t6-1 chapter 6 – good operating practices operating skill ssb voice operating operating cw tuning...
TRANSCRIPT
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T6-1
Chapter 6 – Good Operating Practices
• Operating Skill• SSB Voice Operating• Operating CW• Tuning Up• Amateur Radio Internet Gateways• Bandwidth• Spurious Signals• Signal Purity• Interference with Other Services
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T6-2
Operating Skill
• Band plans are voluntary agreements between operators about how to use the frequencies of an particular amateur band.– Band plans are available at www.arrl.org.
• First rule of good operating is to always listen before you transmit.
• Another good rule is to talk during a contact (QSO) as you would during a face-to-face conversation.
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T6-3
Band Plan – 2 meters144.0 145.0 146.0 147.0 148.0
OutIn OutIn Out In
RepeaterCW SSB, Weak Signal FM Simplex
Frequency Usage
144.00-144.05 EME (CW)
144.05-144.10 General CW
144.10-144.20 EME & SSB
144.200 National SSB Calling
144.20-144.275 SSB Operations
144.275-144.300 Beacons
144.30-144.50 OSCAR Subband
144.50-144.60 Linear Translator Inputs
144.60-144.90 Repeater Inputs
144.90-145.10 Weak Signal SSB
145.10-145.20 Linear Translator Outputs
Frequency Usage
145.20-145.50 Repeater Outputs
145.50-145.80 Misc Experimental
145.80-146.00 OSCAR Subband
146.01-146.37 Repeater Inputs
146.40-146.58 FM Simplex
146.52 National FM Calling
146.61-146.97 Repeater Outputs
146.700-147.39 Repeater Outputs
147.42-147.39 FM Simplex
147.60-147.99 Repeater Inputs
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T6-4
FM Voice Operating
• Frequency modulation (FM) is popular mode on VHF/UHF bands.– Used on both repeaters and simplex modes
• Initiating a contact when frequency or repeater is busy– Wait until stations have ended QSO and then call
station
• Initiating a contact when frequency or repeater is not being used.– Simply give your call and indicate that you are
“listening”
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T6-5
SSB Voice Operating
• Single side-band (SSB) is the most common voice mode on HF.
• Amateurs normally use the upper sideband of a SSB signal on frequencies higher than 14 Mhz (including VHF and UHF).
• Keep It Plain and Simple– Always speak slowly and clearly.– Avoid using CW abbreviations or Q signals on voice.– Use plain language and keep jargon to a minimum.– Use the phonetic alphabet if the other operator is
having problems copying your signal.
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T6-6
SSB Voice Operating (Cont’d)
• Initiating A Contact– Listen for stations in a QSO, wait until they have
finished and then call one of the stations
– Listen for a frequency not being used and call “CQ” for a contact with any station
• CQ means “Seek You”: Calling any station
• Keep CQ calls short, typically a “3x3” format.
• You can optionally indicate your preference for a contact (DX only, Europe only, particular state, contest participant, etc.)
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T6-7
Operating CW
• Send Morse code at a speed you can reliably copy.• The word “DE” is used prior to your call sign to
mean “from” or “this is.”• Q signals are used during CW contacts .... not in
voice contacts.• A DX station may be working “split” ... indicating
that the station is listening on a frequency or range different from his transmit frequency.
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T6-8
Operating CW
Some good guidelines when operating CW:• Listen before transmitting.• Send short CQs.• Use only standard abbreviations.• Use CW prosigns and Q signals properly• Identify at the end of a QSO and every 10 minutes
during a QSO.• Use RST signal report of Readability=5 only if
you have received 100% of what the other station has sent.
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T6-9
Operating CW
Example of a short CW QSO
CQ CQ CQ DE K0KTY K0KTY K0KTY K
K0KTY K0KTY DE K0RGR K0RGR KN
K0RGR DE K0KTY R TNX FER CALL. UR RST 579 579. QTH IS ROCHESTER, MN ROCHESTER, MN. NAME IS JOHN JOHN. HW CPY? DE K0KTY KN
R R DE K0RGR BT FB COPY JOHN. NAME HR IS BILL ES QTH IS ALSO ROCHESTER, MN. RUNNING QRP RIG TO DIPOLE ANTENNA. BK TO U BK BK
BK SOLID COPY BILL. HAVE TO RUN. 73 ES CUL DE K0KTY SK
73 DE K0RGR SK
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T6-10
The RST System
• Signal reports when operating CW consists of three digits representing:
– Readability (ranges from 1 to 5)
– Strength (ranges from 1 to 9)
– Tone (ranges from 1 to 9)
• Signal reports on SSB are two digit numbers using the “RS” portion of the RST system.
– A report of “59 plus 20db” indicates that your report is 20 decibels higher than signal strength 9 on the receiver S meter.
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T6-11
The RST System
Readability Strength Tone
1-Unreadable 1-Faint signals bare perceptible 1-Sixty cycle ac or less, very rough
2-Barely readable 2-Very weak signals 2-Very rough ac, very harsh and broad
3-Readable with difficulty 3-Weak signals 3-Rough ac tone, rectified
4-Readable with no difficulty
4-Fair signals 4-Rough note, some filtering
5-Perfectly readable 5-Fairly good signals 5-Filtered rectified ac
6-Good signals 6-Filtered tone, trace of tipple
7-Moderately strong signals 7-Near pure tone, trace of ripple
8-Strong signals 8-Near perfect tone, trace modulation
9-Extremely strong signals 9-Perfect tone, no ripple or modulation
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T6-12
Tuning Up
• To avoid on-the-air interference, connect your transmitter to a “dummy load” while you tune up.
• Once the transmitter is tuned, disconnect the dummy load and connect an antenna. Use an antenna switch to change the connection.
• If you use an antenna tuner to match your antenna with your transmitter, you may have to transmit a brief low power signal to adjust the antenna tuner circuit.
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T6-13
Amateur Radio Internet Gateways
• Used to connect amateur stations with the internet.• Uses the internet protocol known as VoIP (Voice
Over Internet Protocol).• Gateway stations can be used to link repeaters
where two distant repeaters share signals using VoIP.
• Popular amateur VoIP linking systems are IRLP and Echolink– KØRGR operates an Echolink node on the 146.625
2 meter repeater in Rochester
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T6-14
Bandwidth
• The amount of radio-frequency spectrum that a signal occupies is called its bandwidth.
• Receiver bandwidth determines how well you can receive one signal in the presence of other signals– Receiver bandwidth selectivity is determined by special
intermediate-frequency (IF) filters built into the receiver.
– Some receivers have several IF filters for use when receiving different emission modes.
– CW has the narrowest bandwidth of any emission mode.
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T6-15
Relative Emission Bandwidths
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T6-16
Typical Emission Bandwidths
Emission Mode Typical Bandwidth
Morse Code (CW) 250 to 500 Hz
Radio Teletype (RTTY) 250 to 500 Hz
SSB Voice 2 to 3 KHz
FM Voice 10 to 20 KHz
Television (Fast Scan) 6 MHz
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T6-17
FM Bandwidth
• The frequency of the transmitted RF signal varies with the strength of the modulating voice.
• The frequency deviation is the instantaneous change in frequency for a given signal.
• FM bandwidth is twice the maximum frequency deviation plus the maximum modulating audio frequency:
BW = 2 x (D + M)BW=bandwidth
D = maximum frequency deviation
M = maximum modulating audio frequency
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T6-18
Signal Purity
• An amateur operator is responsible for the quality of the signal transmitted from the amateur station.
• During CW operations, a chirp sound is a problem when the transmitter shifts frequency slightly when keyed.– The problem usually occurs when the oscillator power
supply voltage changes as the transmitter is keyed.
– The problem can typically be eliminated by improving the power supply voltage regulation.
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T6-19
RF Interference With Other Services
• Receiver Overload– Common type of TV and FM-broadcast interference
where a RF signal overloads the first RF amplifier stage of the receiver.
– Most common type of interference caused by VHF and UHF transmitters.
– For overload from a HF transmitter, a high pass filter should be installed at the TV or FM receiver antenna terminals as a first step to reduce or eliminate receiver overload interference.
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T6-20
RF Interference With Other Services
• Harmonic Interference– Occurs when HF transmitters radiates at multiples of
the primary transmission frequency.– May be cured or reduced at the transmitter by installing
a low pass filter.– Amateur is responsible to eliminate harmonic
interference caused by HF transmissions.
• Telephone Interference– Telephones contain interference protection circuitry.– Interference may indicate that the telephone was not
equipped with interference protection when it was manufactured.
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T6-21
RF Interference With Other Services
TX
TV Receiver
High pass filter
Low passFilter
Pass Stop
HF TV
freq
Low Pass Filter
Stop Pass
HF TV
freq
High Pass Filter
HF Transmitter