sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • eye(movementdisorders • sensory(gang (• p50 • p300...

37
Sensory ga+ng in psychiatry Rikus Knegtering 2015

Upload: others

Post on 03-Mar-2021

4 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Sensory  ga+ng  in  psychiatry  

Rikus  Knegtering  2015  

Page 2: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding
Page 3: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

•  Eye  movement  disorders  •  Sensory  Ga+ng  •  P  50  •  P  300  •  Prepulse  Inhibi+on,  startle  reflex  •  Clinical  correlated  •  Importance  for  understanding  psychopharmcology  

Turetsky  et  al  Schizophrenia  Bulle+n  vol.  33  no.  1  pp.  69–94,  2007  PoQer  et  al  Schizophrenia  Bulle+n  vol.  32  no.  4  pp.  692–700,  2006  

 

Page 4: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Gladde  oogvolgbewegingen  

Page 5: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Date of download: 3/8/2015 Copyright © 2015 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

From: Dependence of Impaired Eye Tracking on Deficient Velocity Discrimination in Schizophrenia

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(2):155-161. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.2.155

Sample tracings of smooth pursuit eye movements of a schizophrenic patient (top) and a normal control (middle) following a 0.4-Hz sine wave (bottom, dashed line). Note that the normal control record is smooth except for a blink at about 12 seconds into the record. The record of the schizophrenic patient shows a very irregular pattern, suggestive of low gain pursuit with frequent saccadic eye movements.

Figure Legend:

Page 6: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Cri+cal  Flicker  fusion  Frequency  (threshold)  CFFFt  

Page 7: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Jozarni  Dlabač-­‐de  Lange  MD.,  Marc  Kuipers,  Mike  Vervoort  MD.,  Gerben  Duisterwinkel  MD.,  Sjoerd  Sytema  MSc.  PhD.  Henderikus  Knegtering  MD.  PhD.    (2010).  Schizophrenia  can  be  diagnosed  in  the  blink  of  an  eye;  it  lowers  the  cri+cal  flicker  fusion  frequency  threshold.      

Page 8: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Jozarni  Dlabač-­‐de  Lange  MD.,  Marc  Kuipers,  Mike  Vervoort  MD.,  Gerben  Duisterwinkel  MD.,  Sjoerd  Sytema  MSc.  PhD.  Henderikus  Knegtering  MD.  PhD.    (2010).  Schizophrenia  can  be  diagnosed  in  the  blink  of  an  eye;  it  lowers  the  cri+cal  flicker  fusion  frequency  threshold.      

Page 9: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Cogni+ve  deficits  in  schizophrenia  2  

Sensory  deficits    

Sensory  ga+ng  deficits    

AQen+on  deficits    

Reac+on  +me  deficits    

(Working)  memory  deficits    

Higher  informa+on  processing  deficits  (interpreta+on)    

Hallucina+ons,  delusions,  desorganized  thinking,    nega+ve  symptoms  

     

Kitchen  et  al.Adv  Ther.  2012  Feb;29(2):148-­‐62        

Metabolic?  Connec+vity?  Func+onal?  Deficit  

Page 10: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

P  300  

Page 11: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

P  300  

•  P300,  soms  ook  P3  of  P3b  genoemd,  is  een  posi+eve  elektrische  golf  in  het  EEG  die  op  ongeveer  300  ms  na  een  s+mulus  optreedt.    

•  Event  Related  Poten+al  (ERP)  

Page 12: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

P  300  

•  P300  is  het  duidelijkst  waarneembaar  boven  de  pariëtale  (achterste)  loca+es  op  de  schedel  

•  Na  aanbieding  van  infrequent  voorkomende  en  onverwachte  signalen  die  een  bepaalde  reac+e  van  de  proefpersoon  vragen.  Men  krijgt  bijvoorbeeld  lage  (500  Hz)  en  hoge  tonen  (1000  Hz)  te  horen  die  onvoorspelbaar  zijn,  maar  met  een  ongelijke  frequen+e  van  respec+evelijk  80%  en  20%  voorkomen.  Dit  wordt  ook  wel  een  oddballtaak  genoemd.    

Page 13: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

P300  

Page 14: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding
Page 15: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Controles  N=36  

Pa+enten  Schiz  N=52  

Page 16: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Wat  weerspiegelt  P300?    

•  P300:  reflec+e  van  een  mechanisme  in  de  hersenen  dat  geac+veerd  wordt  als  een  relevante  gebeurtenis  bewust  wordt  verwerkt  of  herkend.    

Page 17: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Sensory  ga+ng  I  Cocktail  party  effect.  

Page 18: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Prepulse  Inhibi+on  (PPI)  

Page 19: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Prepulse  Inhibi+on  

•  Modellen  van  schizofrenie:  •  Amfetamine  of  fencyclidine.    •  Deze  stoffen  blijken  inderdaad  in  staat  ppi,  p50-­‐ga+ng,  te  verstoren  

             

(Ellenbroek  &  Cools  2002).  

Page 20: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Prepulse  Inhibi+on  

•  Een  aantal  nieuwere  diermodellen  richt  zich  vooral  op  de  lange  termijn  consequen+es  van  vroege  stressvolle  factoren,  zoals  vroege  hippocampale  laesies  en  maternale  depriva+e.    

•  In  beide  modellen  blijken  de  ppi  verminderd.  Bovendien  blijkt  dat  deze  verstoring  pas  na  de  puberteit  optreedt,  terwijl  de  manipula+e  reeds  op  hele  jonge  leemijd  (tweede  week  na  de  geboorte)  plaatsvindt.  

         

Ellebroek  en  Cools    Tijdschrim  voor  psychiatrie  44  (2002)  11  

Page 21: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Roken  en  schizofrenie  

Page 22: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Prepulse  Inhibi+on  (PPI),  =  startle  respons  

A  weak  sound  preceding  the  loud  acous+c  s+mulus  inhibits  the  startle  reflex;  this  is  called  pre-­‐pulse  inhibi6on.    Prepulse  inhibi+on  (PPI)  is  the  decrease  of  startle  amplitude  by  a  prepulse  presented  shortly  before  the  startle    s+mulus  that  does  not  elicit  a  startle  response  itself.  Pre-­‐pulse  inhibi+on  (PPI)  is  impaired  in  schizophrenic  pa+ents.    

Page 23: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Prepulse  Inhibi+on  (PPI),  =  startle  respons  

A  weak  sound  preceding  the  loud  acous+c  s+mulus  inhibits  the  startle  reflex;  this  is  called  pre-­‐pulse  inhibi6on.    Prepulse  inhibi+on  (PPI)  is  the  decrease  of  startle  amplitude  by  a  prepulse  presented  shortly  before  the  startle    s+mulus  that  does  not  elicit  a  startle  response  itself.  Pre-­‐pulse  inhibi+on  (PPI)  is  impaired  in  schizophrenic  pa+ents.    

control  pa+ent  

Page 24: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Prepulse  Inhibi+on  (PPI)  

Swerdlow  NR  et  al  Arch  Gen  Psych.  December,  2006;63:1325-­‐1335    

pa+ent  

 A  significant  rela+onship  between  PPI  and  the  Global  Assessment  of  Func+oning  (GAF)  scale—GAF  scores  were  higher  in  pa+ents  with  the  highest  PPI.    

Page 25: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Prepulse  Inhibi+on  (PPI)  

Swerdlow  NR  et  al  Arch  Gen  Psych.  December,  2006;63:1325-­‐1335    

pa+ent  

Page 26: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Prepulse  Inhibi+on  (PPI)  

Swerdlow  NR  et  al  Arch  Gen  Psych.  December,  2006;63:1325-­‐1335    

pa+ent  

Page 27: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Sensory  ga+ng  II  

•  The  Cocktail  Party  Effect  illustrates  how  the  brain  inhibits  input  from  environmental  s+muli,  while  s+ll  processing  sensory  input  from  the  aQended  s+mulus.  

•  The  cocktail  party  effect  demonstrates  sensory  ga+ng  in  hearing,  but  the  other  senses  also  go  through  the  same  process  protec+ng  primary  cor+cal  areas  from  being  overwhelmed.  

Page 28: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Paired-­‐click  paradigm  1  klik  waargenomen  

1  klik  waargenomen  

2  klik  waargenomen  door  control  2  klikken  door  mensen  met  schizofrenie  

P50  NC  laag  

P50  NC  Hoog  

Page 29: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Sensory  ga6ng  deficits  and  mental  illness  

•  Nico6ne  and  sensory  ga6ng  •  Nico+ne  aids  selec+ve  aQen+on.    •  Nico+ne  can  correct  sensory  ga+ng  deficits  for  individuals  with  schizophrenia,  but  the  effects  only  last  about  thirty  minutes  amer  nico+ne  intake.    

•  The  same  self-­‐medica+on  may  be    present  among  those  with  aQen+on-­‐deficit/hyperac+vity  disorder.  

•  Adler,  L.  E.,  Oliency,  A.,  Waldo,  M.,  Harris,  j.  G.,  Griffith,  J.,  Stevens,  K.,  Flach,  K.,  Nagamoto,  H.,  Bickford,  P.,  Leonard,  S.,  Freedman,  R.  (1998).  Schizophrenia,  Sensory  Ga+ng,  and  Nico+nic  Receptors.  Schizophrenia  Bulle+n,  24(2):189-­‐202.  

•  Perry,  W.,  Minassian,  A.,  Lopex,  B.,  Lincoln,  A.  (2007).  Sensorimotor  Ga+ng  Deficits  in  Adults  with  Au+sm.  Society  of  Biological  Psychiatry,  61:  482-­‐496.  

Page 30: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

P  50  Sensory  Ga+ng  Abnormali+es  in  Schizophrenia  

•  Posi+ve  and  perhaps  the  nega+ve  symptoms  of  schizophrenia  are  a  result  of  sensory  overload  and/or  an  impairment  in  the  response  to  sensory  input  within  the  central  nervous  system?  

•  Sensory  ga+ng  abnormali+es  have  also  been  hypothesized  to  be  associated  with  various  cogni+ve  impairments?  

Page 31: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

P  50  Sensory  Ga+ng  Abnormali+es  in  Schizophrenia  

•  Pharmacological  studies:  importance  of  the  cholinergic  system  in  regula+ng  the  diminished  response  to  repeated  s+muli,  through  s+mula+on  of  the  a-­‐7  nico+nic  receptor.  

•  In  pa+ents  with  schizophrenia,  nico+ne  can  transiently  reverse  the  P50  sensory  ga+ng  deficits.  

Page 32: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

P  50  Sensory  Ga+ng  Abnormali+es  in  Schizophrenia  

•  A  marker  of  the  gene  for  the  a-­‐7  nico+nic  receptor  has  been  linked  to  schizophrenia  and  P50  abnormali+es  (Freedman  et  al  1997-­‐2001).    

•  Polymorphisms  in  the  promotor  region  of  the  gene  for  the  a-­‐7  nico+nic  receptor  may  be  related  to  abnormal  sensory  ga+ng  (Leonard  et  al  2002).  

•  Sensory  ga+ng  abnormality  in  schizophrenia  has  been  evidence  that  family  members  of  people  with  schizophrenia  also  have  deficits  in  P50  sensory  ga+ng  inhibi+on  

Page 33: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

S1   S1  S2   S2  

Page 34: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Sensory  Ga+ng,  P50  Clinical  correlates  

•  Correla+ons  are  suggested  between  P50  abnormali+es  in  schizophrenia  – Sustained  aQen+on  (CPT)  – Processing  speed  (digit  symbol)  

•  Possible  associa+on  with  severity  of  symptoms  (posi+ve  and  nega+ve)  in  schizophrenia,  but  many  studies  could  not  confirm  an  associa+on  

Page 35: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Sensory  Ga+ng,  P  50,  Psychopharmacology  I  

•  First  and  second  genera+on  an+psycho+cs  seems  not  to  influence  sensory  ga+ng  expressed  as  a  reverse  P50  T/C  ra+o  differences  in  schizophrenia  

Page 36: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Sensory  Ga+ng,  P  50,  Psychopharmacology  II  

•  Clozapine  and  nico+ne  may  reverse  P50  T/C  ra+o  differences  in  schizophrenia  

•  Nico+ne  lowers  P50  T/C  ra+o  through  diminished  S2  amplitude,  which  is  thought  to  reflect  enhanced  sensory  ga+ng  through  ac+va+on  of  the  a7  nico+nic  receptor.    

PoQer  et  al  Schizophrenia  Bulle+n  vol.  32  no.  4  pp.  692–700,  2006  

Page 37: Sensory(gang in psychiatry(€¦ · • Eye(movementdisorders • Sensory(Gang (• P50 • P300 • Prepulse(Inhibi+on, startlereflex • Clinical(correlated(• Importance(for(understanding

Conclusies  •  Veel  mensen  die  voldoen  aan  DSM  criteria  van  schizofrenie  (en  deels  ook  hun  verwanten)  hebben  een  veranderde  verwerking  van  sensorische  input  en  motorisch  output  wat  o.a.  blijkt  uit  

•  Afwijkingen  in  gladde  oogbewegingen  maar  ook  andere  aspecten  van  motoriek  (+jdschrim  psychiatrie  febr  2015)  

•  PPI  •  P50,  P300  •  En  vele  andere  testen  (o.a.  mismatch  nega+vity,  CFFF)  •  Wat  betekent  dit  voor  het  dagelijks  bestaan?