud thatJ +721P of 0e/ish pool married onl 0e/ish spouses

J +2FP of )atholics married onl )atholic spouses

J 7


55/94


1F7! to 1+

fastG2hen marriage crosses religious *arriers, as it often does, religion still plas aprominent role, especiall among )atholics,- in that such marriages are oftenconditioned upon, and result in, one of the partners *eing *rought into the religiouscommunit of the other2- The traditional single melting pot- idea must *ea*andoned, and a ne/ conception, /hich /e term the triple melting pot- theor ofAmerican assimilation, /ill take its place, as the true e4pression of /hat is happeningto the %arious nationalit groups in the United StatesG2The triple melting pot- tpe of

assimilation is occurring through intermarriage, /ith )atholicism, 9rotestantism, and0udaism ser%ing as the three fundamental *ul/arksGThe different nationalities aremerging, *ut /ithin three religious compartments rather than indiscriminatelGAtriple religious clea%age, rather than a multilinear nationalit clea%age, thereforeseems likel to characterie American societ in the future2- =pp2 ;, Her*erg>

Th ( dth d $ th =E id > fTh ( dth d $ th =E id > f


56/94

The (readth and $epth =E%idences> ofThe (readth and $epth =E%idences> of

these ?eligious )haracteristicsthese ?eligious )haracteristics

( 1+5!, one-s personal identit, politicalDualification, social status, marriage, and a

fe/ other functional American categories/ere primaril determined * their identif/ith one of the three that /as mostappropriate for ethnic *ackground andgeographic location in the USA2

=See ill Her*erg-s Protestant%Catholic%5e62>

The )onseDuences of thisThe )onseDuences of this


57/94


?eligious En%ironment?eligious En%ironment

It /as *eginning to *e true in the late 1+!s,increased as *eing true in the 1+

This /as especiall true in the (i*le (elt of the USA2

Ho/e%er, e4cept in per%asi%el )atholic areas, it /asdifficult for a ?oman )atholic to *e elected to anational office2



58/94



These 0udeo;)hristian %alues that can *e seen inthe *ackground of the US )onstitution, had emergedas the *road American ideal * the mid;1F!!s and/ere commonl taught and nourished in the US pu*lic

schools from the 1F!!s to the 1+7!s2It /as the 1+"!s *efore the USA elected a )atholicas president for fear that a )atholic president /ouldallo/ the 9ope in ?ome to influence American political

decisions in /as unfa%ora*le to 9rotestants and9rotestant %alues2 Until ?eagan, no di%orcee hade%er *een elected as 9resident of the USA2



59/94



Southern (aptists, * 1+5!, not onl emerged asthe largest and most influential 9rotestant denominationin the USA, the e4isted predominantl in the 6(i*le(elt2

'ethodists and Southern (aptists /ere the ma3ordenominations that produced the 6(i*le (elt2

The people /ho produced the 'ethodist and (aptistdenominations and the (i*le (elt /ere migrant peoples,mostl from Europe, mostl northern Europe2

'ost of these had fled Europe looking for religiousfreedom, /hile the others came to the colonies lookingfor decent /ork, land, a *etter lifestle and freedom2



60/94



Southern (aptist e%angelism and churchplanting methods, or approaches, de%eloped inthe midst of this histor and upon this *ase of0udeo;)hristian %alues2 The /ere assumed toe4ist * most citiens in the USA2

These 0udeo;)hristian %alues permeatedthe 3ustice and legal sstem of the USA and

were assumed to bethe *est rules to li%e anddo *usiness * in the USA2 =See Her*erg-s*ook Protestant, Catholic, and 5e62>


61/94

The La of the Land $iscernedThe La of the Land $iscerned

C )onseDuentl, Southern (aptists, and othere%angelical denominations, and 9ara;churchagencies such as 9ost;II &a%igators,

)ampus )rusades, Inter;#arsit, and others,understood the assumptions and aspirationsof tpical Americans in the USA during this

era2 Thus, this /as the situation 3ust prior tothe ne4t stage of immigration and histor2

Looking (ack on this 9eriod fromLooking (ack on this 9eriod from


62/94

Looking (ack on this 9eriod fromLooking (ack on this 9eriod from

1+


63/94

A Trou*ling ?ealit of the 'ostA Trou*ling ?ealit of the 'ost

Homogeneous and ?eligious EraHomogeneous and ?eligious Era

6This is at least part of the picture presented * religion incontemporar America2 )hristians flocking to church, etforgetting all a*out )hrist /hen it comes to naming the mostsignificant e%ents in historO men and /omen %aluing the (i*le

as re%elation, purchasing and distri*uting it * the millions, etapparentl seldom reading it themsel%es2 E%er aspect ofcontemporar religious life reflects this parado4Bper%asi%esecularism amid mounting religiosit, the strengthening of thereligious structure in spite of increasing secularismGAmerica

seems to *e at once the most religious and the most secular ofnationsGcan there *e much dou*t that, * and large, thereligion /hich actuall pre%ails among Americans toda has lostmuch of its authentic )hristian =or 0e/ish> content2 =p2 ;,Her*erg>

' 3 'i i l i l I t & ti' 3 'i i l i l I t & ti


64/94

'a3or 'issiological Issues to &otice'a3or 'issiological Issues to &otice

As the American population *ecamesociologicall more homogeneousl Anglo andas most of the American population had cometo see itself as either 9rotestant, )atholic or

0e/ a num*er of things occurred

C 'ost an kind of e%angelism program that a)hristian 6/orked tended to 6/ork =meaning

produced fruit>O

C 9rograms and methods tended to /ork acrossminor cultural *oundaries

' 3 'i i l i l I t & ti' 3 'i i l i l I t & ti


65/94


C 9rograms, methods, approaches, /hate%er one/ants to call them, *ecame more and moregeneric. This /as especiall the case /ithSouthern (aptists /ho /ere mainl in the (i*le

(eltO

C )onseDuentl Southern (aptists came to*elie%e that 6one sie, meaning one model, fits

all, and the did to a great degree then,especiall in the (i*le (eltO

' 3 'i i l i l I t & ti'a3or 'issiological Iss es to &otice


66/94


C Ho/e%er, /hen (aptists 6hit the road and tooktheir e%angelism teams to the &ortheast, to the'id/est and to the &orth/est, the tended toattract primaril transplanted Southerners /ho

had a firm )hristian *ase2

C And, /hen the (aptists /ere out of the9rotestant (i*le (elt and in )atholic territories

of the 1+5!s the met the 6/e don-t s/apreligions ethnic identif that created Americaand Americans of the 1+5!s2

' 3 'i i l i l I t & ti


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C Those transplanted churches /ere soon sealed offthose churches from the locals2 :or, /hen the fe/locals /ho did come to see /hat church /as alla*out, the sa/ 6foreign southern folks, heard

sermons that assumed e%angelical, )hristian %alues@ assumptions /ith southern (i*le (elt terms2

C 'ost locals did not sta and 3oin those non;local,southern churches, for the did not engage thelocals- /orld%ie/2 :ift ears later, most of thosechurches are as the /ere then, or smaller2


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The Third 9eriod of American HistorThe Third 9eriod of American Histor


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1+"5;9resent1+"5;9resent

The most homogeneous era and the mostreligious period in US histor soon

C eroded into the most secular period the US has

e%er kno/nOC entered, *ecame and continues to escalate into

a 6separation of church and state era that

ne%er e4isted in pre%ious US histor and that istotall out of character /ith the intentions of thefounding fathersO



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The most homogeneous era in US histor andthe most religious period in US histor soon

C sa/ a rene/ed influ4 of ethnic immigrants /hoare on their /a to surpassing the num*ers/hich occurred from 1775 to 1+


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C /as faced /ith a large percentage of ethnicsfrom man different ethnic groups /ho /ant tokeep not onl their religion as did those of the1F!!s, *ut /ho in addition /ant to keep their

o/n language and their o/n culture as /ellO

C had ethnics, some of /hom are compromisingenough to learn English at a /ork le%elO



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C e4perienced immigrant ethnics /ho /ant theAmerican dream *ut /ho do not /ant toassimilate into American culture to the point ofgi%ing up language, culture and religionO et,

/ho /ant all of the rights of an traditionalAmerican citienO and /ho soon

C met )hristians /ho do not see them as, orrelate to them as, 0esus- 6panta ta ethne2


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'issiological Issues This 8eneration'issiological Issues This 8eneration


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:aces:aces

C Attempts to re%i%e and repackage methods andapproaches used during the mosthomogeneous and religious period in UShistor, that of the 1+5!sO

C :ollo/ing the lead of secular, market;dri%en,demographic, sociological categories, that

adeDuatel locate and define ethnic Anglos, ane%er;shrinking pool /ithin the Americanpopulation as %er di%erse ethnics increaseO



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:aces:aces

C Assuming and search for generic, sil%er;*ullet,models that /ill /ork among each and e%erone of the ethnic groups throughout the USAO

C And, this is /hen the old 1+5!s methods do note%en /ork toda among a %er different pool of

Anglos from those of the 1+5!sO

C 9ost;modern Anglos of toda do not resem*lenor respond to programs of homogeneous andreligious Anglos of the 1+5!sO

f'i i l i l I f T d


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'issiological Issues of Toda'issiological Issues of Toda

C The American population continues to mo%ea/a from 0udeo;)hristian %alues

C T/o entire generations of school kids ha%e not

*een introduced to 0udeo;)hristian %aluesand /orld%ie/ assumptions

C This is %er much the truth in the cities and on

college @ uni%ersit campuses

'i i l i l I f T d'i i l i l I f T d


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C The political landscape has changeddrasticall2 The attempt is to mo%e )hristianitout of the market place and out of pu*lic %ie/

into the pri%ac of homes or church *uildings2C 9olitical campaigns are not friendl to up;front

declarations of )hristian truth and o*%ious

)hristian positions2



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C (ased upon *i*lical and pedagogical e%idence,each ethnic group should *e engaged in theidiom of its heart language2 =See the Acts miracle of the 9entecost %isitors hearing in their

o/n heart language2>

C orld%ie/ is at the heart of 6ta ethneengagement, et is a hardl understood and

follo/ed concept todaOC orld%ie/ is laid do/n in the life of each

person in the idiom of their heart languageO



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hat is *eneath the issue of heart languageand /orld%ie/K

C 9edagog, pscholog, pschiatr andanthropolog tells us that * the time a child is


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C 8eneric approaches and generic content thatdoes not /ork in a person-s heart language andthat does not address a person-s specific/orld%ie/ issues has little opportunit ofinfluencing that person-s /orld%ie/O

C To not engage a person-s /orld%ie/ is to facesncretism in that person-s lifeO



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C E%en if an ethnic learns English, the /orld%ie/,to *e engaged, should *e engaged in theperson-s heart language for that is thelanguage in /hich /orld%ie/ *eliefs, %aluesand ha*its resideO

C Toda, a large num*er of the ethnics arecoming from Islamic, Hindu, (uddhist,

Animistic, )atholic and 9ost;'odern culturesO



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C )oping materials de%eloped for one ethnicgroup and translating them into the language of

another ethnic group /ill not address thesecond group-s /orld%ie/ unless the ha%e thesame language and /orld%ie/2 The I'( did itfor ears and reaped sncretism from it2

C The setting ethnics li%e in, such as ur*an orrural, has less to do /ith e%angeliing ethnicsthan does their language and /orld%ie/O



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C As the US e4periences the entr of recordnum*ers of different ethnic peoples /ith theiro/n indi%idual languages that produced theiro/n peculiar ethnic /orld%ie/ *eliefs, %alues

and lifestles, there is the high priorit need toJ Segment societ according to each and e%er

ethnic group /ithin the USA

J Encourage, learn a*out and assist in the PeopleGroups Infopartnership *et/een the I'( and&A'( research departments


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The 9aramount 6Ta EthneThe 9aramount 6Ta Ethne:acing America Toda:acing America Toda

A i - ' t ) iti l HA i - ' t ) iti l H


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America-s 'ost )ritical HourAmerica-s 'ost )ritical Hour

'ultiple ethnic groups are migrating to theUS and )anada toda /ho ha%e %arious heartlanguages, and %arious ethnic /orld%ie/s, et

/ho em*race the same religionB@slam2E%en though the ha%e their o/n indi%idual

languages and /orld%ie/s, the share the aimof li%ing permanentl in the US, along /ith theiraim of being the dominant religion inAmerica. !hey aim for it to be the onlyreligion in America.

A i - ' t ) iti l HAmerica-s 'ost )ritical Ho r


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America-s 'ost )ritical HourAmerica-s 'ost )ritical Hour

Islam is alread on its /a to *ecoming thedominant religion in Europe2 Scholars /hoseldom e%er agree on an one issue, political

or religious or secular agree that Islam hasEurope in its grasp and /ill soon ha%e )anada,follo/ed soon after * Islam-s possession of the

US2 9ossession to Islam means sociall,religiousl, politicall and economicall /ithoutan ri%als2


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$ocument prepared *$ocument prepared *

$r2 0ames (2 Slack$r2 0ames (2 Slack

I'(, S()I'(, S()

August !!"August !!"

:or &A'(;S() Leadership 'eeting:or &A'(;S() Leadership 'eeting


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End of 9resentationEnd of 9resentation


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End of 9resentationEnd of 9resentation


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C 6&o one /ho attempts to see the contemporar religious situation inthe United States in perspecti%e can fail to *e struck * thee4traordinar per%asi%eness of religious identification amongpresent;da Americans2 Almost e%er*od in the United Statestoda locates himself in one or another of the three great religiouscommunities2 Asked to identif themsel%es in terms of religious

preference,- +5 per cent of the American people, according to arecent pu*lic opinion sur%e, declared themsel%es to *e either9rotestants, )atholics, or 0e/s ="F percent 9rotestants, per cent)atholics, < per cent 0e/s>O onl 5 per cent admitted to nopreference2- =p2


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1+5!s1+5!s

C 6'uch the same ma *e said a*out the high and gro/ing repute of religion in theAmerican pu*lic mind2 ?eligion is gi%en continued pu*lic and politicalappro%alG-8odless- is a po/erful epithetGAt least nominal public acceptance ofreligion tends to be a prereBuisite to political success =Her*erg Duotes illiams-American Society, pp2 ", "2>G2It /as not al/as soO there /as a time /hen anatheist or agnostic like ?o*ert )2 Ingersoll, /ho /ent around the countr defing 8odand making anti;religious speeches, could ne%ertheless occup a respected andinfluential position in American politics2 !oday that would be Buite inconceiable, a

professed unbelieer would be anathema to either of the big parties and wouldhae no chance whateer in political life. =p2 51, Her*erg>C C "ongressional Celigious Affiliations-#1%$C 6The contrast *et/een the das of Ingersoll and our da, /hen e%er candidate for

pu*lic office is %irtuall reDuired to testif to his high esteem for religion, measures theposition that religion as a %alue- or institution, has acDuired in the American pu*licmind2 .f the 5F mem*ers of the t/o houses of the F5th )ongress, onl < ga%e noreligious affiliationO

1+5!s1+5!s


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1+5!s1+5!s

C 6The figures for church mem*ership tell the same stor *ut in greater detail2?eligious statistics in this countr are notoriousl inaccurate, *ut the trend is so /ellmarked that it o%errides all margins of error2 In the Duarter of a centur *et/een 1+"and 1+5! the population of continental United States increased F2" per cent,mem*ership of religious *odies increased 5+2F per centO in other /ords, churchmem*ership gre/ more than t/ice as fast as population2 9rotestants increased "27per cent, )atholics 52+ per cent, 0e/s 25 per cent2 Among 9rotestants, ho/e%er,the increase %aried considera*l as *et/een denominationsO (aptist increase /as

/ell o%er 1!! per cent, some holiness- sects gre/ e%en more rapidl, /hile the figurefor the Episcopal )hurch /as onl "27 per cent, for the 'ethodist )hurch 2 percent, for the &orthern 9res*terians 2< per cent, and for the )ongregationalists121 per cent2 =p2


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gg

1775 to 1+

slack immigration

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