essentials of physical...
TRANSCRIPT
Lecture Slides
THIRD EDITION
Essentials of Physical
Anthropology
Clark Spencer Larsen
Biology in the Present: Living People
• Larsen. Essentials of Physical Anthropology
5
Biology in the Present: Living People
• Questions addressed in this chapter: – Is race a valid, biologically meaningful concept? – What do growth and development tell us about human
variation? – What are the benefits of our life history pattern? – How do people adapt to their environment?
Chris Fitzgerald/ CandidatePhotos/ The Image Works
Debunking the Race Concept
• Blumenbach
– Typological classification
• Franz Boas
– Biological process
• R. C. Lewontin
– Genetic variation does not follow racial categorization
• Clines
Reprinted by permission of the New
York Public Library/Art Resource, NY
Life History: Growth and Development
• Fertilization • Prenatal stage
– 3 trimesters; 9+ months
• Postnatal stage – Neonatal (month 1) – Infancy (month 2, weaning) – Childhood (3–7 years) – Juvenile (7–12 years) – Puberty – Adolescence (post
puberty)
• Adult stage – Reproductive period – Senescence
Life History: Growth and Development
• Growth velocity
• Infancy
– Deciduous dentition
– Weaning
– Motor skills
– Cognitive abilities
Pete Saloutos/ Media Bakery
Life History: Growth and Development
SPL/ Science Source
Life History: Growth and Development
• Epiphysis
• Diaphysis
• Growth plate
Neil Borden/ Science Source Gwen Robbins, Appalachian State University
Life History: Secular Trend
Barbara Piperata
Life History: Aging and Senescence
Biophoto Associates/ Science Source
Sonya Farrell/ Getty Images
Life History Stages in Humans
Adaptation: Meeting the Challenges of Living
• Four levels of adaptation
– Genetic
– Developmental (ontogenetic)
– Acclimatization (physiological)
– Cultural (behavioral)
• Functional adaptations
Climate Adaptation: Heat Stress • Vasodilation
• Sweating & hairlessness
• Body shape: Bergmann & Allen’s rules
Climate Adaptation: Cold Stress
• Vasoconstriction
• Shivering
• Elevated BMR
• Clothing & shelter
Climate Adaptation: Skin Coloration
Topical Press Agency/ Getty Images
Climate Adaptation: Skin Coloration
• UV radiation helps synthesize vitamin D
– Necessarily for proper skeletal development
• UV radiation depletes folic acid
– Necessary for DNA synthesis & spinal development
Climate Adaptation: High Altitudes
Cynthia Beall
Climate Adaptation in Humans
Nutritional Adaptation
• Basal metabolic requirement • Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) • Macronutrients
– Carbohydrates, proteins, fats
• Micronutrients – Vitamins & minerals
Nutritional Adaptation: Malnutrition
David Turnley/ Corbis
Nutritional Adaptation: Overnutrition
• Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol)
• Type 2 diabetes
Skeletal Adaptation
AP Photo/ Bill Kostroun
Lecture Slides
Essentials of Physical Anthropology
Clark Spencer Larsen
THIRD EDITION