SHIP TYPES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Development of Floating Vehicles and Structures Early years wooden boats with ores and sails1780 to 1810 Steam engines in ships coal replaces wood1800s Use of paddles and screw propellers on ships.1837 to 1858 I K Brunnel: GREAT EASTERN, GREAT WESTERN and GREAT BRITAIN 1820 to 1880 iron ships and composit ships 1880 onwards steel ships1900 onwards oil replaces coal as ship energy source.1920 onwards welding in ship construction1892 Invention of diesel engine1912 onwards use of diesel engine in ships

Development of Floating Vehicles and Structures (contd.)1954 First nuclear ship Nautilus1906 First hydrofoil1955 First jack up drilling unit built1959 First practical hovercraft1958 First time carriage of LNG by sea1919 to 1938 Ship types begin to appear 1945 to 1955 post war replacement. Modest technical advance. 1955 to 1965 Ship size and speed increase - advent of modern scientific design practices. 1965 to 1973 Golden age of shipping container ships, ro-ro, car carriers, chemical and gas carriers. Ships increase in size economy of scale VLCC and ULCC built. Demise of passenger transport by sea.

Development of Floating Vehicles and Structures (contd.)Scientific procedures advance structural design, new production techniques etc.1973 to 1982 Rise in oil price, large tankers fade away. 1970 onwards offshore oil exploitation in commercial scale offshore platforms of various kinds Ocean engineering discipline appears on the academic scene. 1990 to 2000 Sea as the Common Heritage of Mankind Law of the Sea promulgated.

Present trends in Technology

SafetyPollution preventionComputers and ITCargo handling EfficiencyFuel Alternatives and Efficiency Structural EfficiencyManning standards and levelsScientific analysis CFD, FEM etc.Management practices ISO, TQM etc Dismantling

Sizes of Cargo Ships

Mini Bulkcarriers: < 10000t dwtSmall Handy Size carriers, 20000 to 28000 t dwtHandy Size carriers 28000 to 40000 t dwtHandymax carriers 40000 to 50000 t dwtSeawayMax - St. Lawrence Seaway (B

CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE VEHICLES & STRUCTURESInland WaterwaysSea goingTransportIndustrial Vessels (owner operated)General Cargo Break BulkUnitisedPassenger VesselsDry BulkLiquid BulkNon-TransportService VesselsMilitary VesselsIndustrialTourism and sportsPlaning/ Hydrofoil vesselsSES/ HovercraftHybrid vesselsYatchesFloating Tourism Facilities

Typical Ship parts Nomenclature

Bulbous Bow

General Cargo shipsNumber has gone down with increase in specialised ships such as container ships and RORO ships.Liners - sophisticated ships , speed upto 20 knotsTramps workhorse ships calling at medium and small portsMulti deck ships more floor space for cargoHold sizes and hatch sizes for variety cargo such as containers and large steel products. Hatch width < B/2 for single hatch ships or , 0.75B for twin or triple hatch ships.Cargo handling by cranes/ derricks vertically Standard Designs Mariner Class, Freedom Class and Fortune Class

Multipurpose Ship Cargo Arrangement

Sideport and Platform Elevator General Cargo Ship

Horizontal Loading in a RORO/ General Cargo Ship

Midship Section of a General Cargo Ship

Midship Section of a Multi-deck Ship

Multipurpose Ship

Dry Bulk Cargo ShipsVolume / weight based design deadweight carrierSingle deckBottom sloping tanks for easy cargo handlingAngle of repose and grain shifting top side tanks / shifting boardsAlternate hold loading BM and SF ProblemHeavy bulk carriage ore carrier with high double bottomMultiple cargo carriers - OBOsSlow speed vessels full form, stern flow wake control Automatic/ Otherwise Loading / UnloadingSize has gone on increasing Panamax, Suezmax and Aframax

General Arrangement of a Bulk Carrier

Midship Section of a Typical Bulk carrier

Cutaway Section through a Bulk Carrier

Midship Section of a Deep Double BottomDry Bulk Carrier

HANDYMAX BULKCARRIER

CONTAINER SHIPS

Standard size of cargoDoor to door movement conceptLiner Movement as per time scheduleContainer fittings LASHINGS andCell guides cellular container shipsLarge Hatch openings open deck ships Torsion boxesLarge cargo on deck, on hatch coversStability problems.Reduced port time Dedicated handling, quick turnaround Container ports Hub ports and smaller portsLarge container ships and feeder vesselsHatchless container shipsContainer ship size has increased - 8000 to 10000TEU.

STANDARD CONTAINER SIZESTEU: 20 x 8 x 8.5, empty wt 2.3 t, max load 21.7tFEU: 40 x 8 x 8.5, empty wt 4.0 t, max load 26.5t45 x 8 x 9.5, empty wt 4.8 t, max load 25.7t

Container Details

Loading in a Container Ship

Midship Section of a Container Ship

CONTAINER SHIP

Container Ship at Port

Midship Section of a Feeder Container Vessel

General Arrangement of a Feeder Container Vessel

BARGE CARRIERS

Intermodal TransportationStandard barges carried on ships across the oceans. Barges are dropped and moved to inland/sheltered waters under their own powerLighter aboard ship LASH BargesSEABEE ships SEABEE BargesMost important item in these vessels is the handling arrangement.Tug-Barge Systems

Tug Barge System

RORO VESSELS

Roll on roll off vessels carry standard vehicles on wheelsCars etc. in ferriesTrucks and trailers on non-passenger RORO vesselsHorizontal loading Bow doors, Stern doors, Side doorsHandling and Securing arrangement of doors/ramps which are also closing devicesLarge length of cargo space difficult to provide transverse watertight bulkheads, in case of damage survivability is a problemHigh capacity cargoHigh value cargoLiner trading high speed, quick manoeuvring systems; low port turn around line

SHIP SIDE LOADING

BOW LOADING OF CARS

BOW DOOR

Arrangement in RORO Ships

PASSENGER SHIPS High capacity cargoHigh value cargo Liner serviceHigh speed, high manoeuvring, low motions, visually beautifulLarge and high superstructure CG at a higher level reducing stability so ships beam is generally highShort duration trips sitting arrangement only within limited spaceMedium duration trips sleeping accommodation within limited spaceBoth these types may have vehicle carrying capacity at lower levels (RORO arrangement)Long duration trips Cruise ships Luxury liners

RO RO PASSENGER FERRY

RO RO PASSENGER FERRY

TANKERS

Crude oil carriers, Products tankers, Chemical tankersIn 50s and 60s tankers were safest ships Single hull ships Type A freeboard- high structural integrity-low value cargo- slow full form shipsEconomy of scale VLCCs and ULCCsin 70s and 80s Rise in oil price drop in oil transportation Big ships went out of businessMajor oil tanker disasters Pollution at sea near ports affecting ecosystem and coastal lifeMARPOL - Protective locations of cargo and later, Double Hull TankersSize reduced and then went on increasing till PANAMAX and SUEZMAX sizesSlow full form ships, BW and oil cargo saggregated, More equipment for pollution prevention and fire hazard reduction, Type A freeboard is difficult to attain.Product tankers and Chemical Tankers - IMDG code satisfaction, Cargo purity, Separate handling for all cargoes etc.

OIL TANKER

Midship Section of a Tanker

Typical OBO Midship Sections

LNG/LPG CARRIERS

Technology intensive vessels.Liquefaction (LPG) by (i) high pressure at normal temperature and (ii) low temperature at normal pressureLPG is carried at -64 deg.C temperature and LNG at -161deg C if not pressurized.Materials, handling, propulsion, etc. are special.

LNG Carriers-(i) prismatic free standing(ii) membrane (iii) spherical tanks

Midship Sections of LNG Carriers

LNG Carrier

LNG Carrier

AIRCRAFT CARRIER Charles de GaulleNuclear ship

SUPPORT VESSELS

Tug:River/harbour/ocean going operationSupply Vessel:Service to offshore installations.Ice BreakersOcean Research VesselDredgers: Capital dredging, maintenance dredging, land reclamation, beach nourishment, harvesting material, sea-bed mining, removal of trash and debris.Dumb/ poweredSuction/ Bucket/ Grab/ Pneumatic DredgingTrailing/ Cutter Suction Dredging

OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS (OSV)/ DIVING SUPPORT VESSELS (DSV)These are ships, which has large clear deck area, with storage space for spare parts and consumables for offshore operations. They are capable of towing, anchor handling, carriage of materials (mud, cement, drilling water etc) to the offshore structures, Fire fighting, and they provide support to the deep sea diving.

TUGSThese are highly maneuverable ships, designed to handle/tow other ships. Its handling capacity is mentioned in terms of Bollard Pull.

A Tug Boat turning a Big Ship

Tug for JNPT

TUG firefighting support

Drill Ship with Offshore Support Vessel

DREDGERS

Dredgers dig up sand/rocks etc from sea bottom in harbor and from river beds. They are used for deepening and maintaining the depth in channels or depositing sand in an area for civil engineering developments. There are different types of dredgers Hopper dredgers, Cutter Suction Dredgers, Trailing Suction Dredgers, Bucket dredger etc.

Oceanographic Research Vessel

Crane Ship - AAGL (India) built

Cutter Suction Dredger

FISHING VESSELSBased on size of vesselLarge fishing vessels operate in open seasMedium sized vessels operate in EEZSmall vessels operating in coastal and brackish waters

Based on fishing gearTrawlers - Vessels using trawls as fishing gearSeiners- Vessels using surrounding gear and seine netsDredgers - dragging nets on the bottomLift netters - using large lift nets using out riggersTrap setters - Setting trapetc.

FISHING VESSELS Based on size and mode of fish handling (mainly trawlers)Wet fish trawlers (short trip)Freezer trawler (medium duration)Factory trawler - gutting, filleting, freezing, storage etc. (long trip)Mother ship

Based on type of trawlingStern TrawlerSide Trawler

Fishing Vessel Characteristics-Fishing Gear arrangement-Handling arrangement of net A bracket, winch for hauling etc.-Enough Pull for hauling nets-Propeller designed for free running as well as pulling nets-Large deck are for fish handling-Large storage area for fish and associated arrangements.

NAVAL VASSELSCarries offensive/defensive weapons and accessoriesGuns of various sizes and rangesMines/depth chargesGuided missiles (Anti-aircraft warfare AAW)Torpedoes (Anti-submarine torpedoes)Surface to Air, Surface to Surface missilesNuclear missiles

Capable of different oceanic operationsSurveillance and detection (radar, sonar etc.)Reconnaissance and rescueHigh speed and manoeuvrabilityRange short/ medium/ longCarriage of helicopters/aircrafts with platform at seaSupport services such as troop, tanks, FO supply

NAVAL VASSELS Design ed for..Carriage of personnel large accommodationSonar domes at the bottomElectronic detectionStealth (radar visibility and noise)carriage and operation of weapons - shock/impact loadingMulti-speed operation - High speed/cruising speed withPropulsion different from merchant vessels GT, ST, DE and combinations.

Types of NAVAL VASSELS Patrol CraftCorvettes Frigates stealth technology minimum radar cross-section High speed deployment Works normally in a fleet/convoy dutyDestroyer/ Battleship CruiserAircraft Carriers

MILGEM class Corvette Turkish Navy

Corvette Braunschweig German Navy

Frigate USS Vandegrift, USA

Frigate HMS Chatham, UK

Destroyer USS McFaul

Cruiser USS Port Royal, USA

FrigatesGodavari Class Frigate

Khukri Class Corvette

Delhi Class Destroyer

1241RE - Missile Boat

Offshore Patrol Vessel

AIRCRAFT CARRIER Future Carrier (RN)

Landing Craft

SUBMARINES

To go down and come up: The capability is known by (i) depth to which it can dive and (ii) how long it can stay underwater.Multiple propulsion plants and manoeuvring devices in 3-dimension.Ballasting/deballasting arrangementsArrangement for living in confined environmentTorpedoe carrying and firing capability.

SUBMERSIBLESSmall manned submersibles Remotely operated vehicles ROV (connected with mother ship by umbilical chord supplying commands for operation)Automatic Underwater Vehicle AUV (independent robotic operation with preprogrammed s/w). It has a mother ship for launching and retrieval.

Submarine Control Surfaces

Submarine USS Virginia

Submarine Alvin, 1978

Submersible Deep Flight ICrew: One person, prone position Life Support: 18 Hours Flight Endurance: 1-4 HoursDimensions: 13 ft. long, 8 ft. wide, 3 ft. high Weight: 2,860 pounds Operational Depth: 3,300 fsw Speed:Max: 12 knots (estimated) Cruise: 4-8 knots Minimum: 2 knots

Submersible - TRIUMPH

ROV Jason heading to work

ROV Tiburon ventures to ocean

AUV at MIT, USA

AUV Sea Surveyor I

High Performance and other vesselsYachts (Sailing or powered)CatamaransSWATHTrimaranPentamaranPlaning VesselsHydrofoil BoatsHovercraft/ SESGHybrid VesselsFloating Facilities

Sailing Yachts

Modern Motor Yacht

CATAMARAN - Ferry

Catamaran - Ferry

Trimaran Artists Impression

Planing Craft

Hydrofoil

Hover Craft

A Passenger Hovercraft

Hybrid Hydrofoil Boat - Ferry

FOILCAT Prototype Vessel NSTL & IIT Kharagpur

Floating Restaurant Jumbo Kingdom, Hongkong

THE END