creativity and heuristics of innovation revised feb 2012
TRANSCRIPT
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Creativity Processand
Thumb-rules for Innovators
Astad Pastakia
Feb 2012CEPT University- MTM Lab
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Structure of Presentation
Definitions of creativity, innovation
Creativity process Creativity methods/ techniques (chapter 15,
Khandwalla, 2004)
Heuristics (thumb-rules) of Innovation
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Creativity The ability of quality displayed when
Solving hitherto unsolved problems
Developing novel solutions to problems
Developing original and novel products
Parkhurst Howard B (1999)
Over 50 definitions by 1960
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Innovation
Commercial use of scientific discovery or
invention. Schumpeter (1939)
What about non-commercial innovation?
An idea, a practice or objective perceived as
new by an individual or other unit of
adoption. Rogers (1962) What about increase in productivity, efficiency etc?
What factors affect perception of newness?
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Characterizing Innovation
Involves a new and significantly better way of
doing things
Associated with improved productivity orsavings
in costs, effort or time
An idea, practice or productperceived as being
new and better by the innovator or by an external
observer (Perception being influenced by the context and world-views of the
people involved)
Pastakia (1996)
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Innovation types Ranges from Incrementalimprovements to
Radicalchanges
Evolutionary vs.Revolutionary Innovation However there are shades of grey:
Merely an elaboration of an idea
Higher effort resulting in an improvement
Higher still a superior synthesis of previouslyunrelated ideas, perspectives, themes
Highest a genuine transformation that is revolutionaryin impact (Ainsworth-Land, 1982)
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Six types of Innovation
A new productto satisfy existing want
A new productto satisfy a new wantthat iscreated e.g. pollution control device
Conquest of a new source of raw material
A new process to produce existing product
Discovering a new marketfor an existing
product
A new method of organisingand managing- Schumpeter, 1939
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Creativity Process
Alternates between divergentandconvergentthinking
Needs both holistic and reductionistic
thinking
Creativity process models
4 overlapping stages: Preparation, incubation,
illumination, verification (Graham Wallas,1983)
Khandwallas model: page 213, inLifelongCreativity (2004)
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Divergent thinking
Associative thinking(X reminds me of Y,reminds me of Z etc.) smell of biogas waste
Analogical thinking(comparisons withsimilar phenomenon in some other contextor framework) anthill and air conditioning
Imaginative thinking wishful thinking,
day-dreaming benzene ring: snakes eatingsnakes in circles
Intuitive thinking- gestalt
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Convergent thinking
Clarificatory mechanisms defining, listing components, analogies, comparisons)
Analytical mechanisms
Breaking problem into components, classifications, steps, abstractformulations
Synthesis mechanisms Seeking pattern among components, unity in diversity, whole in the
parts, aggregation,converging towards solution
Optimizing mechanisms
Refining solution through substitution, addition, deletion,
modification, alternation of parts till optimal solution reached (Pgs194-195, Khandwalla, 2004)
Critical thinking Follows logical pathways and stops lines of thought that are
inconsistent with known facts and accepted theories (Beveridge,
1980)
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Creativity techniques
172 techniques reviewed by Gerald Smith (198)
Khandwalla describes six in detail:Brainstorming(Osborn ) - most common and popular,
enhanced through ICT
Checklist of questions (set of simple heuristics, veryuseful)
Attribute changing(Robert Crawford) andMorphological analysis (Zwicky)
Synetics uses lot of divergent thinking, revolutionaryideas possible, developed by Boston based Synetics Inc.
Breakthroughby Khandwalla specifically for humanproblems
Heuristics (Thumb-rules) of innovation (Pastakia, 1996)
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Heuristic
A procedure for searching out an unknown goal by
incremental exploration; a guiding principle which
which reduces the amount of search required. -
Polya1972, in Bullock et. al. 1988)
to reach the top of an unfamiliar hill in a fog,
a useful heuristic (thumb-rule) would be tomake every step an upward one rather than
trying steps in all directions.
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Note: Colour Code
Greater potential for revolutionary ideas /
innovations.
Greater potential for incremental innovations.
Greaterpotential for developing sustainable
technologies
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Reshaping/ Restructuring
Buddha shaped pears by Chinese farmer
Square shaped water melons for mechanical handling
Dwarf variety of wheat (revolutionary) Check-dam with semi-circular loops
Hybridization/ Fusion of two or more ideas,systems, processes
Internet phone Computer- TV
Edutainment
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Substitution
Of components, sub-systems, materials, energy sources,
medium etc)
Total substitution possible in case of materials, energysource, medium)
Bamboo cycle, hand-pump (material)
Bullock drawn, mechanical generators (energy)
Digital lock (sub-system)
Solar, hydrogen-cell, electric vehicle (energy)
Fly-ash bricks, mud bricks for buildings (material)
Local language e-mail (medium)
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Re-surfacing
Incorporating waste plastic in roads to improvestrength and smoothness
Resurfacing buildings, vehicles with nano-technology based paints - non-toxic, water-proof, corrosion-proof
Re-calibration
Nafatia (Ipomea) extract as pesticide (extract intea cup toxic enough to kill a goat), dhatura,chili powder
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Inversing/ Seeking Opposite perspective
Animals eat plants but can plants eat animals?Study of carnivorous plants that eat insects
Statue in Salarjung museum
Simulation/ Modeling
Lunar buggy based on studies of models of
locomotion by various insects, spiders etc.Synthetic molecules to make drugs by modeling
molecules of herbal drugs.
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Miniaturization Nano-technology applications
Walk-man, I-pod
Integrated circuits (chips) Mini-tractor/ power-tiller
Magnification
Ordinary cupboard can be magnified to serve as
a partition wall with cupboards on both sides Magnetic black-board
From mitti-cool to zero-energy cold storage
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Reviving old product/ idea/ concept in
present context
Kunup Jalfrom Vrukshayurveda
Jhodads to revive Aravari river in Rajasthan
Adapting product / idea/ concept to a
different context or for different use
Groundnut harvester adapted as beach cleaner
Golf-ball picker adapted to leaf-litter remover
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Using untapped potential (un-utilized
qualities) of resources/ products
Electrical energy from footfalls in public places
Tapping energy from braking cycle/ vehicle
Cow-dung cells to charge cell-phone
Mechanization/ de-mechanization
Mechanical torch light charger
Bicycle operated pump
Bullock drawn generator
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Looking for anomalies in the system, spottingsomething unusual (discovery to innovation) Off-types in a field of crops
Discovery of micro-waves popping of maize seeds
Seven year old blind child who can see well with hisears (TOI, 7/10/09)
Baba who survives without food or water
Modular approach to problem/ breaking probleminto sub-problems Aruni bullock cart with turning and tilting mechanisms
Dealing with drought meeting drinking water, food,fodder security
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Analogous search through memory
Ground-nut harvester with double blade based
on analogy of Gillets double blade for shavingVavdingused as anti-fungal medicine for
children, could be used as fungicide in crops
Using personal analogy
Development of certain anti-viral drugs by
imagining to be the virus in blood stream
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Restating the problem
Pen which does not rely on gravity for astronauts by
NASA - ball pen developed (Soviets used pencil!) Imagining solution, working backwards (Fantasy
Analogy)
Video phone
Cloning human beings
Aero-bike/ car
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Applying underlying principle used in otherproducts/ innovations/ systems Application ofSRI (system of rice intensification) to
millets
Minimising waste and recovering resources fromexisting waste materials Waste gypsum from fertilizer plant to treat saline and
alkaline soils
Use of fly-ash from thermal power plant to manufacturebricks
Use of human hair to make wigs at Tirupathi
Nirula ice-cream washed material used as milk-shake
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Reusing/ Recycling materials
Bodies of 60-70 year old cars retrofitted with
diesel engines in Junagadh as rural taxis.
Broken bathroom tiles used by AMC to make
benches for public gardens
Tooth brush plastic to make plastic logs for
benches in US Land-fill area covered up and used as airport
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
De-manufacturing and remanufacturing
Life of different components in a machine different.
Recover and reuse the ones whose life still remaining
Xerox machines, computers, electronic goods
Removing/ minimising negative externalities
(environmental/social) of existing
products/processes
Radiation risk in radiology, CT scan etc.
Air-pollution from vehicles
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Thumb-rules for Innovators
Questioning assumptions
Can cycle be driven only on hard surface? Why
not on water led to amphibious bicycle
Eye of the needle why should it be less than a
millimeter only?
Can soap only be used with water?