cell structure and function supplemental instruction designed by pyeongsug kim ©2010...
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Cell Structure Cell Structure and Functionand Function
Supplemental instruction
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]
Fall 2010
For Dr. Wright’s Bio 7/27 Class
Updated: August 13, 2010
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com
All living thingsAll living things (including microbes) are classified into ….
___ Domains and ___ Kingdoms___ Domains and ___ Kingdoms3 6
Domain
Archaea
Eubacteria
Fungi
Plantae
Protista
Animalia
Kingdom
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya
Genus (common name)
Archaea
BacteriaCyanobacteria
H.plyori, E.ColiOscillatoria, Gram+,-
Fungi, MoldMushrooms
Yeast, Penicillium, Rhizopus,Aspergillus…..
Moss, flowering plant
Pinus, sun flower,…..
Algae
Protoza
Volvox, diatoms,…..
Euglena, paramecium….
Vertebrates invertebrates
sponges, helminths (worms)
ProkaryotesEukaryotes
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EukaryotesEukaryotesProkaryotesProkaryotes
No nucleus DNA in Nucleus
80S ribosomes
Cell wall
70S ribosomes
Some have cell wall(fungi, plant)
Binary fissionNon-sexual
Mitosis, some do binary fission. Sexual or non-sexual
Singcirculr DNA Multiple, linear DNA; histones
No membrane-bound organelles
membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria, Achaea Algae, protozoa, plant, animal, fungi
ONLY Unicelluar Uni- or Multicellular
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•Prokaryotes
Picture from http://science.howstuffworks.com/cell-info.htm http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/kingdoms-living-world/bacteria.php
-unicellular -multiply by binary fission Asexual reproduction-cell shapes rod, bacillus, cocci, spiral-Bacteria, Archea
•Eukaryotes-uni- or multicellular-multiply by binary fission, budding, sexual…. Asexual or sexual reproduction-Various cell shapes-Protozoa, Algae, Bacteria, Archea
DNADNA- a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development, protein synthesis and functioning.
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-Double strand; Linear -Inside nucleus, bound by a double membrane-Chromosomes: complex with histones(protein) organized into chromosomes
•ProkaryotesProkaryotes-Double strand; Circular -”Naked” DNA ~ no histones-Some have plasmids.
•EukaryotesEukaryotes
Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/102901/66026/During-the-first-stages-of-cell-division-the-recognizable-double
Cell WallCell Wall-Rigid structure; structural support (cell shape)
-Protection from bursting, -Outside cell membrane
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•ProkaryotesProkaryotes-Cell wall is most common-Peptidoglycan in bacteria; gram+/--Variety of cell wall types in archaea but not peptidoglycan
•EukaryotesEukaryotes-Cell wall in plant, fungi, but not animal-Cellulose(plant), chitin(fungi)
Picture from http://picsdigger.com/domain/vccs.edu/http://www.eastchester.k12.ny.us/schools/hs/teachers/fishman/eukaryotes.htm
Gram + Gram -
Both are carbohydrate
HOWEVER! MycoplasmaMycoplasma lack of cell wall.
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-Instead, require sterols for the stability of their cytoplasmic membrane.
Picture from http://colloidalsilversecrets.blogspot.com/2010/04/colloidal-silver-and-mycoplasmas.html http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/blumer_garr/nutrition.htm
“Cholesterol is used in Mycoplasma bovis by both the plasma membrane itself and also to create sterol. Sterol is a vital component of keeping the membrane stable and is usually derived from cholesterol obtained from the host organism.”
Gram -
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Outer membraneOuter membrane-Gram negative bacteria-Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) lipoprotein, porin protein-Protective-lipid A- strong inflammatory response(endotoxin)-O-linked polysaccharide- antigenic
Lipid A
O-linked polysaccharide
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O157:H7 E.Coli
O-side chain characteristic in LPS
O157:H7 (E.Coli)O157:H7 (E.Coli)
Flagella
-Gram-negative bacteria-cause of foodborne illness
Picture from http://www.nbafoodadvocate.com/wb-stockyard-burgers-recalled-ecoli0157h7-4369
Pili
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Picture from http://www.palaeos.com/Kingdoms/Prokaryotes/Eubacteria.htm http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Anisonema+trepidum&b=OBIS
-thin protein structure in bacteria (prokaryotes)
-Called “Sex pili” But, nothing to do with “Sexual”
-Attachment; motility-Involved DNA transfer (Conjugation) DNA transfer from one bacteria to another
Flagella-Protein structure for motility
•ProkaryotesProkaryotes-Some bacteria and archea but coccus bacteria don’t have
•EukaryotesEukaryotes-Protozoa, algae, gamates in plant & animal
“Sex pili”
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GlycocalyxGlycocalyx-Glycoprotein(polysaccharide, protein)
- “Capsule” if organized “Slime layer” if not-Enable bacteria to adhere to surfaces.-Often disease-causing to avoid (thwart) the innate defense system.-Formation of biofilmsbiofilms such as a coating on rocks or teeth (dental plaque).
Picture from http://www.lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=Bacterial+Capsules&lang=1 http://www.scharfphoto.com/fine_art_prints/archives/000613.php
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Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation
PlasmidsPlasmids-Circular, double-stranded DNA molecule-Most in bacteria-Advantages an advantage under conditions of nutrient deprivation antibiotic resistance, resistance to metals-used for genetic engineering-__________ transfer a copy of plasmids to another bacterial cell.Conjugation
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EndosporesEndospores-dormant and non-reproductivenon-reproductive structure-resistante to “unfavorable” conditions such as heat, desiccation, toxic chemicals, UV irradiation
-__________ ~formation of endospores
Called “Spores”
Sporulation
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RibosomesRibosomes
-non-membrane bound-involved in protein synthesis-in Prokaryotes 70S = 50S + 30S subunits-in Eukaryotes 80S = 60S + 40S subunits Mitochondria and Chloroblasts have 70S ribosome. -Some antibiotics target to the 70S ribosome.
Picture from http://web.virginia.edu/Heidi/chapter11/chp11frameset.htm
Binary fissionBinary fission
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Picture from http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_LectureNotes_f/4_GB_19_Cla_Bact_J_Spr2003.html http://www.mcatzone.com/t2.php
-Asexual reproduction-in ALL prokaryotes Bacteria & Archaea-Some eukaryotes Single-celled algae Single-celled protozoa