Professional StudiesProfessional Studies

ACADEMIC WRITING

Academic WritingAcademic Writing

TASK

In pairs identify the key points in writing an academic essay

Constructing an opening Constructing an opening paragraph:paragraph:

TASK

Working in a different pair construct an opening paragraph for the following essay title:

Do children learn in different ways?

If they do, should this affect the way we teach?

ReferencingReferencing

Not difficult

Harvard (author, data)

Consistency

Quote Unquote

Using References within Using References within the textthe text

References within the text should always be to works that you have listed in your bibliography or reference list.

Paraphrasing

In the text you should include the author(s) surname, followed by the date of publication, in brackets:

Kerslake (1998) states that play is important to learning.

or

Kerslake (1998,quoted in Jones, 2000, p.63) states that play is integral to learning.

here you will put Jones in the bibliography

This is the same for an internet reference!

Quoting

You need a page number as well:

“most children are visual learners” (Brown, 2003, p.45)

 Normally, if a quotation is longer than 3 lines it should be indented from the rest of the text and have the page number in brackets at the end:

“Why is it that human beings have been described for scientific purposes as if they were things?” (Brown,1976,p.38)

This is the same for an internet reference – if you have no page number put (Brown, 1976, no page)

The BibliographyThe Bibliography

Goes in alphabetical order

Journals and electronic references are included in main bibliography, also in alphabetical order

For a book:

1. Author with initial

eg Brown, P.

Askew, M. and William, P

2. date in brackets

3. title in italics

4. Place of publication followed by colon and publisher

eg London: Harper Collins

TASK – spot the TASK – spot the mistakes!mistakes!

Miles, M (1994) Qualitative Data Blackwells

Nias, J, Southworth, G and Yeomans, R(1989) Staff Relationships in the Primary School. London Cassell

Department for Education and Employment, 1999 The National Numeracy Strategy. DfEE

Make up some for your partner with mistakes in!

For a chapter in a book written by somebody else:

1. Author with initial

2. Date in brackets

3. Title of chapter in inverted commas

4. Name of authors of book

eg in Leak, G. (ed.)

or in Leak, G. and Peters, H. (ed)

5. Name of book in italics

6. Place and publisher

7. Page numbers

eg Jones, P. (2004) ‘The Joy of Rain’, in Simons, T. (ed) Stormy Weather. London: Moody pp 45-48

Your TurnYour Turn

Potter, R. (2000) An Introduction to children’s learning, in Jacques, K. and Hyland, R. (eds.) Professional Studies Primary Phase. Exeter: Learning Matters, pp63-73

Newell, R. ‘Questionnaires’ in Gilbert, N. (ed.), Researching Social Life.

Adler, P & Adler, D 1998 Observational Techniques, in Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. (eds.), Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials.

For an electronic reference:

1. Author with initial

2. Date in brackets

3. Title in italics, followed by ‘online’ in brackets

4. Write

Available at: WEB REFERENCE

5. In brackets Accessed on: date)

eg Mcnamara, O. (2002) Developing Mathematics Teaching and Teachers, online. Available at: http://mathsteachdev.maths-ed.org.uk (Accessed: 1 September 2003)

Your TurnYour Turn

O’Neill, N. A Question of Trust, onlineavailable from:

www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2002/

Murphy R 2002 Facilitating effective professional development and change in subject leaders. http://www.ncsl.org.uk