si session blood and circulation spring 2010 for dr. wright’s bio 6 class designed by pyeongsug...

SI SessionSI Session

Blood and Circulation

Spring 2010

For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Class

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]

Picture from http://www.staff.fcps.net/jholley/photogallery/photo_gallery.htm

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.staff.fcps.net/jholley/photogallery/photo_gallery.htm

http://sibiology.science-i.com/



The heart and circulationWhat are three major functions of blood?

What are some substances transported by blood?How does blood help maintain pH? Body temperature?What are white blood cells and what do they do?

What is plasma? Function of plasma proteins? How is plasma volume regulated?What is the principal role of red blood cells?What do platelets do? What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways? What triggers each? (Don’t try to memorize the pathways.)What are the five types of white blood cells?What is hematopoiesis and where in the body does it take place?What kinds of events affect the acid-base balance of the blood? What can correct alkalosis or acidosis?What are the four chambers of the heart? Which receive blood, and from where? Which pump out blood, and to where? Where are the AV and semilinar valves?What can an ECG tell you about heart function? (significance of P, QRS and T waves)What are factors that can cause the heart rate to increase or decrease?Describe some factors that increase or decrease blood pressure.Arteries and veins:

Which carries blood away from the heart, and which toward the heart?Which carries oxygenated blood, and which deoxygenated (and what is the exception)?What are the structural differences between arteries and veins?

What is the role of the lymphatic system in:Maintaining body fluid levels?Defense of the body against infection?

__________ system- lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

Functions of Circulatory SystemFunctions of Circulatory SystemTransportationTemperature regulationImmune function

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

______________ system- heart and blood vessels

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Functions of Blood Functions of Blood

•TransportsTransportsDissolved gases (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide); Waste products of metabolism (e.g. water, urea);Hormones, Enzymes Nutrients (eg. glucose, amino acids, Vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, glycerol)Plasma proteins (blood clotting factors, antibodies, albumins)Blood cells and other elements (RBC, WBC, pletelets)


•Maintains body temperature Maintains body temperature

•Controls pHControls pH slightly basic pH 7.4 6.8 to 7.4, otherwise it begins to damage cells.

•Removes toxins from the bodyRemoves toxins from the body Send to the kidney kidneys filter all of the blood in the body

•Regulation of Body Fluid ElectrolytesRegulation of Body Fluid Electrolytes Fluid ~ by osmosis, Electrolytes ~ eg. Excess salt is removed from the body in urine

•Immune functionImmune function Lymphocytes, antibodies.. etc

Functions of Blood Functions of Blood


__________ Lack nuclei and mitochondria


A: B: C: D:E:F:

Blood plasmaBuffy coat(WBCs, platelets)

RBCs(Erythrocytes)

Platelets(Thrombocyte )

WBCs(Leukocytes)

RBCs(Erythrocytes)

__________ Transportation- oxygen and carbon dioxide

__________ are required for clotting against blood loss

Erythrocytes

ThrombocyteErythrocytes,Thrombocyte

__________ Have a nucleus, mitochondria, and amoeboid abilityLeukocytes

__________ Granular or agranular; function in immunity.Leukocytes__________ is present in the blood in greatest numbers Erythrocytes

What proteins are found in plasma?Albumins, Globulins, & Fibrinogen

_________ Creates colloid osmotic pressure that draws H2O from interstitial fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure.

Albumins

________ Carry transport; some are antibodies produced by lympocytes.Globulins

________ Serves as clotting factor.Fibrinogen


http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bindingsitesera.com/images/antibody%2520bulk%2520websmall.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bindingsitesera.com/polyclonalantiseraandc-2.aspx&usg=__61g6iaKVL5JAln3JQ1PVMZB_5Os=&h=263&w=248&sz=51&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=dei7Oqtug7PnDM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dantibodies%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX

Leukocytes(WBCs)Leukocytes(WBCs)-(Don’t have/Have) a nucleus, mitochondria, and amoeboid ability.

- help detoxify foreignsubstances and release heparin.

-Monocytes ~Phagocytic-B-lympocytes - antibodies.

eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils

lymphocytes and monocytes

AgranularAgranularGranularGranular


Erythropoiesis-Stimulated by ______________

from kidney.

-Old RBCs phagocytized.

-____ recycled

HematopoiesisHematopoiesis

- formation of blood cells from stem cells in ___________ and _____________.bone marrow lymphoid tissue


Leukopoiesis-Stimulated by __________. = autocrine regulators secreted by immune system

erythropoietin (EPO)

Iron

cytokines


Blood ClottingBlood Clotting

What is the first step in after a blood vessel is injured?Vasoconstriction

What is the role of platelets(thrombocyte) in the blood clotting? -Form a plug by sticking to each other-release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction-provide phospholipids in their cell membranes to activate cotting factors.

What is the last step in clot formation?Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to form a mesh


Platelets(thrombocytes) in blood clotting…..Platelets(thrombocytes) in blood clotting…..-Form a plug by sticking to each other-Release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction-Provide phospholipids needed for the intrinsic pathway

_________ convert prothrombin to thrombin in common pathway.

_________ is involved vasoconstriction.

_________ refers to a process whereby bleeding is halted. Hemostasis

Platelets Hemostasis Fibrinogen Ca2+ Serotonin Plasmin Phospholipids Thrombin

_________ is required as a cofactor in clotting sequences

_________ is a soluble protein and converted into insoluble threads of fibrin. Fibrinogen

_________ digests fibrin, dissolving clot.PlasminSerotonin, Platelets


_________ converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to form a meshwork.

Ca2+,

Phospholipids

Thrombin

_________ release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction.Platelets

_________ is(are) clotting factor(s).Fibrinogen(I)Ca2+(IV)

Ca2+,


Both Vitamin K and Ca2+ are needed for proper function of clotting factors.

Is Ca2+ one of clotting factors? Yes! It is factor IV!Is Vit K one of clotting factors? No! It is involved for formation of

some clotting factors in the liver.


Vitamin KVitamin K-needed for formation of prothrombin and other clotting

factors in liver.

-needed for proper function of _____________.

-__________ blocks clotting by inhibiting activation of Vit K.

-Low Vit K in the blood.

(Inhibits/promotes) blood clotting.

clotting factors

Coumarin

CaCa2+2+

-needed for proper function of ____________.-Low Ca2+ in the blood. (Inhibits/promotes) blood clotting.-_______ combines with Ca2+ and inhibits the activity of clotting factors.

clotting factors

In detail, glutamate—(Vit K)Gamma-carboxyglutamate glutamate at binding Ca2+ Activate cotting factors

Citrate


Blood type A+-On the surface of RBCs: ______________

-In the plasma: __________________

A-antigen, Rh+antigen

Antibody against B (Anti-B)

Blood type AB+-On the surface of RBCs: _________________________

-In the plasma: __________________

A-antigen, B-antigen,& Rh+antigen

None against ABO

Blood type O+-On the surface of RBCs: _____________

-In the plasma: __________________

Rh+antigenAntibodies against A & B(Anti-B, Anti-B)

Universal recipient-Which antibody against ABO does have?

None of them

-Agglutination (occurs/does not occur).

-Able to receive blood from any other group

in the ABO system.


None of them



in the ABO system.


None of them



in the ABO system.



None of them



in the ABO system.

AB+

Universal donor-Which antibody against ABO does have?

Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-Rh if exposed to Rh+


-Can receive from ____

-Can give to everybody.

O-

O-


None of them



in the ABO system.

AB+AB+AB+AB+Universal recipient-Which antibody against ABO does have?

None of them



in the ABO system.

AB+


Table note

Recipient Donor

O− O+ A− A+ B− B+ AB− AB+

O−

O+

A−

A+

B−

B+

AB−

AB+

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Yes_check.svg














































Blood Type A+ Blood Type O+

Donor

Donor Recipient

Recipient

agglutination!

What about antibodies in donor blood???

The possible reactions of anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in the transfused blood to the recipients RBCs are not considered, because a relatively small volume of plasma containing antibodies is transfused. -Consider (blood elements/plasma) of donor in blood transfusion.


AggutinationBlockage of small vessels, hemolysisDamage the kidneys and other organs

Transfusion errorTransfusion error


In later pregnancies mom may produce______________

Rh – people don’t make anti-Rh antibodies until __________________________________

Antibodies cross placenta causing __________________

2nd pregnancy with Rh+ baby

1st pregnancy with Rh+ baby

RhoGAM

Rh antibodies.

hemolysis of fetal RBCs.

after their first exposure to Rh antigen.


Blood vesselsBlood vessels

Artery (from the heart to the body)

Vein (from the body to the heart)

Capillary

F

A B

D

LumenBlood vesselsBlood vessels

Tunica interna, Tunica media, & Tunica externa

C D E C D

A:B:C:D:E:F:G:H:I:

ArteryVeinTunica internaTunica mediaTunica externaValveVenulesArteriolesCarpillaries


GH

I

______ : the hollow space inside Three layers:___________________________________

___________-The middle tissue -smooth muscle-controls blood flow by changing the lumen size___________-the outermost tissue -dense connective tissue-protects and strengthens the blood vessel


______ : the hollow space inside Three layers:

___________________________________

___________-The innermost tissue -simple squamous epithelial tissue-smooth surface for blood flow

LumenBlood vesselsBlood vessels

Tunica interna, Tunica media, & Tunica externa

Tunica interna

Tunica media

Tunica externa

Lumen size smaller largerTunica media thicker thinnerIn systemic loop… carry O2-rich carry O2-poor

Blood to organs blood from organsIn pulmonic loop… carry O2-poor carry O2-rich

Blood to lungs blood from lungsSmall ones called… arterioles venulesOther features higher blood pressure one-way valves


Arteries vs. VeinArteries vs. Vein

ArteriesArteries VeinVein

CapillariesCapillaries:The smallest blood vessels

-the thinness wall :only the tunica (interna, media, externa) So, diffuse easily.-only found in ______.-blood arterioles venules-exchange Gases or substances O2 & nutrients to the tissue fluid cells CO2 & waste to the tissue fluid blood

organs



Maintain proper ECF levels-Normally filtration-Osmotic reuptake-Lymphatic drainage


EdemaEdema

-High blood pressure or Venous obstruction

-Increased tissue protein concentration

-Decreased plasma protein concentration resulting from liver

disease.

-Obstruction of lymphatic vessels

-Leakage of plasma proteins into interstitial fluid

-Hypothyroidism-Excess production of glycoproteins in extracellular matrix.

MyxedemaMyxedema


ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors -Monitor blood PCO2, PO2, and pH (H+).

H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+H+ + HCO3


PCO2 is most crucial effects on blood pH. Increased CO2 H+ increases (decreased pH) Decreased CO2 H+ decreass (Increased pH)

Blood Brain barrier(BBB)Blood Brain barrier(BBB)-H+ cannot cross the BBB but,monitor blood CO2

-Since PCO2 is most crucial effects on blood pH.

Hyperventilation (Overbreathing)Hyperventilation (Overbreathing)-the state of breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary -More O2 in; More CO2 out High O2, Low CO2Low CO2 in the body

Hypoventilation (RHypoventilation (Respiratory depressionespiratory depression))-Ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange. Or the state of breathing slower and/or lighter. -Less O2 in; Less CO2 out Low O2, High CO2High CO2 in the body


Low blood pH-stimulates chemoreceptor in ____________________.-(increase/decrease) ventilation.

Hypoventilation-Increased PCO2

(increases/decrease) [H+]; lower pH

stimulates chemoreceptor in medulla.

(increase/decrease) ventilation.

Hyperventilation-Decreased PCO2

Decrease [H+]; (rise/lower) pH

stimulates chemoreceptor in medulla.

(increase/decrease) ventilation.

aortic and carotid bodies



What is hemoglobin and what role does it play in gas transport?

Hemoglobin (Hb)Hemoglobin (Hb)

-_______ polypeptide chains

_____________that bind O2

4 globin 4 heme groups

Loading of Hb with O2 occurs in ______; unloading in ______.

lungstissues

Each heme has a ferrous ion that can bind __ O2 Therefore, each Hb can carry __O2s

14

O2-carrying capacity of blood depends on its ____ levels Hb

Hb production is controlled by ________________The EPO Production stimulated by ________ in kidneys

erythropoietin (EPO)low PO2

CarboxyhemoglobinCarboxyhemoglobin -Contains heme combined with carbon monoxide(CO) -The heme can't bind O2.


What are PCO2, PO2 anyway?

PCO2 : partial pressure of CO2

Pgas : partial pressure of that gas

PO2 : partial pressure of O2

When we say ….“High PO2” – “Low PO2” –

indicates that more oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.indicates that less oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.

PO2 (does/does not) contain oxygen in Hb.

Most O2 in the blood is located in the (plasma/RBCs).

PO2 (does/does not) provide a measurement of the total oxygen content of “whole” blood.

O2 must first dissolve in the plasma before it can diffuse to the tissue cells increasing PO2.

AnemiaAnemia-Lower Hb levels than normal.

PolycythemiaPolycythemia-Hb levels above normal

Androgens promote RBC production Hb levels in men are higher.


Hb-O2 affinityHb-O2 affinity -Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) Higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb. -Change by pH ↓pH ↓ Affinity More unloading ↑pH ↑ Affinity Less unloading -Change by Temperature. ↓Temp. ↓ Affinity More unloading ↑Temp. ↑ Affinity Less unloading

Sickle-cell AnemiaSickle-cell Anemia-HbS :Single amino acid change causes crystallization at low PO2 (e.s. Low PO2 at High altitude)

Makes RBCs less flexible and more fragile-8-11% of African Americans-Mostly genetic

So, a person with sickle-cell anemia is suggest NOT to take a air plane or NOT to climb a mountain.


People with sickle cell trait are less likely to get malaria. (provides malaria resistance.)

MyoglobinMyoglobin-O2 storage found in muslces.-has only 1 globin, so can bind only 1O2.-Higher affinity for O2 than Hb.-Releases O2 only at low PO2.



A:B:C:D:E:F:

G:H:I:J:K

AortaPulmonary valveR.atriumTricuspid valvePulmonary arteryL.atrium

Aortic valveMitral valveL.ventricleVentricular septumR.ventricle

The function of valve- Prevent backflow of blood

Atrioventricular(AV) valves-Between _______ & ________-(R) (L)

atrium ventricletricuspid valve mitral valve

Semilunar valves--Open when _________ contractionPulmonary valve, Aortic valve

ventricular

T waveT wave - results from ___________________.

- ventricular __________

P wave P wave - caused by _________________. - _____ contraction

depolarization or atria

QRS complex QRS complex -- caused by _____________________

- ___________ contraction

ventricular depolarization

ventricular repolarization


Called __________P-R interval

Atrial

Ventricular

relaxation

Heart

Artery

Arteriole Capillary

Venule

Vein

Heart

•HeartArteriesArteriolesCapillaries• VenulesVeinsHeart

From Dr. Hughey’s Bio42 class slide


__atria & __ventricles

Heart structureHeart structure

2 2A: F:B: C: G:D: E: H: I: J:

R. AtriumR. VentricleL. AtriumL. VentricleSuperior vena cavaAorta

Inferior vena cavaPulmonaryarteryPulmonary veinLung

-Oxygeneted Blood

-Low O2 in Blood

________ Blood flow from the heart.________ Blood flow to the heart.ArteriesVein


The heart pumps blood through two blood vessel loops.

_____________Blood heart lungsPicks up O2 and releases CO2 in to the

air

_________________

-Blood heart to all organs(except the lungs)

-delivers O2 and nutrients to cells-picks up CO2

Pulmonary loop

Systemic loop

-Oxygeneted Blood

-Low O2 in Blood________ Blood flow from the heart.________ Blood flow to the heart.ArteriesVein

_________________ -Lungs Heart

-R.vetricle through lungs and back to L.atrium


Pulmonary circulation

________________ -Heart body

-L.vetricle to body and back to R.atriumSystemic circulation

Blood Flow

Tissue Superior/Inferior vena cava

R.atrium

R.ventricle

Pulmonary arteryLungsPulmonary vein

L.atrium

L.ventricle

Aorta

-Oxygeneted Blood

-Low O2 in Blood

________ Blood flow from the heart.________ Blood flow to the heart.ArteriesVein


The first arteries (From the heart)-________________ in the pulmonary loop -________________ in the systemic loopPulmonary arteriesAorta

The last vein (to the heart)-________________ in the pulmonary loop -________________ in the systemic loopPulmonary veinSuperior vena cava & Inferior vena cava


•TransportTransport - Fluid transport from tissues (Lymph) to the blood(venous blood

stream). - Fat transport from intestines to the blood.

•Immune responseImmune response - provide immunological defenses against pathogens

Lymphatic systemLymphatic system

____________-filter lymph before returning it to veins.-contain phagocytic cells that that remove pathogens.-make lymphocytes.


________ :faintly yellowish fluid derived from body tissues that contains white blood cells and circulates throughout the lymphatic system.

Lymph

Lymphatic capillariesLymphatic capillaries-form vast networks in intercellular spaces.-Very porous; absorb proteins,Microorganisms, and fat.

Lymph nodes

* Lymphocytes also made in tonsils, spleen, thymus.

si session blood and circulation spring 2010 for dr. wright’s bio 6 class designed by pyeongsug...

Documents

blood pressure

oxygenated blood

major functions of blood

blood plasmabuffy coatwbcs

types of white blood

heart function

pyeongsug kim

system heart