seminar report on millimeter wave mobile communications for 5g cellular

Millimeter Wave Mobile Communication For 5G Cellular

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smart phones are creating

unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth

shortage. As today's cellular providers attempt to deliver high quality, low latency video

and multimedia applications for wireless devices, they are limited to a carrier frequency

spectrum ranging between 700 MHz and 2.6 GHz.

The global spectrum bandwidth allocation for all cellular technologies does not

exceed 780 MHz, where each major wireless provider has approximately 200 MHz across

all of the different cellular bands of spectrum available to them. Servicing legacy users

with older inefficient cell phones as well as customers with newer smart phones requires

simultaneous management of multiple technologies in the same band-limited spectrum.

Currently, allotted spectrum for operators is dissected into disjoint frequency bands, each

of which possesses different radio networks with different propagation characteristics and

building penetration losses. This means that base station designs must service many

different bands with different cell sites, where each site has multiple base stations (one for

each frequency or technology usage e.g. third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G),

and Long Term Evolution - Advanced (LTE-A)).

To procure new spectrum, it can take a decade of administration through

regulatory bodies such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the U.S.

Federal Communications Commission (FCC). When spectrum is finally licensed,

incumbent users must be moved off the spectrum, causing further delays and increasing

costs.

The need for high-speed connectivity is a common denominator as we look ahead

to next generations of networks. Achieving 24/7 access to, and sharing of, all our “stuff”

requires that we continue on our current path: going far beyond simple voice and data

services, and moving to a future state of “everything everywhere and always connected”.

Today, as the provisioning and take-up of data services, and the types of

connected devices, on both fixed-line and mobile networks continues to increase

exponentially, the rules of network provisioning need to be re-written. Data services are

by their nature discontinuous. Moving to packet rather than circuit-based service delivery

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allows more users to share the same resource even though the overhead associated with

directing the data becomes more complex. As fixed-line network infrastructures have

moved from copper to the virtually-limitless capacity of fiber, this packet delivery

overhead has not been an issue.

Successive advances in mobile network technology and system specifications

have provided higher cell capacity and consequent improvements in single user data rate.

The Increases in data rate have come courtesy of increased computing power, and

increased modulation density made possible by better components, particularly in the area

of digital receivers.

In all this, there is one certainty that must be considered “wireless spectrum is

limited”. In the long run, this must mean only those connections which MUST be mobile

should be wireless. We’re already seeing the rise of television and radio services

delivered over the internet, today’s Wi-Fi offload becomes the starting point for the norm

of tomorrow, freeing up cellular system capacity to give mobile users the best possible

service.

In the mobile world, capacity gains come essentially from three variables: more

spectrum, better efficiency and better frequency re-use through progressively smaller cell

size. However, with mobile data consumption currently forecast to almost double year-

on-year for the next five years, the network operators maintain they will struggle to meet

long-term demand without even more spectrum. Freeing up frequency bands currently

used for other systems will become a major priority.

Mobile broadband networks need to support ever-growing consumer data rate

demands and will need to tackle the exponential increase in the predicted traffic volumes.

An efficient radio access technology combined with more spectrum availability is

essential to achieve the ongoing demands faced by wireless carriers.

In this report, how millimeter wave can be used for 5G cellular is presented. In this

article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz

spectrum for mobile broadband applications. Discuss propagation and device technology

challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile

communication. And introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a

candidate for next generation mobile communication system. And show the feasibility for

MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile

environment.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

To date, four generations of cellular communication systems have been adopted

worldwide with each new mobile generation emerging every 10 years or so since around

1980: first generation analog FM cellular systems in 1981; second generation digital

technology in 1992, 3G in 2001, and 4G LTE-A in 2011.

Review of Previous Fourth Generations Systems:-

First-Generation Systems (1G):

The 1st generation was pioneered for voice service in early 1980‘s, where almost

all of them were analog systems using the frequency modulation technique for radio

transmission using frequency division multiple access (FDMA) with channel capacity of

30 KHz and frequency band was 824-894 MHz, which was based on a technology known

as Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS).

Second Generation Systems (2G):

The 2nd generation was accomplished in later 1990’s. The 2G mobile

communication system is a digital system; this system is still mostly used in different

parts of the world. This generation mainly used for voice communication also offered

additional services such as SMS and e-mail.

In this generation two digital modulation schemes are used; one is time division

multiple access (TDMA) and the 2nd is code division multiple access (CDMA) and

frequency band is 850-1900 MHz’s. In 2G, GSM technology uses eight channels per

carrier with a gross data rate of 22.8 kbps (a net rate of 13 kbps) in the full rate channel

and a frame of 4.6 milliseconds (ms) duration .The family of this generation includes of

2G, 2.5G and 2.75G.

Third Generation Systems (3G):

Third generation (3G) services combine high speed mobile access with Internet

Protocol (IP)-based services. The main features of 3G technology include wireless web

base access, multimedia services, email, and video conferencing. The 3G W-CDMA air

interface standard had been designed for always-on packet-based wireless service, so that

computer, entertainment devices and telephones may all share the same wireless network

and be connected internet anytime, anywhere.

3G systems offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps, over 5 MHz channel carrier width,

depending on mobility/velocity, and high spectrum efficiency. The data rate supported by

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3G networks depends also on the environment the call is being made in; 144 kbps in

satellite and rural outdoor, 384 kbps in urban outdoor and 2Mbps in indoor and low range

outdoor. The frequency band is 1.8 - 2.5 GHz.

Fourth Generation Systems (4G):

4G usually refers to the successor of the 3G and 2G standards. In fact, the 3GPP is

recently standardizing LTE Advanced as future 4G standard. A 4G system may upgrade

existing communication networks and is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure

IP based solution where facilities such as voice, streamed multimedia and data will be

provided to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis and at much higher data rates

compared to previous generations.

One common characteristic of the new services to be provided by 4G is their

demanding requirements in terms of QOS. Applications such as wireless broadband

access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content

and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) are being developed to use a 4G network.

4G-LTE advanced:

LTE also referred to as LTE-Advanced, is claimed to be the true 4G evolution step.

LTE is an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based

radio access technology that supports a scalable transmission band

width up to 20 MHz and advanced multi-antenna transmission. As a key

technology in supporting high data rates in 4G systems, Multiple-Input

Multiple-Output (MIMO) enables multi-stream transmission for high

spectrum efficiency, improved link quality, and adaptation of radiation

patterns for signal gain and interference mitigation via adaptive beam

forming using antenna arrays . The coalescence of HSPA and LTE will

increase the peak mobile data rates of the two systems, with data

rates exceeding 100 Mbps, and will also allow for optimal dynamic load

balancing between the two technologies.

Earlier releases of LTE are included as integrated parts of LTE release 10,

providing a more straightforward backwards compatibility and support of legacy

terminals, for example. The main requirement specification for LTE advanced as

approved are:

Peak Downlink data rate: 1 Gbps, Peak Uplink data rate: 500 Mbps.

Transmission bandwidth: Wider than approximately 70 MHz in DL and 40

MHz in UL.

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User throughput at cell edge 2 times higher than that in LTE.

Average user throughput is 3 times higher than that in LTE.

Spectrum efficiency 3 times higher than that in LTE; Peak spectrum

Efficiency downlink: 30 bps/Hz, Uplink: 15 bps/Hz.

Mobility: Same as that in LTE.

Coverage should be optimized or deployment in local areas/micro cell

Environments with Inter Site Distance (ISD) up to 1 km.

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The generation Access protocols Key features Level of evolution

1G FDMA Analog, primarily

voice, less secure,

support for low bit

rate data

Access to and

roaming across

single type of analog

wireless networks

2G&2.5G TDMA,CDMA Digital, more secure,

voice and data

Access to and

roaming across

single type of digital

wireless networks

and access to 1G

3G&3.5G CDMA 2000,W-

CDMA,HSDPA,TD-

SCDMA

Digital, multimedia,

global roaming

across a single type

of wireless

network(for

example, cellular),

limited IP

interoperability,

2Mbps to several

Mbps

Access to and

roaming across

digital multimedia

wireless networks

and access to 2G and

1G

4G OFDM Global roaming

across multiple

wireless networks,

10Mbps-100Mbps,

IP interoperability

for seamless mobile

internet

Access to and

roaming across

diverse and

heterogeneous

mobile and wireless

Broadband networks

and access to 3G,2G

and 1G

Table 2.1 Comparison of different generations in wireless communication

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Fig 2.1.0 Evolution of wireless communication

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CHAPTER 3

FIFTH GENERATION (5G) WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION

As fifth generation (5G) is developed and implemented, we believe the main

differences compared to 4G will be the use of much greater spectrum allocations at

untapped mm-wave frequency bands, highly directional beam forming antennas at both

the mobile device and base station, longer battery life, lower outage probability, much

higher bit rates in larger portions of the coverage area, lower infrastructure costs, and

higher aggregate capacity for many simultaneous users in both licensed and unlicensed

spectrum (e.g. the convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular).

The backbone networks of 5G will move from copper and optic fiber to mm-wave

wireless connections, allowing rapid deployment and mesh-like connectivity with

cooperation between base stations.

5G technology has changed to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. 5G is

a packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput. 5G

technologies use CDMA and millimeter wireless that enables speed greater than 100Mbps

at full mobility and higher than1Gbps at low mobility. The 5G technologies include all

types of advanced features which make 5G technology most powerful and in huge

demand in the near future. It is not amazing, such a huge collection of technology being

integrated into a small device. The 5G technology provides the mobile phone users more

features and efficiency. A user of mobile phone can easily hook their 5G technology

gadget with laptops or tablets to acquire broadband internet connectivity. Up till now

following features of the 5G technology have come to surface- High resolution is offered

by 5G for extreme mobile users, it also offers bidirectional huge bandwidth , higher data

rates and the finest Quality of Service (QOS) .

Now a day, all wireless and mobile networks are forwarding to all-IP principle,

that means all data and signaling will be transferred via IP (Internet Protocol) on network

layer. The purpose of the All-IP Network (AIPN) is to completely transform (“to change

in composition or structure”) the 100+ years of legacy network infrastructure into a

simplified and standardized network with a single common infrastructure for all services.

In order to implement 5G technology, Master Core technique is needed to apply

All-IP Network (AIPN) properly. Hence, the Master core is designed. The 5G Master

Core is a convergence of Parallel Multimode (PMM), Nanotechnology, Cloud

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Computing, and All IP Platform also 5G-IU technology. These technologies have their

own impacts on existing wireless networks which make them into 5G.

5G wireless networks will support 1,000-fold gains in capacity, connections for at

least 100 billion devices, and a 10 Gbps individual user experience capable of extremely

low latency and response times. Deployment of these networks will emerge between 2020

and 2030. 5G radio access will be built upon both new radio access technologies (RAT)

and evolved existing wireless technologies (LTE, HSPA, GSM and Wi-Fi).

Breakthroughs in wireless network innovation will also drive economic and societal

growth in entirely new ways. 5G will realize networks capable of providing zero-distance

connectivity between people and connected machines.

5G requirements are:-

Immersive experience: at least 1 Gbps or more data rates to support ultra high

definition video and virtual reality applications.

Fiber-like user experience: 10 Gbps data rates to support mobile cloud service.

Zero latency and response times: less than one millisecond latency to support

real time mobile control and vehicle-to-vehicle applications and communications.

Zero second switching: max 10 millisecond switching time between different

radio access technologies to ensure a consistently seamless delivery of services.

Massive capacity and always on: current mobile network systems already

support 5 billion users; this will need to expand to also support several billions of

applications and hundreds of billions of machines.

Energy consumption: energy-per-bit usage should be reduced by a factor of

1,000 to improve upon connected device battery life.

Advantages of using 5G:-

5G technology will include spectral bandwidth more than 40 MHz on frequency

channel which is a larger range than all other wireless technology systems.

The artificial intelligence will be included in 5G technology through advance

wearable computer technology.

Massive Distributed with Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) will be

provided by 5G which will help cut costs and make it energy-effective.

5G technologies may consume low battery power, provide a wide range of

coverage, cheap rate of network services and many other advantages.

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4G technology provides speed up to 1 GBPS internet speed and so it is possible

that 5G technology will provide more than 1 GBPS speed.

They are more efficient, highly reliable, highly secured network.

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CHAPTER 4

AN INTRODUCTION TO MILLIMETER (mm)

WAVE TECHNOLOGY

MmWave is a promising technology for future cellular systems. Since limited

spectrum is available for commercial cellular systems, most research has focused on

increasing spectral efficiency by using OFDM, MIMO, efficient channel coding, and

interference coordination. Network densification has also been studied to increase area

spectral efficiency, including the use of heterogeneous infrastructure (macro-, Pico-,

femto cells, relays, distributed antennas) but increased spectral efficiency is not enough to

guarantee high user data rates. The alternative is more spectrum.

Millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular systems, operating in the 30-300GHz band,

above which electromagnetic radiation is considered to be low (or far) infrared light, also

referred to as terahertz radiation.

Fig 4.0.0 Millimeter wave frequency spectrum

Despite industrial research efforts to deploy the most efficient wireless

technologies possible, the wireless industry always eventually faces overwhelming

capacity demands for its currently deployed wireless technologies, brought on by the

continued advances and discoveries in computing and communications, and the

emergence of new customer handsets and use cases (such as the need to access the

internet).

This trend will occur in the coming years for 4G LTE, implying that at some point

around 2020; wireless networks will face congestion, as well as the need to implement

new technologies and architectures to properly serve the continuing demands of carriers

and customers.

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The life cycle of every new generation of cellular technology is generally a decade

or less (as shown earlier), due to the natural evolution of computer and communications

technology. Our work contemplates a wireless future where mobile data rates expand to

the multi gigabit-per-second range, made possible by the use of steerable antennas and

mm-wave spectrum that could simultaneously support mobile communications and

backhaul, with the possible convergence of cellular and Wi-Fi services.

Recent studies suggest that mm-wave frequencies could be used to augment the

currently saturated 700 MHz to 2.6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless

communications. The combination of cost-effective CMOS technology that can now

operate well into the mm-wave frequency bands, and high-gain, steerable antennas at the

mobile and base station, strengthens the viability of mm-wave wireless communications.

Further mm-wave carrier frequencies allow for larger bandwidth allocations, which

translate directly to higher data transfer rates.

Mm-wave spectrum would allow service providers to significantly expand the

channel bandwidths far beyond the present 20 MHz channels used by 4G customers. By

increasing the RF channel bandwidth for mobile radio channels, the data capacity is

greatly increased, while the latency for digital traffic is greatly decreased, thus supporting

much better internet based access and applications that require minimal latency. Mm-

wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new

spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beam forming.

Given this significant jump in bandwidth and new capabilities offered by mm-

waves, the base station-to-device links, as well as backhaul links between base stations,

will be able to handle much greater capacity than today's 4G networks in highly

populated areas. Also, as operators continue to reduce cell coverage areas to exploit

spatial reuse, and implement new cooperative architectures such as cooperative MIMO,

relays, and interference mitigation between base stations, the cost per base station will

drop as they become more plentiful and more densely distributed in urban areas, making

wireless backhaul essential for flexibility, quick deployment, and reduced ongoing

operating costs. Finally, as opposed to the disjointed spectrum employed by many cellular

operators today, where the coverage distances of cell sites vary widely over three octaves

of frequency between 700 MHz and 2.6 GHz, the mm-wave spectrum will have spectral

allocations that are relatively much closer together, making the propagation

characteristics of different mm-wave bands much more comparable and ``homogenous''.

The 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands are currently available with spectrum allocations of over

1 GHz of band-width. Originally intended for Local Multipoint Distribution Service

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(LMDS) use in the late 1990's, these licensees could be used for mobile cellular as well as

backhaul.

A common myth in the wireless engineering community is that rain and

atmosphere make mm-wave spectrum useless for mobile communications. However,

when one considers the fact that today's cell sizes in urban environments are on the order

of 200 m, it becomes clear that mm-wave cellular can overcome these issues. Fig. 4.1 and

Fig. 4.2 show the rain attenuation and atmospheric absorption characteristics of mm-wave

propagation. It can be seen that for cell sizes on the order of 200 m, atmospheric

absorption does not create significant additional path loss for mm-waves, particularly at

28 GHz and 38 GHz. Only 7 dB/km of attenuation is expected due to heavy rainfall rates

of 1 inch/hr for cellular propagation at 28 GHz, which translates to only 1.4 dB of

attenuation over 200 m distance. Work by many researchers has confirmed that for small

distances (less than 1 km), rain attenuation will present a minimal effect on the

propagation of mm-waves at 28 GHz to 38 GHz for small cells.

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Fig 4.0.1 Rain attenuation in dB/km across frequency at various rainfall rates

Fig 4.0.2 Atmospheric absorption across mm-wave frequencies in dB/km

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4.1 HISTORY

Though relatively new in the world of wireless communication, the history of

millimeter wave technology goes back to the 1890’s when J.C. Bose was experimenting

with millimeter wave signals at just about the time when his contemporaries like Marconi

were Inventing radio communications.

Following Bose’s research, millimeter wave technology remained within the

confines of university and government laboratories for almost half a century. The

technology started so see its early applications in Radio Astronomy in the 1960’s,

followed by applications in the military in the 70’s. In the 80’s, the development of

millimeter-wave integrated circuits created opportunities for mass manufacturing of

millimeter wave products for commercial applications.

In 1990’s, the advent of automotive collision avoidance radar at 77 GHz marked

the first consumer oriented use of millimeter wave frequencies above 40 GHz. In 1995,

the FCC (US Federal Communications Commission) opened the spectrum between 59

and 64 GHz for unlicensed wireless communication, resulting in the development of a

plethora of broadband communication and radar equipment for commercial application.

In 2003, the FCC authorized the use of 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz for licensed point-to-

point communication, creating a fertile ground for new of industries developing products

and services in this band.

Fig 4.1.0 J.C. Bose demonstrating millimeter wave in 1897

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4.2 BANDWIDTH, BEAM WIDTH INTERFERENCE

RESISTANCE, SECURITY

BANDWIDTH:-The main benefit that millimeter Wave technology has over RF

frequencies is the spectral bandwidth of 5GHz being available in these ranges, resulting in

current speeds of 1.25Gbps Full Duplex with potential throughput speeds of up to 10Gbps

Full Duplex being made possible. Service providers can significantly expand channel

band width way beyond 20 MHz

Once market demand increases and better modulation techniques are

implemented, spectral efficiency of the equipment will improve allowing the equipment

to meet the higher capacity demands of prospective future networks.

BEAM WIDTH INTERFERENCE RESISTANCE:-Millimeter wave signals transmit

in very narrow focused beams which allows for multiple deployments in close range

using the same frequency ranges. This allows Millimeter wave ideal for Point-to-Point

Mesh, Ring and dense Hub & Spoke network topologies where lower frequency signals

would not be able to cope before cross signal interference would become a significant

limiting factor.

The beam width is approx. 2 degree this benefit from increased interference

protection and spectrum reuse. The highly directional and narrow radiation pattern from

millimeter wave allows many transmitters to be deployed near each other without causing

troublesome interference even when they are using the same frequencies. Using cross-

polarization techniques allows even more radios to be deployed in an area, even along the

same path.

SECURITY:-Since millimeter waves have a narrow beam width and are blocked by

many solid structures they also create an inherent level of security. In order to sniff

millimeter wave radiation a receiver would have to be setup very near, or in the path of,

the radio connection. The loss of data integrity caused by a sniffing antenna provides a

detection mechanism for networks under attack. Additional measures, such as

cryptographic algorithms can be used that allow a network to be fully protected against

attack.

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Fig 4.2.0 millimeter wave beam width

4.3 ANTENNAS

Due to the recent advancements in VLSI technology it is possible to develop

circuits that work in millimeter wave frequency range. The choice of integrated circuit

(IC) technology depends on the implementation aspects and system requirements. The

former is related to the issues such as power consumption, efficiency, dynamic range,

linearity requirements, integration level, and so forth, while the later is related to the

transmission rate, cost and size, modulation scheme, transmit power, bandwidth, and so

forth.

At millimeter wave, there are three competing IC technologies, namely:

(1) Group III and IV semiconductor technology such as Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)

And Indium Phosphide (InP)

(2) Silicon Germanium (SiGe) technology such as HBT and BiCMOS

(3) Silicon technology such as CMOS and BiCMOS.

There is no single technology that can simultaneously meet all the objectives

defined in the technical challenges and system requirements. For example, GaAs

technology allows fast, high gain, and low noise implementation but suffers poor

integration and expensive implementation. On the other hand, SiGe technology is a

cheaper alternative to the GaAs with comparable performance. In the first millimeter

wave fully antenna integrated SiGe chip has been demonstrated. Typically, as have been

witnessed in the past, for broad market exploitation and mass deployment, the size and

cost are the key factors that drive to the success of a particular technology.

In this regard, CMOS technology appears to be the leading candidate as it

provides low-cost and high integration solutions compared to the others at the expense of

performance degradation such as low gain, linearity constraint, poor noise, lower transit

17


frequency, and lower maximum oscillation frequency. Recent advances in CMOS

technology have demonstrated the feasibility of bulk CMOS process at 130nm for 60GHz

RF building blocks, active and passive elements. More future research and investigations

in developing a fully integrated CMOS chip solution have to be performed.

Future technology should also aim at 90 nm and 65nm CMOS processes in order

to further improve the gain and lower power consumption of the devices.

Narrow beam is the key feature of millimeter wave because of this property we

can reduce fading, multipath and interference. The antenna geometry is at chip size

because they have to operate in high frequency rage.

The physical size of the antennas are so small, this becomes practical to build

complex smart antenna arrays that are steerable in nature. Further integrating them on

chip or PCB becomes more feasible. These smart array antennas are adaptive in nature.

Fig 4.3.0 Antenna array for highly directional MIMO transmission

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Fig 4.3.1 IBM mm-waves TX and Rx

Fig 4.3.2 mm-wave IC’s and PCB’s

19


4.4 PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR

Millimeter wave transmission and reception is based on the principle of line of

sight (LOS) paths. Received signal strength is relatively stronger than other directions in

line of sight (LOS) path. Line of sight path correspond to the situations where the main

lobes of the transmitter and receiver pair are positioned in a way to capture the line of

sight.

Since the beam width is narrow and the distance covered by millimeter wave is

small (approx. 200 m). Even if there are obstacles usually large objects such as buildings

blocks these LOS paths we can still use mm-wave by the principle of Non-line of sight

propagation.

Non-line of sight path propagation takes place through paths that contains a

single-reflected signal and multiple reflected signal which will yield the best signal

strength for the receiver.

Except for connections between fixed devices, such as a PC and its peripherals,

where non-LOS may be encountered permanently, but most cases involves portable

devices that should be able to have LOS connections because these devices can be moved

to adjust aiming.

These reflections can establish non-LOS links, but these will be still tens of dB

weaker than LOS signal, hence the data rates provided by these non-LOS links are quite

less compared to rates provided by LOS signal.

FIG. 4.4.0 LOS and non-LOS links FIG. 4.4.1 outdoor & indoor mesh

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Even if there is a non-LOS and LOS path there are path losses associated with it these

losses are given by

Path loss exponent for LOS path=2

Path loss exponent for non-LOS path =4

So, how to improve the performance is

Incorporate directional beam forming.

Receiver and transmitter antenna should communicate via. Main lobes to

achieve higher array gain.

Self steerable smart antenna is required such that it adjust automatically to

achieve higher gain, hence the data rate is increased.

Smart antenna is required to distinguish between LOS and non LOS paths

FIG 4.4.2 Performance improvements

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CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS OF MILLIMETER

WAVE

ADVANTAGES:-

Millimeter wave’s larger bandwidth is able to provide higher transmission rate,

capability of spread spectrum and is more immune to interference.

Extremely high frequencies allow multiple short-distance (I.e. multiple TX can be

placed in nearby location to each other) usages at the same frequency without

interfering each other.

It requires the narrow beam width. For the same size of antenna, when the

frequency is increased, the beam width is decreased.

It reduces hardware size, i.e. higher the frequency is, the smaller the antenna size

can be used.

LIMITATIONS:-

Higher costs in manufacturing of greater precision hardware due to components

with smaller size.

At extremely high frequencies, there is significant attenuation. Hence millimeter

waves can hardly be used for long distance applications.

The penetration power of mm-wave through objects such concrete walls is known

less.

There are interferences with oxygen & rain at higher frequencies therefore further

research is going on to reduce this.

22


CONCLUSION

An overview of using Millimeter wave Mobile Communication for 5G Cellular is

presented in this paper, and how 5G Cellular systems can overcome the issues related to

the previous generations of Communication systems and evolved to be the most

promising System.

Given the worldwide need for cellular spectrum, and the relatively limited amount

of research done on mm-wave mobile communications, fact that the large bandwidth

available at millimeter wave frequencies results in very high data transmission rate; also

helps to minimize the amount of time that a node needs to stay in transmission mode; and

therefore, minimizes the possibility of its transmission being detected.

The security and reliability provided is quite huge. Hence considering all the

factors given above these millimeter wave frequencies is going to serve the future

generations of wireless communications enabling the “ALL IP” features and providing

good quality of service (QOS).

28 GHz and 38 GHz are the current frequencies that have low rainfall attenuation

& atmospheric attenuations. Further research must take place in this band and the

characteristics of other frequencies needs to be studied, the penetration power and the

range for communication needs to be further improved.

23


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http://www.profheath.org/hot-topics/millimeter-wave-cellular-systems

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http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_Sun_MobileIP.htm

http://global.samsungtomorrow.com/?p=24093

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http://nsn.com/news-events/insight-newsletter/articles/5g-ultra-wideband-enhanced-%20%20%20%20local-area-systems-at-millimeter-wave

http://www.cablinginstall.com/articles/2013/12/millimeter-wave-article.html