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Darbar Sahib, Amritsar

Last updated on January 10th, 2004

Darbar Sahib, Amritsar!

The Slide Show ofDarbar Sahib Amritsar

Golden Temple over the years have become a center of Sikh religion. Like Mecca, Benaras,Jerusalem for Muslims, Hindus, Christians and Jews Amritsar is a revered city for Sikhs.

Amritsar was established by the FourthGuru Guru Ramdas jiin 1589 A.D. There are many versions of how he had done it.There is an evidence that he bought a land around a tank(sarovar) from the Zamindars of Tung Villages in JhabalDistrict for Rs. 700. There is another version which goes likethis that Emperor Akbar was so immpressed by the work beingdone by thirdGuru Amardas jithat he donated the land atAmritsarto the Guru ka Langar. Most likely,some land was bought byGuru Ramdaswhile other being donated by the emperor. Amritsar is also

mentioned in Ramayana as Ramtiratha, where Lav and Kush, sons of Rama were born. It is also saidthat Lav later established the city of Lahore, while his brother Kush established a city named Kasurabout 30 miles South of Lahore, 20 miles South West of Lahore is where Guru Ramdas establishedcity of Amritsar.

As time passed, traders, artisans, bankers and others settled at Ramdaspur.Gur Ramdaspreachedon the banks of the pool i.e. Sarovar.

Darbar Sahib:

Inception: 1588 A.D.Inaugrated By: Saint Mian Mir.Completed: 1589 A.D.
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Guru Ramdasstarted digging a pool at the place which at that timewas known as "Guru Da Chakk". Guru Ramdas named hissuccessor, his youngest sonArjan Devon September 1, 1581before he passed away. GuruArjan Dev called on Sikhs to do theKar Seva for unfinished pool, hundreds of thousands of Sikhsperformed this service and pool was ready in few weeks. After thistask was completed then Guru laid out the plan to constructGolden Temple as the supreme center of Sikhs. Guru also createdseveral other

buildings in and around the city. Here is a quotefrom "Heritage of the Sikhs", " On October 151588, he laid out a temple in the middle of thetank. According to Giani Gian Singh (Twarikh GuruKhalsa, Urdu, Vol. r 1896, p.96), the Guru invitedmany holy men on this occasion. From amongthem, Mian Mir (1550- 1635), the famous MuslimSufi, was asked to lay the first brick. Olderauthorities can also be cited in support of thisstatement. For instance, Ghulam Muhayy-ud-Din,also known as Bute Shah, states in his book,

Tawarikh-i-Punjab (MS.), p. 139,Dr Ganda SinghCollection, Punjabi University, Patiala, that Shah Mian Mir came to Amritsar at Guru Arjan ' s requestand "with his own blessed hand put four bricks, one on each side, and another one in the middle ofthe tank." Sohan Lal Suri in his Umdat-ut-Twarikh, Arya Press, Lahore, 1885, Book I, pp. 28-29, saysthatGuru Arjanwent to Lahore to see Shah Mian Mir and sought his assistance in the construction ofthe tank and buildings at Amritsar. " Guru Arjan Dev got Mian Mir, a famous Sufi Saint to lay thefoundation of the Darbar Sahib. Foundation was laid, built at lower ground level rather than on a highplinth as is done with Temples and Mosques, in keeping with the Sikh spirit of humility. GoldenTemple was completed in about two years time. Guru Arjan Dev ji appointed Baba Buddha ji, afamous Sikh saint from the times of Guru Nanak as first Granthi of Golden Temple.

Main building of Golden Temple is very elegently made in keeping with the ideals of Sikhs. As A.S.Kang states that "Main structure rises from the centre of the sacred pook. 150 metres square,

approached by a causeway about 60 metres long. An archway on the western side of the pool openson the causeway, bordered with balustrades of fretted marble, and, at close intervals there are

standard lamps, their great lantrens set upon the marblecolumns. The 52 meter square based Hari Mandir, to whichcauseway leads, stands on a 20 meter square platform. Itslower parts are of white marble, but the upper parts arecovered with plates of gilded copper". Darbar Sahib waslater serviced by many Sikh Chiefs.Maharaja Ranjit Singh,who donated gold to be put on top of Darbar Sahib has thisinscribed at the entrance "The Guru was kind enough toallow the privilege of service to the template to his humbleservant Ranjit Singh"

Guru Arjan dev got constructed many Gurdwaras aroundAmritsarand in the Majha country( area between Chenaband Satluj, Amritsar, Lahore, Gurdaspur, Batala). Since hewas doing so much social work, Sikhs started calling himSacha Padshahmeans true king. WhereasGuru Nanakhad travelled to far fledged places from Punjab, like Mecca(Saudi Arabia), Baghdad, Decca(Bangladesh) and Bidar(South India), Guru Arjan dev travelled mostly in Punjab,preaching and organizing the system of preachers (called

Nanak IV, Guru Ramdas

Gurgaddi: 1574 to 1581Contribution:The FourthNanak, Guru Ramdas Sodhiaka Bhai Jetha ji, Established

the city of Ramdaspur and laterchanged the name to Amritsar.
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masands established by NANAK III Amardas). On returning to Amritsar, Guru Arjan prepared tocodify and compile the writings of all the previous gurus as well as important saints of India.According to Mahima Prakash he said "As the panth (community) has been revealed unto the world,so must there be the Granth(book) too." The baniguru's inspired utterance, had always been theobject of highest reverenec for Gurus and Sikhs. Guru Arjan calledBhai Gurdasto his prescence andexpressed to him the wish that compositions of gurus and some saints to be collected. Baba Mohan,the son ofGuru Amar Das (Nanak III)had two manuscripts collections of the Gurus hymns inheritedfrom his father. These pothis contained all they hymns ofGuru Nanak,Guru AngadandGuruAmardas. Guru Arjan dev ji already had the pothi of his father Guru Ramdas. Bhai Gurdas travelled toGoindwal (close to Amritsar) to bring these pothisbut the owner refused to see him. The BabaBuddha ji , Head Granthi of Darbar Sahib also tried but he was similarly turned away from the door.Then Guru Arjan went himself. He sat in the stree below Baba Mohan's attic serenading him on histambura.

Baba Mohan was disarmed to hear the hymn, came downstairswith the pothisand presented these to the Guru. As says theGurbilas Chhevin Patshahi, the pothis were placed on a palanquinbedecked with precious stones. The Sikhs carried it on theirshoulders and Guru Arjan walked behind barefoot. He refused toride his horse, saying that the pothis were the very spirit of the fourGurus - his predecessors. The cavalcade broke journey at KhadurSahib to make obeisance at shrines sacred toGuru Angad. On theoutskirts of Amritsar, it was received by Hargobind, Guru Arjan'syoung son, accompanied by large number of Sikhs. He bowed athis father's feet and showered petals in front of the pothis. GuruArjan, Hargobind,Bhai GurdasandBaba Buddhanow bore thepalanquin on their shoulders, led by musicians with flutes anddrums. Reaching Amritsar, Guru Arjan first went to Darbar Sahib tooffer Karah Prasad. Then as gurbilas sais "an attractive spot in thethick of a forest next to Amritsar was marked out by Guru Arjan. Aten was hoisted in this idyllic setting. Here Guru Arjan andBhai Gurdasstarted work on the sacredvolumes. The making of granth was not easy and it took quite some time. All work was done inPunjabi with gurmukhi script of Guru Angad. Total of 1400+ pages were compiled. When Granth was

done, Guru Arjan named itAdi Granthand installed it in the innermost santum of Darbar Sahib.Completion of Granth was celebrated with much jubilation. Karah prasad was prepared in huge

quantities, large number of Sikhs came to see the Granth atDarbar Sahib.Guru Arjan Dev ji achieved martyrdom on the orders of Mughalking Shahjehan in 1606 AD at Lahore. He had just before leavingto Lahore, appointed his son Hargobind as sixth guru.GuruHargobindwas formally declared Guru on June 24 1606. Guru

Hargobindsteered theSikhs towardsbecomingsoldiers from

saints as byearlier Gurus.

He established theinstitution of Akal takht,which is a declared center of all Sikhs. FromAkal Takht he conducted all the secular affairsof community. In the open place betweenGolden Temple and Akal Takht were heldtournaments of Physical feats everyafternoon, and here the bards, Abdullah andNattha, recited heroic poetry. All Sikhs are

Nanak V, Guru ArjanDev

Gurgaddi:1581 AD - 1606 ADContribution:Completed the

excavation of Sarovar andconstruction of Golden Temple.Compiled the Adi Granth bycollecting hymns of all theprevious Gurus. Installed BabaBuddha ji as first Granthi ofDarbar Sahib. Started theglorious tradition of martyrdomin Sikhism by giving his life butnot Dharma at Lahore.

Nanak VI, GuruHargobind

Gurgaddi:1606 - 1644Contribution:Established AkalTakht as the parliament ofSikhs. Wore two swords, Miriand Piri as symbols of Saintand Soldier. Created the FirstSikh army and fought against

Mughal emperor Shahjehan.
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suppose to make all political decision through consensus at Akal Takht with elected jathedar meanshead or leaderof Akal Takht leading them. Guru Hargobind took a different approach then hispredecessors and asked his devotees to give him gifts of horses and weapons. He created a smallarmy of 752 men, his men include warriors likeBidhi Chand chhina. Guru Hargobind fought smallbattles in and aroundAmritsar, he was captured by Mughals and put in jail at Gwalior. When hereturned from jail it was Diwali, people of Amritsar celebrated that occasion with much enthusiasm,from that day on Diwali of Amritsar is famous all over India. It is said Daal roti ghar di, Diwali Amritsardi, means "good food is always at your home, and good diwali at Amritsar" . By virtue of being theseat of the Guru and by its connections with Sikh Sangats in far-flung regions through a chain ofmasands, Amritsar had developed the characterstics of a State Capital.

Guru Hargobind made his son Harrai as Seventh Guru. Guru HarRaiformally took the seat of succession on March 3 1644 on theeve of departure of Guru Hargobind from this world. Guru Harraiwas more like Guru Arjan although he kept the army, he spenthis most time preaching the Sikh ideals. One remarkable thinghappened at this time was that his relatives took control ofGolden Temple and declared to mughals that it was theirpersonal property. Guru Harrai had to move to Nahan inHimachal and other places all over Punjab. 5 oct 1661Guru HarKrishenwas made eighth guru., 6th October 1661 Guru Har Raibreathed his last in this world. Guru Har Krishen passed away on30 March 1664 after he asked for a coconute, 5 paisas and all ofhis closest disciples. He circled coconut three times in air, put the 5 paisas in front of coconut anduttered"Baba Bakala"(these rights were consistent with what earlier gurus had done when passingdown the Guru Nanak's throne.) Guru Tegh Bahadur became guru on 11 August 1664, afterMakhanShah Lubanafound him. Guru Tegh bahadur, ninth Guru bought some land in Ropar district andestablished city of Anandpur, since he was also not welcomed at Golden Temple which was underthe control of Sodhis.Guru Gobind Singhbecame guru on Novembor 16 1675 (he was 9 years oldthen). Guru Gobind Singh also could not dislodge his jealous relatives., not until 1920's when SinghSabha movement was started, Heriditory Sodhi mahants were thrown away from Golden Temple, andGolden Temple was put under a democratically elected forum of people calledShiromani GurdwaraPrabhandak Committee. For more information you can visit their web site at www.sgpc.org

Service for the needy one's is one of the ideals of Sikhism. Guru Gobind Singhdeclared that "Khalsashall always be there to help the needy one's, Khalsa is a saint and soldier" Even these days, I onceheard a Hindu gentleman giving advice to his daughter who had recently got a job in the city of Delhiand had to travel about 30-40 KM everyday, " Always take an auto rickshaw whose driver is a Sikh. "he further reiterated " A Sikh will protect you like his own daughter. " In Ancient India, job to upheldDharma and righteousness was taken up by the Rajputs,When creating Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh (Himself aRajput Kshtraiya) said " Rajputs have forgotten theirDharma and are marrying their daughters to theoppressors and thus today I am creating Khalsa whichshall be Saint and Soldier and whose job will be to upheldthe righteousness and protect the needy." Not just

protection, Sikhs have ideals that are unique among all theworld religions., for example,Bhai Kanhaiya ji, a Gursikh ofGuru Gobind singh was arrested by fellow Sikhs from thebattlefield. They complained to Guru thatBhai Kanhaiyaishelping the wounded enemy by giving them water, BhaiKanhaiya ji replied "In a battlefield everywhere I see there is God, I do not know how to separate foefrom friend." Guru Gobind singh was so happy that he provided him with bandages and medicine tobe put on the wounded soldiers (all). From that day serving water to pilgrims, etc have become a sortof tradition with Sikhism. At Golden Temple, there are small plazas for water. As in the picture above.

Nanak VII, Guru HarRai

Gurgaddi:1644 - 1661Contribution:Stopped theconfrontation with Mughals andconcentrated on building up theideals as well as force. Had toLeave Golden Temple in the

hands of jealous relatives andestablish a new Sikh center athills of Himachal.
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Guru Gobind Singh made Adi Granth as the Eleventh Guru for allthe Sikhs.Guru Gobind Singh jiright before he passed away,issued orders to make Bhai Mani singh as Head Granthi of GoldenTemple, Amritsar. His relatives at Golden Temple complied withthe wishes of Sikh sangat and Bhai mani Singh was made headgranthi. Around the same time, Punjab was swept by the Khalsaunder Banda Bahadur and all lands were taken away from richlandholders distributing to poor. Taxes were levied at straight 10%(reduced from 63% earlier by Mughals which include Jizya forbeing a non-muslim). Khalsa under Banda Bahadur started callingthemselves as "Bandai Khalsa" while the rest of the Khalsa as "Tat

Khalsa" meaning "Original Khalsa". This rift causedBanda Bahadurand 2000+ of his supporters theirlife but Guru ke Sikhs Bandai Khalsas did not converted to islam. Some time later,Bhai Mani SinghatGolden Temple got both the parties, Bandai and tat khalsa together and solved the dispute of theirwar cries "Sat Sri akal" vs. "Fateh Darshan". It is said thatBhai Mani Singhwrote both of these words"Sat Sri Akal" on one piece of paper and "Fateh Darshan" on other piece of paper and dropped thesepapers into sarovar close by Akal Takht at Golden Temple, after sometime one piece of paper cameabove with "Sat Sri Akal" on it. From that point on, there was no dispute about Sikh salutation ofWaheguru ji ka Khalsa and Sat Sri akal.

In the next few years Golden Temple achieved a supreme center for all purposes of Sikhs. Villagersfrom nearby would come to Darbar Sahib and solve their disputes. Visiting Golden Temple became asort of a ritual on Diwali and Visakhi for Sikhs. Mughals were watching these activities. On Diwali,Bhai Mani Singh, head granthi of Golden Temple, asked for permission to hold Diwali Fair at GoldenTemple. Mughal governor allowed it on the condition that after fairBhai Mani Singh jiwill pay 500,000rupees to Lahore, Bhai Mani singh ji agreed. But two days before fair, Mughals sent a huge force toAmritsar, scaring away majority of the visitors and thus there was very less amount collected, not

enough to pay mughals. Mughals arrested Bhai Mani Singh ji, Qazi ordered death sentence aftertorture or conversion to Islam. Bhai Mani Singh following the glorious tradition of Sikhism, pickeddeath.

Martyrdom ofBanda Bahadurand Pious Sikh PriestBhai Mani Singhhad a deep impact on Sikhyouth. For them Amritsar became a focal point. Sikhs UnderBhai Tara Singh of Village Wan,NawabKapur Singhof Village Singhpuria,Bhai Nodh Singhof Gujranwala ,Jassa Singh RamgarhiaofGurdaspur, started attacking Mughal treasuries. They became folk heroes of Sikhs. Mughal governorappointed Massa Ranghar as chief of Amritsar, he occupied Golden Temple and banned Sikhs from

Nanak X, Guru GobindSingh

GurGaddi:1675 - 1707 A.D.Contribution:Visited GoldenTemple periodically but never

lived there as it was owned byjealous relatives who even shutthe doors of Golden Temple forGuru Gobind Singh.
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visiting it. Sikh youth at this time would gallop on their horses and in a second would take a dip insarovar fill up the water for their elders and ride away. Massa Ranghar made Golden Temple as hispalace and dance hall where he watched dances by half naked woman. He also started abusingHindus and Sikhs of Amritsar. This was too much for Sikhs to bear. Bhai Mehtab Singh andBhaiSukha Singhavenged this descration by killing Massa Ranghar in the Golden Temple when theyentered in disguise. They were both eventually hunted by Mughals and attained martyrdom.MeerMannuand laterZakriya Khancontinued their atrocities on Sikhs untilNadir Shahattacked .

Nadir Shah(about 50 years old) from Afghanistan, easily defeated the Mughals and occupied Delhi.His forces harassed, raped, looted allmost all citizens ofDelhi from mughal dignitaries to common persons. Whenhe left, Delhi came under Marathas who let the Mughalemperor rule but whole Army was Maratha. Then AhmadShah Abdali or "Durrani" attacked Punjab. His forcesoccupied Punjab, he clashed with Marathas at Panipat andwon a decisive battle. His forces had a field day of loot,Ahmad Shah Abdali was basically a free booter and alooter from Afghanistan just likeNadir Shah(SurprisinglyMajority of Afghanistanis till today have remained like him,freebooters, looters and uncivilised people). His menabducted about 5000 women from Delhi for their haremsand bazaars of Middle East. When he was returning, Sikhsunder various small Jathas attacked Abdali and freedalmost all of women as well as snatched back the lootedriches of India. Abdali was furious and returned back in fewyears to punish Sikhs. Sikhs emptiedAmritsar, Abdaliforces occupied Golden Temple after a small fight with fiveSikhs at golden Temple.Baba Deep Singh jiattackedAbdali's general at Amritsar and attained martyrdom. Sikhsretaliated the baggage train of Abdali and freed much oflooted booty again, Sikhs also captured about 10,000Afghanis who were made to work and restore GoldenTemple in original state for about 1 year and then freed.

Abdali attacked again five times to punish Sikhs but Sikhsretaliated each time. After Abdali died, his son Zaman

Shah attacked Punjab but was severely beaten by a 16 year old one eyed lad from Punjab namedRanjit Singh in 1798 A.D.. After which Sikhs permanently occupied Golden Temple and its sanctitywas not hurt until 1984 A.D, when Indian Army marched into the Golden Temple.

http://sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/gtemple.html
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Golden Temple The holiest site in Sikh history

Amritsar is the center of Sikh history and culture,

and the Golden Temple is its most important religious site. In the early sixteenth century the first

guru, Nanak, founded the new religion here, and under succeeding gurus, especially Arjan, theSikh holy book, the Adi Granth, was compiled and the earliest temple was established to house

it. Today the Golden Temple is the main place of pilgrimage for all Sikhs.

The three-story marble temple dates from the eighteenth century and was much influenced by

late Mughal architecture. The colonnades, turrets, niches, balconies, parapets, and the central

dome, in the shape of an inverted lotus, are all typical of contemporary mosques and palaces.Rather than having one entrance, there are doors and balconies open to all four directions,

signifying the importance of acceptance in the Sikh religion. The exterior is gilded with gold leaf

on the upper two levels; the interior is decorated with inlaid marble, carved woodwork, ivory

mosaics, embossed gold and silver, and murals. Reached by a marble causeway, the templestands in the middle of a massive rectangular tank, the Amrita Sarovar or Pool of Nectar, around

which are offices, storerooms, a dining hall, kitchen, guesthouse, and watchtowers. There is also

a prominent clock tower at the northern entrance, and to the west is the Ahal Takht, a domedbuilding that serves as the seat of the supreme Sikh council.

The site has been a meditation retreat for wandering mendicants and sages since deep

antiquity.

Martin Gray, anthropologist.

http://www.canada-tourist.com/golden-temple-the-holiest-site-in-sikh-history.html

Harmandir, the Golden Temple of the Sikhs

The Golden Temple is situated in Amritsar, located in Northern Punjab, India, which is close to

the border of Pakistan. It is the centralgurdwara, or worship place, for all Sikhs in the world. Itsproper name is Harmandir, which means "Temple of God". It is known as the Golden Temple

because of its unique features. The gurdwara is constructed of white marble overlaid with gold

leaf and stands in the center of asarovar, or pool of fresh, clear, reflective water which is fed by
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the Ganges River. Pilgrimsbathe and perform ablutionin the sacred waters of the tank which is

known for its healing properties. Visitors gather inside the gurdwara to worship, listen to hymns,and hear the holy scripture of theGuru Granth Sahibread. The golden gurdwara has four

entrances, one on each side, which are a symbolic welcome to all persons regardless of caste,

class, color, or creed. A bridge extends from the gurdwara to theAkalTakhat, the governing

body of religious authority for Sikhs. The Guru Granth is kept in the Akal Takhat after hours.

Langaris a free sanctified meal which is prepared daily and served at the temple. It is availableto the tens of thousands pilgrims who visit daily. All cooking of food and maintenance of the

golden temple complex is carried out by worshipers, who volunteer their services. All cost is

provided for by donations.Langar at the Golden Temple Video

History of Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple)

1574 - Akbar, a Mughal emperor gifts the site toBibi Bhani, a daughter of the third Guru Amar

Das, as a wedding gift when she marries Jetha who later becomes FourthGuru Raam Das.

1577 -Guru Raam Dasbegins excavation of a fresh water tank, and construction of the temple

site.

1588 -Guru Arjun Dev, the son of Guru Raam Das and the fifth guru of the Sikhs, over-sees the

laying of the temple's foundation.

1604 - Guru Arjun Dev completes the temple's construction. He compiles the sacred scripture

Adi Granth over a five year period, completing it August 30th, and installing the Granth in thetemple on September 1st. He appoints a Sikh named Baba Buddha to be caretaker of the Granth.

1663 -Guru Har Govindlays the foundation of Akal Takhat, throne of spiritual authority, withthe assistance of Bhai Gurdas and Baba Buddha. Together they build a platform 12 feet in height

in defiance of a decree made by Mughal Emperor Jahangir that no one but his own royal

personage be allowed to sit on a dais over three feet in height.

1699 - 1737 -Bhai Mani Singhis appointed curator of Harmandir Sahib byGuru Gobind Singh.

1757 - 1762 - Jahan Khan, an Afghani general of the invaderAhmad Shah Abdali, attacks the

temple. It is defended by illustrious martyrBaba Deep Singh. The damages sustained result in

major renovations.

1830 - Maharajah Ranjit Singh sponsors marble inlay, gold plating, and gilding of the temple.

1984 -Operation Blue Star:

May 25th (Tuesday): Indian Army troops surround the Golden Temple complex.
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June 1st (Friday): Several thousand Sikh devotees convene at the Golden Temple to

commemorate the June 3rd anniversary of themartyrdom of Guru Arjun Dev. A seven hour

barrage of shooting occurs during the night, killing 11 and wounding 25.

June 3rd (Sunday): Indian Army troupes impose a curfew shooting dead any who violate it. Ten

thousand Sikh devotees are trapped within the Golden Temple complex .

June 4th (Monday): The Indian Army fires on the Golden Temple with machine guns and

mortars. A five hour battle ensues resulting in 100 deaths.

June 5th (Tuesday): The Indian Government sends tanks to surround and invade the temple

complex. Heavy crossfire results in many casualties.

June 6th (Wednesday): Armored vehicles and tanks break through and pummel the Akal Takhat

resulting in themassacre of thousands of innocent worshipersand damage to the entire

complex, defacing the temple, destroying the Akal Takhat, and desecrating holy scriptures and

sacred texts.

June 7th (Thursday): Indian army soldiers trample the grounds without removing their boots,

swaggering through the temple complex drinking and smoking. The Golden Temple complex is

looted and ancient scriptures are burnt. The sarovar is filled with thousands floating corpses.

Relatives are refused the rights to claim their dead. The Bodies of dead devotees are collected,

stripped of valuables, loaded onto garbage trucks and cremated without ceremonial rites,before an official count can be made.

1993 - Karan Bir Singh Sidhu, a prominent Sikh, heads up the Galliara renovation project of theAkal Takhat and the Golden Temple Harmandir complex.

http://sikhism.about.com/od/history/a/Golden_Temple.htm

he era of theten gurusof Sikhism spans nearly300 years, from the birth of Nanak Dev in 1469,

through the life ofGuru Gobind Singh. At the time of his the death in 1708, Guru Gobind Singh

bequeathed his title of Guru to the Sikh scripture, Guru Granth. Sikhs regard the 10 gurus ofSikhism as the embodiment of one guiding light which passed from each guru to their successors

and which now resides with the scripture Siri Guru Granth Sahib. (Where research shows

discrepancies in names and dates, each are given.)

1.Guru Nanak Dev

Photo [Angel Originals]

Guru Nanak Dev, first of the 10 gurus, founded the Sikh faith, introducing the concept of oneGod.
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Son of: Kalyan Das ji (Mehta Kalu ji), and Mata Tripta ji.

Married to: Sulakhani ji.Father to: sons, Siri Chand and Lakhmi Das.

Birthplace: Nankana Sahib (Pakistan),observedOctober 20, 1469 (April 14, 1469 Nanakshahi)

Became Guru: From birth - formally, February 20, 1507 (1499 AD at about age 30) Place of Death: Kartarpur, September 7, 1539 (September 22, Nanakshahi)

Age: 70

The Life of Guru Nanak

The Birth of Guru Nanak

The Story of Guru Nanak's BirthGuru Nanak's Birthday Celebrations

Guru Nanak's Official Birthday Celebration

Guru Nanak the Herdboy

Guru Nanak and the Shade TreeGuru Nanak and the Cobra

Guru Nanak the Merchant

The Journeys of Guru Nanak and Mardana

More Info

2.Guru Angad Dev


Guru Angad Dev, second of the 10 gurus, compiled the writings of Nanak Dev, and introducedtheGurmukhi script.

Son of: Pheru Mall ji and Mata Daya Kaur (Sabhrai) ji.Married to:Khivi ji.

Father to: sons, Dasu, Datu, and daughters, Amro and Anokhi.

Birthplace: Harike, March 31, 1504 (April 18, Nanakshahi)

Became Guru: Kartarpur, September 7, 1539 (September 18, Nanakshahi)

Place of Death: Khadur, March 29, 1552 (April 16, Nanakshahi) Age: 48

Guru Angad Dev and the Tradition of Langar

The Establishment of Langar by Mata Khivi

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3.Guru Amar Das


Guru Amar Das, third of the 10 gurus, disavowed caste with the institution of langar, pangatand sangat.

Son of: Tej Bhan ji and Mata Lakhmi ji.

Married to: Mansa Devi.

Father to: sons, Mohan, Mohri, and daughters, Dani and Bhani.

Birthplace: Basarke (Amritsar) May 5, 1479, (May 23, Nanakshahi)

Became Guru: Khadur, March 26, 1552 (April 16, Nanakshahi)

Place of Death: Goindwal, September 1, 1574 (September 16, Nanakshahi)

Age: 95

The Guru's Free KitchenThe Institution of Langar

Monday according to Guru Amardas

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4.Guru Raam Das


Guru Raam Das, fourth of the 10 gurus, began the excavation of thesarovarin Amritsar.Son of: Hari Das ji Sodhi and Mata Daya Kaur ji.

Married to: Bhani ji.

Father to: sons, Prithi Chand, Maha Dev and Arjun Dev.

Birthplace: Chuna Mandi (Lahore, Pakistan) September 24, 1534 (October 9, Nanakshahi)

Became Guru: Goindwal, September 1, 1574 (September 16, Nanakshahi)

Place of Death: Goindwal, September 1, 1581 (September 16, Nanakshahi)

Age: 47

The History of Keeping UpThe Virtue of Humility
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5.Guru Arjun Dev (Arjan Dev)


Guru Arjun (Arjan) Dev, fifth of the 10 gurus, erected the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib)

in Amritsar, compiled and contributed to Adi Granth, 1604.

Son of: Guru Raam das and Ji Mata Bhani ji.Married to: Raam Devi (issueless), Ganga ji.

Father to: one son, Har Govind.

Birthplace: Goindwal, April 14, 1563 (May 2, Nanakshahi)

Became Guru: Goindwal, September 1, 1581 (September 16, Nanakshahi)

Place of Death: Lahore, May, 30 1606 (June 16, Nanakshahi)

Martyred age: 43

Martyr, Architect and Poet

History of Harmandir SahibThe Martyrdom of Guru Arjun

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6.Guru Har Govind (Har Gobind)


Guru Har Govind(Gobind), sixth of the 10 gurus, constructed theAkal Takhat. He raised anarmy and woretwo swordssymbolizing secular and spiritual authority. The Mughal emperor

Jahangir imprisoned the guru who negotiated release for whomever could hold on to his robe.Son of: Guru Arjun and Mata Ganga.

Married to: Damodri ji, Nankee ji and Maha Devi ji.

Father to: Sons, Gur Ditta, Ani Rai, Suraj Mal, Atal Rai, Teg Mall (Teg Bahadur), and daughter,Bibi Veero.

Birthplace: Guru ki Wadali (Amritsar), June 19, 1595 (July 5, Nanakshai)

Became Guru: Amritsar, May 25, inaugurated June 10 - 11 or 25, 1606 (June 11, Nanakshahi)
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Place of Death: Kiratpur, February 28, or March 3, 1644 (March 19, Nanakshahi)

Age: 49

Bandi Chhor Release From Imprisonment

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7.Guru Har Rai


Guru Har Rai, seventh of the 10 gurus, propagated the Sikh faith, maintained a cavalry of

20,000 as his personal guard, and established both a hospital and zoo.

Son of: Baba Gurditta ji and Mata Nihal Kaur.Married to: Sulakhni ji (Kishan Kaur) and Daughters of Daya Ram.

Father to: sons, Ram Rai and Har Krishan, and daughter Sarup Kaur.

Birthplace: Kiratpur (Hoshiarpur), January 16, or February 26, 1630 (January 31, Nanakshahi)

Became Guru: Kiratpur, March 3, or 8, 1644 (March 14, Nanakshahi)

Place of Death: Kiratpur, May 30, or October 6, 1661 (October 20, Nanakshahi)

Age: 31

Birth of Guru Har Rai

Boyhood of Guru Har Rai

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8.Guru Har Krishan (Har Kishan)


Guru Har Krishan, eighth of the 10 gurus, became guru at the age of five, and is known for hiswisdom and compassion.

Son of Guru Har Rai and Mata Kishan (aka Krishan or Sulakhni) Kaur.

Birthplace: Kiratpur, July 7, 1656 (July 23, Nanakshahi)

Became Guru: Kiratpur, June 10, July 7, or October 6 - 7, 1661 (October 20, Nanakshahi)
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Place of Death: Delhi, March 30, 1664 (April 16, Nanakshahi)

Age: 8

Baba Bakala, and the 22 Impostors

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9.Guru Teg Bahadar (Tegh Bahadur)


Guru Teg Bahadar, ninth of the 10 gurus, reluctant to leave meditation and come forward as

guru, ultimately sacrificed his life to protect Hindu Pandits from forced conversion to Islam.

Son of: Guru Har Govind and Mata Nankee ji.Married to: Gujri ji.

Father to: one son, Gobind Singh.

Birthplace: Amritsar, April 1, 1621 (April 18, Nanakshahi)

Became Guru: Baba Bakala, August 11, 1664 (April 16, Nanakshahi)

Place of Death: Delhi, November 11, 1675 (November 24, Nanakshahi)

Martyred age: 54

Baba Bakala, Guru Teg Bahadur and the 22 Impostors

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10.Guru Gobind Singh


Guru Gobind Singh, tenth of the 10 gurus, created the order ofKhalsa. Sacrificed father,mother, sons and his own life to protect Sikhs from forced conversion to Islam. Completed the

Granth bestowing upon it title of everlasting Guru.

Son of Guru Teg Bahadar and Mata Gujri ji.Married to Jito ji (Ajit Kaur), Sundri, and Sahib Kaur.

Father to sons, Ajit Singh, Jujhar Singh, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh.
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Birthplace:Patna(Bihar, India) December 22, 1666 (January 5, Nanakshahi)

Became Guru: Anandpur, November 11, 1675 (November 24 Nanakshahi)

Creation of Khalsa: April 14, 1699

Place of Death: Nanded, October 7, 1708 (October 21, Nanakshahi)

Age: 42

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