separate and together: life in...

Chapter 5:

LECTURE SLIDES

© 2016 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

Separate and Together: Life in Groups

Getting Warmed Up!

Lecture Launcher Questions

_____ have a sense of common identity

while _____ do not.

a. Crowds; groups

b. Groups; crowds

c. Aggregates; crowds

d. Secondary groups; primary groups


Getting Warmed Up!


Identify ALL of the following that are groups:

a. __ classroom of children

b. __ YMCA Parent Club

c. __ Weight Watcher’s online

d. __ people gathered around a car crash


Getting Warmed Up!


Social influence, or peer pressure, results in

different types of conformity. Mark ALL that

may result:

a. __ discontinuation

b. __ compliance

c. __ identification

d. __ internalization

e. __ externalization


Getting Warmed Up!


When Carson started on his school project, two other

students worked on it with him. As the semester continued,

three more students were assigned to work on the project

with the group. Although a total of six students were

ultimately responsible for completing the project, Carson

felt that two of them did the majority of the work and

“carried the weight” of the group. This is an example of

a. group mismanagement.

b. group crisis.

c. social loafing.

d. charismatic authority.


Getting Warmed Up!


McDonaldization is a term used to describe

the spread of bureaucratic rationalization

and its effects.

a. true

b. false


Getting Warmed Up!


What is Durkheim’s term for a state of

normlessness?

a. dynamics

b. anomie

c. atrophy

d. proscription


Getting Warmed Up!


When Veronica started high school, she made the

junior varsity basketball team. Immediately, she felt

a strong connection to other junior varsity players

in her new school. They shared a practice

schedule and after-school responsibilities. In this

scenario, groups are being viewed using

a. conflict theory.

b. symbolic interactionism.

c. structural functionalism.


What Is a Group?

• A group is a collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other.

• Social groups provide the values, norms, and rules that guide people’s lives.


What Is a Group? (cont’d.)

• Unlike a group, a crowd is a temporary

gathering of people in a public place,

whose members do not identify with each

other and will not remain in contact.

• A crowd is one example of an aggregate, a

collection of people who share a physical

location but do not have lasting social

relations.


• Primary groups usually involve the most

face-to-face interaction and cooperation

and the deepest feelings of belonging.

• Secondary groups are larger and less

personal. They are usually organized

around a specific activity or task.


What Is a Group? (cont’d.)

Social Networks

• A social network is the web of direct and

indirect ties connecting an individual to

other people.

• You and your family, friends, peers, colleagues,

teachers, and coworkers constitute your social

network.


Separate from Groups: Anomie

• Since groups provide values, norms, and

rules that guide people’s lives, is it possible

that the modern world makes people

disconnected from their groups and creates

feelings of anomie, or normlessness?


Group Dynamics

• Group dynamics are the patterns of

interaction between groups and

individuals.

• This includes the ways groups:

• Form and fall apart

• Influence members


Group Dynamics (cont’d.)

• A dyad is the smallest possible social

group (two members). It is unstable

because of the small size—if one person

leaves the group, it ceases to exist.

• A triad (a three-person group) is more

stable than a dyad. Conflicts between two

members can be mediated by the third.



• An in-group is a group that a person

identifies with and feels loyalty toward.

• An out-group is a group that a person

feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward.

• A reference group is a group that

provides a standard of comparison against

which people evaluate themselves.


• Group cohesion is the sense of solidarity

or loyalty that individuals feel toward a

group to which they belong.

• Groupthink is the tendency of very

cohesive groups to enforce a high degree

of conformity among members, creating a

demand for unanimous agreement.



Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

• Social influence (peer pressure) is the

influence of one’s fellow group members

on individual attitudes and behaviors.

• Generally we conform to group norms

because we want to gain acceptance and

approval (positive sanctions) and avoid

rejection and disapproval (negative

sanctions).


Types of Conformity

• Compliance: the mildest form of conformity; actions to gain reward or avoid punishment

• Identification: conformity to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group

• Internalization: the strongest type of conformity; an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them his or her own


Teamwork

• A group almost always outperforms an

individual but rarely performs as well as it

could in theory.

• A group’s efficiency usually declines as its

size increases because organizing takes

time and social loafing increases with

group size.


Teamwork (cont’d.)

• Group leaders can

increase efficiency by

recognizing individual

effort or by increasing

members’ social

identity (the degree to

which they identify with

the group).


Qualities of Leadership: Power,

Authority, and Style

• Power is the ability to control the actions

of others. It includes:

• Coercive power—backed by the threat

of force

• Influential power—supported by

persuasion


Qualities of Leadership: Power, Authority,

and Style (cont’d.)

• Max Weber identified three types of

authority found in social organizations.

• Traditional authority is authority based in

custom, birthright, or divine right and is

usually associated with monarchies and

dynasties.




• Legal-rational authority is authority

based in laws, rules, and procedures.

• Charismatic authority is authority based

in the perception of remarkable personal

qualities in a leader.




• Instrumental leadership is task- or goal-oriented. An instrumental leader is less concerned with people’s feelings than with getting the job done.

• An expressive leader is concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group because this will lead to a positive work environment and improved productivity.


Bureaucracy

• Bureaucracy: a type of secondary group

designed to perform tasks efficiently

• Bureaucracies are impersonal but efficient,

and they provide many basic necessities.

• George Ritzer coined the term

McDonaldization to describe the spread

of bureaucratic rationalization and the

resulting increase in both efficiency and

dehumanization. © 2016 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

The Real World An Introduction to Sociology

Third Edition

Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein

THE STRENGTH OF WEAK TIES

HIGH STATUS In the upper class there is a stress on the importance of strong ties and forming elite clubs.

ADMINISTRATIVE Administrators are most likely to be cosmopolitans and involved in an organization to branch out and form new ties.

PROFESSIONAL Professionals, technical, and managerial workers will most likely hear about new jobs through weak ties.

OFFICE WORKER The office worker may have mixed connections in both higher and lower classes.

SEMI-PROFESSIONAL Semi-professional frequently use weak ties to land or hear about a new job.

EXAMPLE: PART TIME TEACHER 4 Strong Ties 6 Weak Ties Through both types of ties he knows people in the class above and below his own.

BLUE COLLAR The majority of people of a lower status will find a job though a relative or close friends.

LOCAL BRIDGE A person who can connect two people who don’t know each other. Bridges can connect people outside their circle and help them reach different jobs.

LOW STATUS For those of a lower status, weak ties of a similar status are not especially useful or far reaching.

TIGHT CIRCLES When everyone in a circle primarily have strong ties with each other, it becomes difficult to reach beyond that circle.

The Strength of W eak Ties

Life in Groups—

Concept Quiz

A collection of people who share a physical

location but do not have lasting social

relations is called a/an

a. social network.

b. category.

c. social group.

d. aggregate.


Life in Groups—

Concept Quiz

A bunch of people standing at a terminal in

an airport is a/an

a. group.

b. aggregate.

c. social network.

d. club.


Life in Groups—

Concept Quiz

Your parents would probably be considered

a part of your

a. primary group.

b. secondary group.


Life in Groups—

Concept Quiz

A group that provides standards by which

we evaluate our own personal attributes is

known as a/an

a. in-group.

b. out-group.

c. loyal group.

d. secondary group.

e. reference group.


Life in Groups—

Concept Quiz

Which of the following is the strongest type

of conformity?

a. identification

b. peer pressure

c. compliance

d. Internalization


Life in Groups—

Concept Quiz

Teams become more efficient as members

are added.

a. True

b. False


Life in Groups—

Concept Quiz

________ can be defined as the ability to

control the actions of others.

a. Leadership

b. Power

c. Authority

d. Internalization

e. Groupthink


Life in Groups—

Concept Quiz

For Max Weber, authority based in laws,

rules, and procedures is called

a. Traditional authority

b. Legal-rational authority

c. Charismatic authority


Life in Groups—

Concept Quiz

Which of the following is not a key

characteristic of bureaucracies?

a. efficiency

b. rationalization

c. cohesion

d. specialization

e. hierarchy


Chapter 5: Participation Questions

Do you use Facebook to keep up with your

friends and family?

a. yes

b. no



Do you have any Facebook friends that you

have never meet in person?

a. yes

b. no



Do you regularly participate in any massively

multiplayer online role-playing games

(MMORPGs) like World of Warcraft or

Second Life?

a. yes

b. no



Do you participate in any extracurricular

groups on campus whose members meet

regularly in person?

a. yes

b. no


Chapter 5: Data Workshop Activity

• Refer to the Data Workshop on pages 130-133 to prepare for this activity.

• Complete the statements as noted in the activity and then analyze your statements as per the instructions.

• After you have completed this, we will tally the class results. As you are listening to your classmates’ responses, do you notice any themes or trends?


Additional Art for Chapter 5


This concludes the Lecture

PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 5

For more learning resources,

please visit the StudySpace site

for The Real World, 5e at:

http://wwnorton.com/studyspace


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