session 2 ic2011 miller-riffel

PRESENTED BY

SCOTT MILLER

PHD CANDIDATE

PRIMARY RESEARCHER JIM RIFFEL, MASTERS CANDIDATE

LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY WOOD SCIENCE TESTING FACILITY

The broad goal is to identify new market

opportunities for the region’s under utilized wood

species.

The purpose of this study is to assess whether

wood treated using the ThermoForest Products

Eco Dryer system produces the same changes in

wood characteristics exhibited in other high

temperature kiln systems.

Goal

Range of Fraxinus nigra Marsh.

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Axial VarianceRadial Variance

1 2 3 4

ControlDurability Stability

Closed Loop System

High Temperature Kiln Experiment 60 boards

Durability

20 Boards

MOE, MOR, Compression,

Hardness.

Relative Density, Colour.

Stability

20 Boards


Hardness.


Control

20 Boards


Hardness.


• RANDOMLY SELECTED 20 BOARDS PER TREATMENT

• PROCESSED SAMPLES TO PRODUCE TEST SPECIMENS AS PER ASTM STANDARDS

• SPECIMENS WERE STRATIFIED TO REPRESENT INSIDE AND OUTSIDE POSITIONS OF EACHBOARD

• COLOUR TESTS WERE CONDUCTED USING HARDNESS SAMPLES BEFORE DESTRUCTIVETESTING USING A KONICA MINOLTA CR-410 COLORIMETER

• MECHANICAL PROPERTY TESTING WAS COMPLETED USING TINIUS OLSEN UNIVERSALTESTING EQUIPMENT

• TEST RESULTS WERE ANALYSED USING PAWS STATISTICS 18 SOFTWARE

Colour / Hardness

Outside

Colour / Hardness

Inside

MOE / MOR Outside

MOE / MOR Inside

MOE / MOR Inside

MOE / MOR Outside

Outside

Inside

Inside

Outside

Trim

Compression

Drawing representing ½ of one test boardACTUAL DIMENTIONS: 2.5 cm x 12.5 cm x 2.44 m

• Homogeneity and normality were tested.

• Significantly different between treatments for selected properties.

• No significant difference between position, boards or interactions.

• Changes in wood properties between treatments were homogeneous.

Cross section of untreated black ash at three magnifications: 130x, 1300x, 5000x (Riffel 2010)

Cross section of low temperature treatment black ash at three magnifications: 130x, 6500x, 14000x (Riffel2010)

Figure 15. Cross section of high temperature treatment black ash at three magnifications: 130x, 500x, 4300x (Riffel 2010)

96.75 MPaStd Dev 9.70

103.13 MPaStd Dev 12.28


.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

110.00

Control 180 Degrees 200 Degrees

M

P

a

Post Hoc Test

Subset 1

Subset 2

9162 MPaStd Dev 1188.69

9904 MPaStd Dev 1559.70

10030 MPaStd Dev 1476.07

.0000

1000.0000

2000.0000

3000.0000

4000.0000

5000.0000

6000.0000

7000.0000

8000.0000

9000.0000

10000.0000

11000.0000


M

P

a

Post Hoc Test

Subset 1

Subset 2


69.48 MPaStd Dev 7.39 67.40 MPa

Std Dev 8.64

.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00


M

P

a

Post Hoc Test

Subset 1

Subset 2

6150 NStd Dev 1068.09

5748 NStd Dev 1154.44

4225 NStd Dev 729.42

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000


N

Post Hoc Test

Subset 1

Subset 2

614 kg/m3

Std Dev .037597 kg/m3

Std Dev .043

623 kg/m3

Std Dev .047

100

200

300

400

500

600

700


kg/m

3

Post Hoc Test

Subset 1

Subset 2

• REGRESSION ANALYSIS SHOWED A CORRELATION BETWEEN TREATMENTS FOR SELECTED

TEST PROPERTIES

• MOR (LINEAR) (LOG)

• MOE (LINEAR) (LOG)

• COMPRESSION (LOG)(LINEAR)

• HARDNESS (LOG)(LINEAR)

y = -9.675x + 111.78R² = 0.5216

y = 433.81x + 8831.1R² = 0.8563

y = 2.2125x + 62.192R² = 0.4441

y = -962.59x + 7299.7R² = 0.8983

y = -14.73ln(x) + 101.22R² = 0.3729

y = 819.91ln(x) + 9209R² = 0.9441

y = 4.6039ln(x) + 63.867R² = 0.5935

y = -1626ln(x) + 6345.7R² = 0.7912

ControlDurability Stability

Control

Stability

Durability

66.81Std Dev 2.05 65.01

Std Dev 2.73

49.61Std Dev 7.97

.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00


Post Hoc Test

Subset 1

Subset 2

Post Hoc Test

Subset 1

Subset 2

6.16Std Dev .434

6.31Std Dev .528

8.24Std Dev .865

.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00


Post Hoc Test

Subset 1

Subset 2

16.98

17.72 17.68

.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00


Post Hoc Test

Subset 1

Subset 2

.0000

2.0000

4.0000

6.0000

8.0000

10.0000

12.0000

14.0000

16.0000

18.0000

20.0000

180 Degrees 200 Degrees

USE COLOUR AS A PREDICTOR OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.

• MOR AND E

• MOR AND L

• MOR AND a

• MOR AND b

USE RELATIVE DENSITY AS A PREDICTOR

• CONTROL MOR AND RD

• THERMALLY TREATED MOR AND RD

• STABILITY

– THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE THERMOFOREST PRODUCTS’ STABILITY TREATMENT

PRODUCED STABILITY WITH NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE TO WOOD PROPERTIES.

– THE STABILITY TREATMENT PRODUCED AN INCREASE IN MOST MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, ASLIGHT COLOUR CHANGE, AND SUPERIOR PROCESSING PROPERTIES.

• DURABILITY

– THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE THERMOFOREST PRODUCTS’ DURABILITY TREATMENT

PRODUCED STABLE AND DURABLE WOOD WITH A SLIGHT REDUCTION IN WOOD

PROPERTIES.

– THE DURABILITY TREATMENT PRODUCED AN INCREASE IN WOOD DENSITY, MOE AND

COMPRESSION WITH A SLIGHT DECREASE FROM CONTROL IN HARDNESS AND MOR.

– THE EFFECTS THE SYSTEM HAD ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR THIS TREATMENT

IS SUPERIOR TO OTHER HIGH TEMPERATURE DRYING SYSTEMS.

– THE DURABILITY TREATMENT ALSO GREATLY ENHANCED THE NEUTRAL COLOUR OF

THE BLACK ASH CREATING A WALNUT LIKE RING POROUS FINISH.

• THERMOFORERST PRODUCTS’ HIGH TEMPERATURE ECO DRYER PROVIDES NORTH

WESTERN ONTARIO AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY WOOD TREATMENT, WHICH

INCREASES THE STABILITY AND DURABILITY OF BLACK ASH; WITH MINIMAL LOSS TO WOOD

PROPERTIES.

• FURTHER TESTING WITH OTHER WOOD SPECIES IS REQUIRED TO VALIDATE THE POTENTIAL

OF THIS VALUE-ADDED DRYING SYSTEM.

• IT SEEMS EVIDENT THAT TARGET CHANGES TO MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, ESPECIALLY COLOUR, CAN BE PREDICTED USING SPECIFIC TREATMENT PARAMETERS; INCLUDING TEMPERATURE AND DURATION.

THIS RESEARCH WAS COMPLETED BY JIM RIFFEL WITH THE ANALYSIS COMPLETED JOINTLY.

WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK

• LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

DR. MATT LIETCH

DR. CHANDER SHAHI

DR. JIAN WANG

• THERMOFOREST PRODUCTS

ED ROSE

• JULIE HOWE

session 2 ic2011 miller-riffel

Technology