sheryl searcy ninth grade center 2012 warm up what is the difference between a gymnosperm and an...

Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center 2012

Warm Up What is the difference between a

gymnosperm and an angiosperm?

What is the purpose of fruit for plants?

What is the function of the xylem and phloem?


KINGDOM PLANTAE

Overview of Plant Diversity

Chapter 22


Kingdom Plantae


INTRODUCING PLANTS

Section 22-1


Criteria for Kingdom Plantae Cell type: Eukaryotes. Cell number: Multicellular. Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose. Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic. Carry out photosynthesis using the green

pigments chlorophyll a and b. Develop from multicellular embryos. Some are parasitic or saprobes.


Plant Life Cycle

Textbook, page 552

All plants have a life cycle with alternation of

generations, in which the haploid

gametophyte phase alternates with the diploid

sporophyte phase.


Plant Life CycleAlternation of Generations! Haploid (N)

– Gametophyte plant (N) – Produces either sperm or eggs.

(gametes = reproductive cells)

Diploid (2N)– The sperm and egg join to create the

Sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid. – egg and sperm join to create spores by

meiosis.


Plant Survival For energy, the plants use ________. Raw materials for photosynthesis, are

_________ and _______,so those are absolute necessities.

To make new plant parts, ________ from the soil are needed.

For cellular respiration, ____ is needed. Must have the ability to _______ water

and nutrients to all parts of the plant.


Early Plants The first plants evolved from an organism

much like the multicellular green algae living today.

What was the greatest challenge to plants as they began to live on land?


Evolutionary Cladogramof Plants


Groups of Plants Bryophytes: non-vascular, mosses. Ferns: vascular, seedless plants. Gymnosperms: vascular, seed plants. Angiosperms: vascular, flowering seed

plants.


Evolutionary Development Vascular: water-conducting tissue. Seeds Seeds enclosed in fruit.


Overview of the Plant Kingdom


BRYOPHYTESSection 22-2


Bryophytes Life cycles depend on

water for reproduction. No vascular tissue. Examples are mosses,

liverworts, and hornworts. Sphagnum moss alive is

used in gardening, and when compacted (peat) it’s used for fuel.


Lycophyta: Club Mosses Once grew as huge (35 m) trees. One of the main components of coal. True leaves, stems, and

roots. Need moist woodlands. Example: Lycopodium.


Arthrophyta: Horsetail Only one species still extant. Grows to about 1 meter. True leaves, stems, and

roots. Stems contain silica and

were used for scouring pots.

Example: Equisetum


Typical Moss Plant

Capsule

Stalk

LeaflikeStructure

StemlikeStructure

Rhizoid

Sporophyte

Gametophyte


FERNS:Seedless Vascular Plants

Section 22-3


Pterophyta: Ferns Seedless vascular plants include

club mosses, horsetails and ferns. Leaves are called fronds. Stem is an underground rhizome

with roots. Found in moist, shaded forest

areas. Sporangia form on underside of

frond.


Life Cycle of a Moss


What developed between plant divisions 1 and 2?

Vascular Tissue developed!


Vascular Tissue Vascular tissue: specialize tissue to transport

water and nutrients throughout the plant. Tracheids are specialized cells that can move

fluids through the plant body, even against the flow of water:– Xylem (moves water

upward).– Phloem (moves

nutrients and carbohydrates throughout

the plant).


Typical Fern Plant


Life Cycle of a Fern


GYMNOSPERMS:Seed Plants

Section 22-4


Gymnosperms: Cone Bearers Includes gnetophytes,

cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers.

Means “naked seed”. Adapted so that seed

can survive in dry and extreme temperatures.


Reproduction Free from Water Second evolutionary development of

plants = seeds. Adaptations that allows seed plants to

reproduce without water include:– Flowers and cones.– Transfer of sperm by pollination.– Protection of embryos in seeds.

Necessary to meet the challenges of surviving on land.


Diagram of a Pine Seed

Embryo

Endosperm

Seed Coat


Reproduction Germination: early growth stage of a

plant embryo. Dormancy: period of time during which a

plant embryo is alive but not growing. Features that allow seeds to reproduce

without water:– Reproduction in cones.– Movement of gametes by pollination.– Protection of embryo in a seed.


Pollination Transfer of pollen from the male

reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.


Adaptations Needles

Winged Seeds


Gnetophytes Just three genera. Produces only two large, leathery leaves. Cones are formed at the base of the 2 leaves. Example: Welwitschia.


Cycadophyta: Cycads Palm-like plants that reproduce

with large cones. Date back to 225 million years

ago. Only nine genera. Example:

– Sego palm


Ginkophyta: Ginkoes Only one species extant, Ginko

biloba. Looks like the fossil remains of its

ancestors, so true “living fossil”. Resistant to pollution so it is used

in cities for shade.


Coniferophyta: Conifers Most common gymnosperm. Includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars,

sequoias, redwoods, junipers, and yews.

Bristle cones can live 4 000+ years. Shed needles (leaves) throughout

year so stay green (evergreens). Needles adapted for dry, cool

conditions with waxy coating, reduced surface area, cavities below leaf for gas exchange.


ANGIOSPERMS:Flowering Plants

Section 22-5


Anthophyta: Angiosperms Dominate plant life. Appeared about 135 million

years ago. Last evolutionary

development of plants. Developed reproductive

organs: flowers.– Ovaries (fruit) which protect

the seeds– Attract animals which

help with pollination


Diversity of Angiosperms Can be classified into:

1. Stems: herbaceous vs. woody2. Lifespans: annuals, biennials, perennials3. monocotyledon vs. dicotyledon


Monocots vs. Dicots


Lifespans Annuals

– Complete life cycle in one year Biennials

– Life cycle takes 2 years Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers

Perennials– Live through many years

May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses)

Most have woody stems (palms, trees, honeysuckle)


Examples of Monocotyledons(Liliopsida)

Grasses which include grains such as corn and wheat.

Lilies Orchids Palms


Examples of Dicotylendons(Magnoliopsida)

Roses Mallows Tomatoes Oaks Daisies


Test Yourself: Monocot or Dicot?

A B C

D

E


PLANT PARTS


Roots


Stems Woody:

– Thick cell walls that support the plant– Trees, shrubs, and vines

Herbaceous:– Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic

pressure (turgor)– Dandilions, zinnias,

petunias


Stems


Leaves


Flowers


Trophisms

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