seminar on hellfire missile

8/2/2019 Seminar on Hellfire Missile

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SEMINAR ONHELLFIRE MISSILE

SYSTEM

GUIDED BY

SUBMITTED BYARUN.KUMAR.V CYRIL

JOSE

LECTURER S7


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Click to edit Master subtitle style

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INTRODUCTION

The name HELLFIRE comes from its originalintention as a helicopter launched fire-and-forgetweapon(HELicopter Launched FIRE and-forget).Hellfire is an air-to-ground, laser guided,subsonic missile with significant antitankcapacity and is an extremely lethal and effectivepoint weapon system capable of precision

accuracy and destruction when properlyemployed.

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The name fire-and-forget can bemisleading.Hellfire is a guided munition that

requires a coded laser beam to be directed on thetarget,and the missile will actually follow or trackthe properly coded beam which is deflected fromthe target to the point of impact.

Thus the missile never actually acquires the targetin question but rather seeks the laser beam.

The laser designator or observer who directs thelaser beam at the target is either airbourne or

ground mounted and positively controls the missileafter it is launched.

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HELLFIRE MISSILE IN ACTION

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STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

The program to develop a laser guided fire-and-

forget anti-armour missile was initiated in 1971. In Oct 1976 Rockwell (now Boeing) was awarded adevelopment contract for the newly designatedAGM 114A Hellfire missile.

Because Martin Marietta(now Lockheed Martin)offered a cheaper seeker for Hellfire thanRockwell, the former eventually became an equalpartner in Hellfire contract. Operational testing by the U.S. Army was

completed in 1981 and full production wasapproved in 1982, and Initial OperationalCapability of the AGM-114Awith the U.S. Armywas reached in 1985

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WHY LASER GUIDANCE

Unguided, or free-flight, rocket proved to beuseful yet frequently inaccurate weapons duringthe World War II.

This inaccuracy, often resulting in the need to firemany rockets to hit a single target, led to thesearch for a means to guide the rocket towards itstarget.

The concurrent explosion of radio-wavetechnology (such as radar and radio detectiondevices) provided the first solution to this problem.

Thus dawned the era of high-technology warfare

an era that would quickly demonstrate itsproblems as well as its promise.cyril 66


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The missiles were not able to hone in on targetssmaller than factories, bridges, or warships.

Circuits often proved fickle and would not functionat all under adverse weather conditions.

Another flaw emerged as jamming technologiesflourished in response to the success of radar.

There a need for a more reliable guidance methodthat was less vulnerable to jamming

That was when Dr. Theodore Maiman built thefirst LASER at Hughes Research Laboratories in

1960.

The military realized the potential and later onLaser guided projectiles were used for the firsttime in the VIETNAM WAR

.The accuracy of these weapons earned them thecyril 77


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WHATIS LASER GUIDANCE?

Laser guidanceis a

technique of guiding a missile orother projectile or vehicle to atarget by means of a laser beam.

It uses a technique iscalledSemi-Active LaserHoming.

With this technique,cyril 88


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VARIANTS OF HELLFIRE MISSILE

The Hellfire family of missiles consists offour generations:

Basic (AGM-114A/B/C)

Anti-ship interim (AGM-114F);

Hellfire 2 (AGM-114K);

Longbow (AGM-114L).

All Hellfire missiles are similar in shape inthat they have a cylindrical body with a domeshaped nose section that has four stabilisingfins in a cruciform configuration. On the rearthird of the missile around the motor sectioncyril 1010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_charge


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BASIC DETAILS

Weight 100108lb (45.449kg)

Length 64 in (163 cm)

Diameter 7 in (17.8 cm)

Warhead High Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT); 20 lb (9 kg)tandem

Metal augmented charge (MAC); 18 lb (8 kg)

Blast Fragmentation

Engine Solid-fuel rocket

Wingspan 13 in (33 cm)

Operational

range 546 yd 5 mi (500 m 8 km)

Speed Mach 1.3 (950 mph; 425 m/s)

Guidancesystem Semi-active laser homing

millimeter wave radar seeker Launch

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PARTS OF A HELLFIREMISSILE

Regardless of specific model, each Hellfire missile has fivebasic sections or major sub-components that allow it to

operate during the sequence from launch to detonation.These sub-components are:

Laser Seeker,

Warhead,

Guidance Section,cyril 1212


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Located in the nose of the missile, the laser seeker isprogrammed from inside the aircraft to receive a specificlaser code.When the missile recognizes this code being emitted from a

designator and reflected off of the target, it locks on to thisemission.After lock-on, the seeker then sends this information to theguidance section which directs the missile to the target.After receiving informationfrom the laser seeker, the brainsof the missile, or guidance section,computes steeringcommand data to stabilize the missile and then transmits thisdata to the control section. The control section, located at the very aft end of themissile, contains a pneumatic actuation system that convertssteering commands into mechanical fin movement.

It is this fin movement that directs air flow over the missilemuch like the wings on an airplane, allowing the missile toturn and maneuver toward the reflected laser energy of thetarget.

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The propulsion section is located between the

guidance and control section,near the aft end of themissile.

It has a solid fuel propellant that burns approximately2-3seconds, depending on the outside air temperature.

The purpose of the propulsion section is to generate the10 Gs of thrust necessary for arming the missile,andpowering it to the target.

The warhead is the last section to contribute to the firingsequence. Upon collision with the target, an impact

sensor sends an electrical signal to a fuse in the rear of acopper-lined shape charge,causing detonation.cyril 1414


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LASER SEEKER

Missiles often employ seeker heads for navigation,homing,target detection purposes.Scanner heads usually includes aphoto detecting sensor and optical filters, with which themissile can interpret laser wavelengths deflected off thetarget.

The photo detecting sensor's most important part is itssensing dome, which can be made of glass, quartz, and/orsilicon.

Generally speaking homing seeker heads typically twomodes.In the first mode of operation,namely a search/seek

mode,the seeker head scans a wide fields-of-view searchingand must extend forwardly from the tip of the missile.

When a taget is detected,the seeker head generallyoperates in a second mode of opertaion namely acruise/engage mode of operation this case the field of view

is narrower than the seacrh/seek field of viewcyril 1515


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FIG 2A & B shows the partially cut-away portion of the noseFIG 3A & B shows the cross sectionof the nose

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SIMULATION OF HELLFIRE MISSILES

Employing Computer Generated Forces (CGF) invarious military simulators is known to enhancethe realism of their training environments.

Existing Hellfire model revealed the need toimprove performance to make the model adequatefor the requirements of a complex, dynamicenvironment such as AVCATT-A( Aviation CombinedArms Tactical Trainer Aviation Reconfigurable

Manned Simulator)


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WHAT IS AVCATT

AVCATT (Aviation Combined Arms Tactical Trainer) is amobile aviation training simulator that provides collective,unit-level training for Army,aviation reconnaissance, attack,assault.

Unlike many other simulators, AVCATT allows for multiplesimultaneous users..

AVCATT provides a flexible and portable training solutioncapable of rapid deployment and reconfiguration to meetstrategic training needs.

The AVCATT simulator is most commonly deployed in a twotrailer configuration; each trailer can contain up to threecockpit simulators. One trailer houses an after-action reviewstation used for brief/debriefing.

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HELLFIRE CONCEPTUAL MODEL

Unlike the original hellfire a physical model consists ofthree parts:flightdynamics,guidance system and laser seeker.

LASER SEEKER MODEL:

Like a real working missile the model first collects dataabout all simulated laser spots located within the maximumdetection distance from the seeker location.

Clouds and smoke absorb electromagnetic energy and haveto be taken into account. The laser seeker model calculatesthe overall thickness of smoke and cloud layers betweenthe seeker and the spot.

Only if the thickness is less than some threshold value, theseeker receives enough light to be able to detect the spot.

The threshold value is a parameter and can be adjusted for

better realism.


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GUIDANCE MODEL:The conceptual model simulates all the deployment modes of ahellfire missile

LOBL(Lock On Before Launch)

LOAL-HIGH(Lock On After Launch-High)

LOAL-LOW(Lock On After Launch-Low)

LOAL-DIRECT(Lock On After Launch-DIRECT)

For LOBL mode, the missile flight dynamics model iscommanded to take a pitch at some angle relative to the spot


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As for the three LOAL modes,the general principle is thesame.

Immediately after takeoff the missile moves horizontally for avery short time.

When far from the laser spot, the missile is directed at someparametrically defined angle above the line to spot. This angleis the highest for the LOAL-High mode and the lowest for the

LOAL-Direct mode. If the laser seeker model does not receive emission from a

spot or for an initial period in a LOAL mode, the missile will bedirected to fly the preprogrammed way.


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Flight Dynamics Model:

The flight dynamics model determines the ability of theHellfire missile to perform the maneuvers commanded by theguidance model.

The missile can change its orientation in flight by modifying itspitch and yaw angles. The rate of change is limited by amaximum turn rate, which is a parameter.


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MODEL VALIDATION

The realistic representation of Hellfire missiletrajectories is of much importance for the creationof an adequate training enviornment.

One of the advantages of the Hellfire system isthe missile can be launched by a helicopter hiddenwith terrain; the missile then will be guided to thetarget by a remote designator. The missiletrajectory must go over a hill or a mountain and

bad trajectory simulation will inevitably lead to thewrong engagement end result.

Thus, to validate the creation of an adequatetraining environment model, we need to compare

the simulated trajectories with that of real

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE REAL MISSILE


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COMPARISON BETWEEN THE REAL MISSILEFLIGHT TRAJECTORIES AND THE SIMULATED

ONES

FIG 1 slowly ascends and sharply descends similarto that in real life as shown in FIG 2 in an LOBL

mode.


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Flying in LOAL-Direct mode the missile initially climbs at aconstant rate until a designator lights a target.Then thisclimb stops and the missile follows a path similar to theLOBL mode.

The simulated trajectory shows the path followed by a AGM-114K which ascends with a constantrate and then descends.


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The Fig 2 shows the simulated LOAL-Low

trajectory and it has all the components of thereal one shown on Fig 1


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The Fig 2 shows the simulated LOAL-Hightrajectory and it has all the components of thereal one shown on Fig 1.


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CONCLUSION

The new Hellfire missile physical model is now

implemented in AVCATT-A system. Its existencedemonstrates progress towards realism andincreases sophistiscation in weapons modeling inCGF. Inspection and testing of the improvedHellfire missile model has revealed the simulatedtrajectories to be sufficiently similar to the real-world trajectories, to support its validation for usewith AVCATT-A. As a result, the AVCATT-A systemis enhanced so Army aviators receive bettertraining through use of real world physicalrepresentation.

seminar on hellfire missile

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