session 2: themes & applications of community planning copyright 2011 phil heywood
TRANSCRIPT
SESSION 2: THEMES & APPLICATIONS OF COMMUNITY PLANNING Copyright 2011 Phil Heywood
The Four Themes & Their Contributions to Community Planning
• Communication
• Consultation
• Participation
• Negotiation
Relations Between Communication, Consultation, Negotiation & Participation
Communication
Application & Purpose
Goal & Context
Vehicle & Context
Media & Meaning
Participation
Consultation Negotiation
Process & Information
Purpose & Direction
Method & Value
Point & Outcome
Capacity & Legitimacy
Understanding & Facility
Stimulus & ContinuityOutcome &
Credibility
Communication
1. Role of Communication in Social Evolution
2. Content and roles of Communication in Planning Practice- Communicative Methods
1. Recording2. Exploring3. Developing4. Communicative action & policy making
The Role of Communication in Social Evolution
The following table demonstrates the importance of Communication in supporting the values and activities of Freedom and Equality, illustrating its roles in shaping their contribution to human survival and evolution:
1. Survival requires true recognition of real world situations.(Example: “Don’t try to walk on water!”) .
2. Establishment of truth requires challenge and response to individual interpretations (Example: “What makes you think you perform better after a drink?”).
3. Challenge & response requires free speech and personal freedom. “(Example: Why isn’t my work returned to me promptly after marking?”)
4. Free Speech & personal freedom require equality of rights.
Thus, communication, personal freedom and equality are all necessary values to human survival and beneficial social evolution.
The Roles of Communication & Related Values in Social Evolution
Values Origins Activities Planning Implications
Survival,ShelterHealth
Basic Values -genetically inscribed
Recognition of Truth
(objective or inter-
subjective)
Open discussion: rights ofcommunication protected by custom or law
Beliefs about truth, equality, purpose of life
Cultural Values-
culturally entrenched
Challenge & Response
Conjecture & Refutation in
open debate
Critical, tolerant & communicative cultures –Richard Florida’s human
capital & Creative Class
Prosperity,Liberty,Debate & Learning
Social Values- socially grounded
Education, politics,
religion & planning
Rights of free speech ,protection & support for opposing views & critiques
(e.g. Of of paid Oppositions in govt.)
Equality of Rights & defined Responsibilitie
s
Jurisdictional Values- constitutionally defined.
Equality before the
law; constitutional
rights &
responsibilities.
Individual rights constrained
only by like rights of others.
Communicative Methods:1. Recording community preferences in workshops &
websites2. Exploring issues with community groups and on
websites3. Collaborative development of options with professionals
& other local groups4. Communicative action & policy making – negotiated
objectives, problem-solving, conflict resolution and appreciative inquiry
Consultation
Characteristics, Criticisms & Advantages
Forms & Methods of Consultation
QUALITATIVE METHODS QUANTITATIVE METHODS
Focus Groups with special interests
Promotional & Pressure Groups
Media use
Mixed Interest Groups with different interests
Consultative & Advisory Committees
Schools & Colleges
Service Providers & Implementation agents
Steering Committees Whole Affected Community
(Sample Surveys)
Participation
• Issues & Goals
• Theories: Social Contracts & Mutual Aid
• Applications
Goals & Issues of Participation
• ETHICS: Choice not coercion
• STYLE: Preferences not persuasion
• LOCATION: Decentralized and not marginalising
• METHODS: Multiple methods and outcomes not just one
Theories: Social Contract & Mutual AidSOCIAL CONTRACT:
1. Developed by John Locke (1690) to include peoples’ rights to choose government representatives and enjoy freedom of belief, speech & expression in return for paying taxes and obeying laws2. Enshrined in US Declaration of Independence (1776)s
inalienable rights to Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness
3.John Rawls (A Theory of Justice, 1972)1. Equal freedoms for all 2. Give most to those who have least3. Basis of Social Justice is what people would choose for
themselves.
MUTUAL AID: Peter Kropotkin (1899 &1939) & Syndicalists“Sociability is the greatest single advantage in the struggle for
survival & success in a constantly changing world”.• Resulting arguments for collaboration & cooperation
Planning Applications•Neighbourhood & Community Boards & Councils to involve local people in elective government: Amsterdam’s Neighbourhood Councils, New Zealand’s Community Boards; USA’s Education Boards
•Supporting Voluntarism : the Oregon Model- Portland’s 102 Neighbourhood Associations performing a wide range of representative, active and service roles
•Community initiatives and sharing powers :Community Industry and Workers Coops & Management in North Spain: Community Gardens & City Farms worldwide ; Creek Catchment Coordinating Committees in Queensland , Housing estates - “Tenants Take Over” open space & community facilities:
Participation Based on Work:Mondragon Workers Cooperative
- CONCEPTION: 1941: Father Jose Arizmendi founded democratically managed Polytechnic School to explore cooperative ideas as a “third way” between excesses of dictatorships of Franco & Stalin (Order ) & the social inequities of capitalism (Competition).
- BIRTH: 1956: Established ULGOR workers cooperative with unemployed Polytechnic graduates to produce“White Goods”, of which 5 foundation members had previous experience.
Participation Based on Work:Mondragon Workers Cooperative
- YOUTH: 1960s: Growth to a network of enterprises with 3,000 + worker partners all having a financial stake which was bought out on leaving, so that only the workers could own their work places & enterprises.
- MATURITY: 1970s & 80sControl of the factories and senior management appointments was by Works Councils (all workers are voting members) appointing and sharing power with plant managers.
- EXPANSION: 90s and 21st C: By 2009, the network had grown to include over 100,000 member owners, with 20,000 outside Spain, and become Spain’s largest producer of white goods, with the highest worker productivity of any Spanish firm.
Mondragon Arrangements
Redistribution10% of the profits must go to “second degree” co-ops providing community
services of schools, colleges, Mondragon University, clinics & research institutes, governed by factory co-ops representatives
Human ScaleNo individual factory may expand to > 500 workers, to maintain workers control &
good communications (though average size of 150 firms is now over 600 worker members each). Wage differentials, originally fixed at a ratio 1:3, have been expanded but only to 1:6.
ResilienceGlobal re-structuring of employment due to automation of 1980s & 1990s posed
sharp challenges, but employment levels remained at 100% - inherent in the cooperative structure. The MCC is also weathering well the current economic crisis
- New enterprises start with a group of people who are friends. The natural bonds of friendship are the basis for successful ventures, reflecting community as “friendly association”
BUZZ PAIRS
Each pair member think of a situation where participation is or could be occurring quite effectively
OR
Describe a classical case where people are or have been excluded, alienated or marginalised
Negotiation
3 elements:
1. Group Dynamics
2. Alternative Dispute Resolution
3. Consensus Building
Group Dynamics
Principles of Kurt Lewin’s Resolving Social Conflicts & Field Theory in Social Science (1947)
• Force- Field theory : Behaviour is a product of personality acting within the field of environment
• Change solutions come through increasing rewards within new situations to outweigh current constraints.
• Most secure resolutions come from face to face contacts• Democratic principles & leadership are necessary within and
between groups• Continuity & commitment of dialogue are necessary (unlike
once-for-all legal decisions)
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)WHO SHOULD BE INVOLVED?
Those who can demonstrate that their interests are affected have a right to be involved (Mill’s self regarding vs. other regarding issues)
WHAT IS BEING SOUGHT? Maximum possible benefit from minimum inescapable risk (Rawls’ Maximin principle- different from chancers’ Minimax Principle)
HOW IS IT DONE? a. ADR requires commitment to maintain contact and follow
due process;b. Participants think about their own & others’ BATNAs (Best
Alternatives to Negotiated Agreements) & decide whether to negotiate or not
c. Problem solving methods are required to produce “Win- Win” situations – as in Alexander’s Indian Village scheme.
Consensus Building
1. May use Appreciative Enquiry or Problem Solving
2. May involve Action Planning,, Charettes or Inquiry by Design
3. May result from Advocacy Planning, Community Action or Community Development
Negotiation in Community Planning in Practice
• Problem Solving - From Opposition to Proposition: Brisbane’s Southbank example
• Appreciative Enquiry – Chicago’s Back o’ the Yards; Seattle’s Sewage.
• Action Planning - Kolkatta Bustee Improvements; Bangkok CEDA Inner city Improvements & Schweitzer- Renate Workshops in South Africa.
• Advocacy Planning – Norman Creek Waterway Park, Suburban Action & Desegregation of US Suburbs
CASE STUDY: NEGOTIATIVE PLANNING IN NORMAN CREEK CORRIDOR
1.Agendas a.1986 Sydney Industrial Developers’ propose
to culvert creek for industrial development. b. Local opposition produces combined
scheme (initiated by Community Development Officer) by Norman Creek Flood Mitigation Committee working with QUT Planners for creek conservation, floodway, housing improvement & industrial estate.
2. Conflict 4 year conflict involving community members &
advocates & all levels of government, including Brisbane City Engineers, Traffic Planners, Parks Department & Economic Development Bureau
3. Negotiation 1989 Steering Committee composed
(after resolving deadlock) of local community groups with co-opted, but non voting council staff to settle objectives, terms of reference and provide guidance for a consensual scheme
4. Resolution 1990 Loder & Bayley Consultants
scheme, reflecting original Community- University proposals, adopted by Council & gained PIA Strategic Planning Award for Excellence.
. 1992 Current Norman Creek Waterway Park opened & continued in full use
Norman Creek Outcomes
1. Consensual Scheme with something for everyone – residential flood mitigation, habitat conservation, inner city industry, recreation and access
2. Continuing successful resistance to inner suburban roads & creek culverting schemes
3. Continuing very active community involvement in conservation and open space management– N4C (Norman Creek Catchment Coordinating Committee)
Reminder of Relations among Communication, Consultation, Negotiation & Participation
Communication
Application & Purpose
Goal & Context
Vehicle & Context
Media & Meaning
Participation
Consultation Negotiation
Process & Information
Purpose & Direction
Method & Value
Point & Outcome
Capacity & Legitimacy
Understanding & Facility
Stimulus & ContinuityOutcome &
Credibility
Good communication provides the basis to achieve each of the values of consultation, participation and negotiation and is thus a ‘must have‘ skill for successful community planning
Consultation, both with practitioners of such activities as housing, employment and transport, and with community members affected by possible changes, is always essential, for reasons of both justice and effectiveness
Participation is both a means to acceptable planning and an important social good to be achieved as an end of community activities
Negotiation is often the crucial means to unlock acceptance of change, and is thus an essential component of democratic planning
Questions & Contributions
?