skill 208: use personal computer and operating system
TRANSCRIPT
SKILL 208: USE PERSONAL COMPUTER AND OPERATING SYSTEM
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Contents Introduction to Personal Computer ....................................................................................................3
Computer Components ......................................................................................................................3
Hardware .......................................................................................................................................3
Software ........................................................................................................................................3
Major Types of Software ....................................................................................................................4
Application Software..........................................................................................................................4
Word Processing Software..............................................................................................................5
Microsoft (Office) Word ..............................................................................................................5
OpenOffice.org Writer ................................................................................................................5
LyX .............................................................................................................................................6
Presentation Software....................................................................................................................7
Microsoft PowerPoint .................................................................................................................7
OpenOffice.org Impress ..............................................................................................................7
Keynote......................................................................................................................................8
Electronic Spreadsheet Software ....................................................................................................8
Microsoft Excel...............................................................................................................................9
Operating systems ...........................................................................................................................15
Use different Operating System and its features ...............................................................................15
Multi-user and Single-user Operating Systems ..............................................................................15
Distributed Operating System.......................................................................................................16
Embedded System........................................................................................................................16
Examples of OS ............................................................................................................................17
Mac OS X ..................................................................................................................................17
Linux and GNU..........................................................................................................................18
AmigaOS...................................................................................................................................19
Microsoft Windows ..................................................................................................................20
Command Prompt............................................................................................................................22
To launch Command Prompt select Start -> Run and type cmd in the box. .....................................22
How to make a folder using the Command Prompt ...........................................................................22
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How to delete a folder using the Command Prompt ..........................................................................23
How to delete a file using the Command Prompt ..............................................................................24
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Introduction to Personal Computer A personal computer (PC) is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end-user with no intervening computer operator. In contrast, the batch processing or time-sharing models allowed large expensive mainframe systems to be used by many people, usually at the same time. Large data processing systems require a full-time staff to operate efficiently.
Computer Components Hardware (computer) components, equipments involved in the function of a computer. Computer hardware consists of the components that can be physically handled. The function of these components is typically divided into three main categories: input, output, and storage.
Components in these categories connect to microprocessors, specifically, the computer's central processing unit (CPU), the electronic circuitry that provides the computational ability and control of the computer, via wires or circuitry called a bus.
Software, on the other hand, is the set of instructions a computer uses to manipulate data, such as a word-processing program or a video game. These programs are usually stored and transferred via the computer's hardware to and from the CPU.
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Software also governs how the hardware is utilized; for example, how information is retrieved from a storage device. The interaction between the input and output hardware is controlled by software called the Basic Input Output System software (BIOS).
Computer Software
Computer software is defined as a set of programs and procedures that are intended to perform some tasks on a computer system. A software program is a set of instructions that are aimed at changing the state of computer hardware. At the lowest level software is in a form of an assembly language, a set of instructions in a machine-understandable form. At the highest level, software is in a form of high-level languages, which are compiled or interpreted into machine language code.
Major Types of Software Computer software systems are classified into three main types, namely, system software, programming software and application software. System software is comprised of device drivers, operating system, server and other such software components, which help the programmer abstract away from the memory and hardware features of the system. Programming software assists the programmer in writing programs by providing him/her with tools such as editors, compilers, linkers, debuggers and more. Application software, one of the most important types of software, is used to achieve certain specific tasks.
Programs that are designed to carry out certain tasks for computers are called software. The programs are written in special languages that use letters, numbers, or codes which the computer interprets. (E.g. many computer programs are written in VISUAL BASIC, C++, and FORTRAN). The programs can be system software which controls the actual operations of the computer itself, such as DOS (Disk Operating System), Microsoft Windows, Linux etc., System software will tell the computer how to load, store and execute the application programs it uses.
Application Software Application software utilizes the capacities of a computer directly to a dedicated task. Application software is able to manipulate text, numbers and graphics. It can be in the form of software focused on a certain single task like word processing, spreadsheet or playing of audio and video files.
Application software constitutes the actual programs which a company or individual may require. These application software programs tell the computer how to produce the information stored.
Some samples of application software are: word processing software, electronic spreadsheet software, computer graphics software or database software.
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Word Processing Software
Word Processing Software can be used to write letters, memos and documents. It provides the user with easy ways to add, delete, sort or change text on screen until it is suitable. It saves or prints the information. Word processing software prepares forms and printouts that typewriters formerly prepared. The more elaborate programs can correct spelling, change the text appearance, change margins and even relocate entire paragraphs in the editing stage. Word processing software is popular because of its quickness in printing and its disk storage capabilities. Some examples of such software are: Microsoft Word, OpenOffice.org and LyX.
Microsoft (Office) Word is a non-free commercial word processor designed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. It is a component of the Microsoft Office software system; it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Works Suite. The current versions are Microsoft Office Word 2010 for Windows and Microsoft Office Word 2011 for Mac.
OpenOffice.org Writer is the word processor component of the OpenOffice.org software package. Writer is a word processor similar to Microsoft Word and Corel's WordPerfect, with some of their features. As with the entire OpenOffice.org suite, Writer can be used across a variety of platforms, including Microsoft Windows, Linux,FreeBSD, Irix and Solaris. Released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License, Writer is free software.
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LyX is a document processor following the self-coined "what you see is what you mean" paradigm (WYSIWYM), as opposed to the WYSIWYG ("what you see is what you get") ideas used by word processors. This means that the user only has to care about the structure of and information within the text, while the formatting is done by LaTeX, an advanced typesetting system.
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Presentation Software
Presentation program (also called a presentation graphics program) is a computer software package used to display information, normally in the form of a slide show. It typically includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content.
Microsoft PowerPoint, usually just called PowerPoint, is a commercial presentation program developed by Microsoft. It is part of the Microsoft Office suite, and runs on Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X operating system. The current versions are Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2010 for Windows and Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2011 for Mac.
OpenOffice.org Impress, a part of the OpenOffice.org office suite and developed by Sun Microsystems, is a presentation program compatible with and similar to Microsoft PowerPoint. In addition to being able to create PDF files from presentations, it is also able to export presentations to SWF files allowing them to be played on any computer with a Flash player installed. It is able to view, edit and save files in several file formats, including the .ppt format, which is used by Microsoft PowerPoint.
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Keynote is a presentation software application developed as a part of the iWork productivity suite by Apple Inc. Keynote 5 was announced on January 6, 2009, and is the most recent version for the Macintosh. It adds new themes, transitions and animations, and the ability to control the slideshow with an iPhone or iPod touch through the Keynote Remote application.
Electronic Spreadsheet Software is used by people working with numbers, who can enter data and formulas so that the program can calculate or project results. With spreadsheet programs, the user can ask “what if” questions by changing data and recalculating. Spreadsheets are helpful for setting production and sales reports. The data may be presented in rows, columns or tables. This kind of software is popular because of its timesaving advantage over manual calculations. Spreadsheets have aided in on-the-spot decision-making.
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Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has almost completely replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office Excel.
OpenOffice.org Calc is the spreadsheet component of the OpenOffice.org software package. Calc is similar to Microsoft Excel, with a roughly equivalent range of features. Calc is capable of opening and saving most spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel file format. It provides a number of features not present in Excel, including a system that automatically defines series for graphing based on the layout of the user's data. Calc is also capable of writing spreadsheets directly as PDF files.
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Graphics software Graphics software or image editing software is a program or collection of programs that enable a person to manipulate visual images on a computer. Computer graphics can be classified into two distinct categories: raster graphics and vector graphics. Many graphics programs focus exclusively on either vector or raster graphics, but there are a few that combine them in interesting ways. It is simple to convert from vector graphics to raster graphics, but going the other way is harder. Some software attempts to do this. In addition to static graphics, there are animation and video editing software. Most graphics programs have the ability to import and export one or more graphics file formats. The use of a swatch is a palette of active colours that are selected and rearranged by the preference of the user. A swatch may be used in a program or be part of the universal palette on an operating system, it is used to change the colour of a project, that may be text, image or video editing. Vector graphics animation can be described as a series of mathematical transformations that are applied in sequence to one or more shapes in a scene. Raster graphics animation works in a similar fashion to film-based animation, where a series of still images produces the illusion of continuous movement.
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Microsoft Paint
Using Microsoft Paint, or MS Paint, is the first experience with graphics software for most home users. Originally known as Paintbrush for Windows, this simple paint program has been included as a standard feature of every version of Windows. It is typically found in the Accessories folder by clicking the "Paint" icon. The program is considered basic by graphics professionals, but it does allow users to make standard modifications to images and to save changes in a variety of file formats. Several artists have made a name for themselves by using Microsoft Pain to make stunning re-creations of the Mona Lisa and other famous works of art.
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Adobe Photoshop
The standard graphics software product on the market is undoubtedly Adobe Photoshop. This software is used to design almost any style of graphics that can be imagined. Advanced features built right into the core of the software have made Photoshop the flagship product of Adobe. The software is further strengthened by a large variety of third-party plug-ins that add endless potential to the effects that can be generated with Photoshop. The only element missing from Photoshop is the ability to create animated GIF images; however, the product is accompanied by Adobe ImageReady, which can be used to animate your Photoshop images.
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Database software Database software is the phrase used to describe any software that is designed for creating databases and managing the information stored in them. Sometimes referred to as database management systems (DBMS), database software tools are primarily used for storing, modifying, extracting, and searching for information within a database. Database software is used for a number of reasons in any industry - from keeping your bookkeeping on task, compiling client lists to running your online Web site. Because they have so many uses, there are dozens of database software programs available. The options have gone beyond Oracle or Microsoft Access to encompass FileMaker, Avanquest and Delicious Monster Software for options tailored to a variety of needs. Some of the more popular database software applications include desktop solutions like Microsoft Access and FileMaker Pro and server solutions like MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle.
Microsoft Access
Microsoft Access is a database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. It is a member of the Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and higher editions or sold separately. On May 12, 2010, the current version of Microsoft Access 2010 was released by Microsoft in Office 2010; Microsoft Office Access 2007 was the prior version.
MS Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases.
Access is a database tool for gathering and understanding all your information—your phone numbers, inventory, guest lists, whatever you’re tracking—and providing a convenient way to enter, navigate, and report out your data.
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FileMaker Pro
FileMaker Pro is a cross-platform relational database application from FileMaker Inc., formerly Claris, and a subsidiary of Apple Inc. It integrates a database engine with a GUI-based interface, allowing users to modify the database by dragging new elements into layouts, screens, or forms. Current versions are: FileMaker Pro 12, FileMaker Pro Advanced 12, FileMaker Server 12, FileMaker Server Advanced 12, and FileMaker Go 12 for iPhone and iPad.
FileMaker evolved from a DOS application, but was then developed primarily for the Apple Macintosh. Since 1992 it has been available for Microsoft Windows as well as Mac OS, and can be used in a heterogeneous environment. FileMaker server briefly ran on Linux, but Linux support was abandoned with FileMaker 7, and the server currently runs only on Windows or Apple servers. It is available in desktop, server, iOS and web-delivery configurations.
FileMaker Pro is powerful, easy-to-use database software that helps you and your team gets any task done faster. Millions of people in business, government, and education use FileMaker Pro to effortlessly manage all their information on iPad, iPhone, Windows, Mac and the web.
FileMaker Pro comes with many easy-to-use tools, including many built-in Starter Solutions, to help you quickly manage your important tasks. See what FileMaker Pro can do for you.
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Operating systems
Operating systems thus contribute to the simplification of the human interaction with the computer hardware. They are responsible for linking application programs with the hardware, thus achieving an easy user access to the computers.
Use different Operating System and its features Operating systems that create a link between users and the applications form the core of computer systems. It dissociates the programs and the hardware and simplifies resource management. Let us look at the different types of operating systems.
An operating system is a software component of a computer system that is responsible for the management of various activities of the computer and the sharing of computer resources. It hosts the several applications that run on a computer and handles the operations of computer hardware. Users and application programs access the services offered by the operating systems, by means of system calls and application programming interfaces. Users interact with operating systems through Command Line Interfaces (CLIs) or Graphical User Interfaces known as GUIs. In short, operating system enables user interaction with computer systems by acting as an interface between users or application programs and the computer hardware. Here is an overview of the different types of operating systems. Real-time Operating System: It is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic nature of behavior. The main object of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable response to events. They either have an event-driven or a time-sharing design. An event-driven system switches between tasks based of their priorities while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
Multi-user and Single-user Operating Systems: The operating systems of this type allow a multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable a multiple user access to a computer through the sharing of time. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to have multiple accounts on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather, only the network administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating system, it is possible for two users to login at a time and this capability of the OS makes it a multi-user operating system. Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems: When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped under a single-tasking system, while in case the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types namely, pre-emptive or co-operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems
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such as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking. If you are aware of the multi-threading terminology, you can consider this type of multi-tasking as similar to interleaved multi-threading. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the other processes in a defined manner. This kind og multi-tasking is similar to the idea of block multi-threading in which one thread runs till it is blocked by some other event. MS Windows prior to Windows 95 used to support cooperative multitasking.
Distributed Operating System: operating system that manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a distributed operating system. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other, gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system.
Embedded System: The operating systems designed for being used in embedded computer systems are known as embedded operating systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE, FreeBSD and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.
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Examples of OS
Mac OS X Mac OS X is a line of partially proprietary graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh computers. Mac OS X is the successor to the original Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Unlike its predecessor, Mac OS X is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997.
The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a desktop-oriented version (Mac OS X v10.0) following in March 2001. Since then, six more distinct "client" and "server" editions of Mac OS X have been released, the most recent being Mac OS X 10.7, which was first made available on July 20, 2011. Releases of Mac OS X are named after big cats; the current version of Mac OS X is "Lion".
The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart but usually runs on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware. Mac OS X Server includes work group management and administration software tools that provide simplified access to key network services, including a mail transfer agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and others. In Mac OS X v10.7 Lion, all server aspects of Mac OS X Server have been integrated into the client version.
The standard user interface of Mac OS X
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Linux and GNU GNU, Linux, and Linux kernel
Ubuntu, a common GNOME desktop Linux distribution
Kubuntu, a common KDE desktop Linux distribution
Linux (or GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like operating system that was developed without any actual Unix code, unlike BSD and its variants. Linux can be used on a wide range of devices from supercomputers to wristwatches. The Linux kernel is released under an open source license, so anyone can read and modify its code. It has been modified to run on a large variety of electronics. Although estimates suggest that Linux is used on 1.82% of all personal computers, it has been widely adopted for use in servers and embedded systems (such as cell phones). Linux has superseded Unix in most places, and is used on the 10 most powerful supercomputers in the world. The Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions, such as Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Google's Android.
The GNU project is a mass collaboration of programmers who seek to create a completely free and open operating system that was similar to Unix but with completely original code. It was started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, and is responsible for many of the parts of most Linux variants. For this reason, some claim that the combined product of the Linux kernel and the GNU software collection is more correctly called GNU/Linux. Thousands of pieces of software for virtually every operating system are licensed under the GNU General Public License. Meanwhile, the Linux kernel began as a side project of Linus Torvalds, a university student from Finland. In 1991, Torvalds began work on it, and posted information about his project on a newsgroup for computer students and programmers. He received a wave of support and volunteers who ended up creating a full-fledged kernel. Programmers from GNU took notice, and members of both projects worked to integrate the finished GNU parts with the Linux kernel in order to create a full-fledged operating system.
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AmigaOS AmigaOS is the default native operating system of the Amiga personal computer. It was developed first by Commodore International, and initially introduced in 1985 with the Amiga 1000. Early versions (1.0-3.9) run on the Motorola 68k series of 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors, while the newer AmigaOS 4 runs only on PowerPC microprocessors. On top of a preemptive multitasking kernel called Exec, it includes an abstraction of the Amiga's unique hardware, a disk operating system called AmigaDOS, a windowing system API called Intuition and a graphical user interface called Workbench. A command line interface called AmigaShell is also available and integrated into the system. The GUI and the CLI complement each other and share the same privileges. The current holder of the Amiga intellectual properties is Amiga Inc. They oversaw the development of AmigaOS 4 but did not develop it themselves, contracting it instead to Hyperion Entertainment. On 20 December 2006, Amiga Inc terminated Hyperion's license to continue development of AmigaOS 4. However, in 30 September 2009, Hyperion was granted an exclusive, perpetual, worldwide right to AmigaOS 3.1 in order to use, develop, modify, commercialize, distribute and market AmigaOS 4.x and subsequent versions of AmigaOS (including AmigaOS 5).
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Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems designed by Microsoft Corporation and primarily targeted to Intel architecture based computers, with an estimated 88.9 percent total usage share on Web connected computers. Currently, the most widely used version of the Windows family is Windows XP, released on October 25, 2001. The newest version is Windows 7 for workstations and Windows Server 2008 R2 for servers.
Microsoft Windows originated in 1985 as an application running on top of MS-DOS, which was the standard operating system shipped on most Intel architecture personal computers at the time. In 1995, Windows 95 was released, combining MS-DOS 7.0 with Windows on the same medium, removing the need of getting a separate MS-DOS license. Keeping much legacy, it could run real-mode MS-DOS and 16 bits Windows 3.x drivers. Windows Me, released in 2000, was the latest version of Windows of the Windows 95 family. Later versions have all been based on the Windows NT kernel. Current versions of Windows run on IA-32 and x86-64 microprocessors, although Windows 8 will support ARM architecture. In the past, Windows NT supported a few non-Intel architectures.
Server editions of Windows are widely used. In recent years, Microsoft has expended significant capital in an effort to promote the use of Windows as a server operating environment. However, Windows' usage on servers is not as widespread as on personal computers, as Windows competes against Linux and BSD for server market share.
Other Older operating systems which are still used in niche markets include OS/2 from IBM and Microsoft; Mac OS, the non-Unix precursor to Apple's Mac OS X; BeOS; XTS-300. Some, most notably Haiku, RISC OS, MorphOS and FreeMint continue to be developed as minority platforms for enthusiast communities and specialist applications. OpenVMS formerly from DEC, is still under active development by Hewlett-Packard.
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In computer graphics, graphics software or image editing software is a program or collection of programs that enable a person to manipulate visual images on a computer.
Computer graphics can be classified into two distinct categories: raster graphics and vector graphics. Many graphics programs focus exclusively on either vector or raster graphics, but ther e are a few that combine them in interesting ways. It is simple to convert from vector graphics to raster graphics, but going the other way is harder. Some software attempts to do this.
In addition to static graphics, there are animation and video editing software.
Most graphics programs have the ability to import and export one or more graphics file formats.
The use of a swatch is a palette of active colours that are selected and rearranged by the preference of the user. A swatch may be used in a program or be part of the universal palette on an operating system, it is used to change the colour of a project, that may be text, image or video editing. Vector graphics animation can be described as a series of mathematical transformations that are applied in sequence to one or mor e shapes in a scene. Raster graphics animation works in a similar fashion to film-based animation, where a series of still images produces the illusion of continuous movement.
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Command Prompt The Command Prompt program allows you to work in an environment that looks more like a traditional operating system as opposed to the icon based Windows environment. In Command Prompt, you will use your keyboard. You won't use your mouse at all. Command Prompt works at a lower level than Windows. This means that you will have more control over the machine. The disadvantage is that it is less user-friendly.
To launch Command Prompt select Start -> Run and type cmd in the box.
The Command Prompt shows up as a black terminal window. The command prompt should look something like:
C:\>
This is where you type commands. The boldface type below (that follows the command prompt) is what you should type as you work through this tutorial. Windows does not care if you use upper or lower case. That means that command cd is the same as CD. It also means that, in Windows, file HelloWorld.java is the same as helloworld.java. This is NOT true in the system to which you will be submitting your files.
How to make a folder using the Command Prompt To start the command prompt in Windows left click Start then Run. Type in "CMD" (without the "") and hit Enter.
On the command prompt type:
Code: mkdir foldername
and then hit Enter.
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You can then use:
Code: dir
and then hit Enter to make sure your folder has been created.
How to delete a folder using the Command Prompt To start the command prompt in Windows left click Start then Run. Type in "CMD" (without the "") and hit Enter.
First locate the folder that you would like to delete.
Then on the command prompt type:
Code: rmdir foldername
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and then hit Enter.
You can then use:
Code: dir
and then hit Enter to make sure your folder has been deleted.
How to delete a file using the Command Prompt To start the command prompt in Windows left click Start then Run. Type in "CMD" (without the "") and hit Enter.
First locate the file that you would like to delete.
Then on the command prompt type:
Code: del filename.txt
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and then hit Enter.
You can then use:
Code: dir
and then hit Enter to make sure your file has been deleted.
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References:
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-application-software.html
http://factoidz.com/different-types-of-software-applications
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-operating-systems.html