seminar food security
TRANSCRIPT
“Nothing is more degrading than hunger,especially when man made.”
Ban Ki Moon, United Nations Secretary General
Food and nutritional security in India:
Performance and Challenges
Presented by : JAGRITI ROHITRoll No: 10242
According to FAO, 1996 “food security exists when all people,
at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient,
safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life”
Physical and economic
Availability to food
Physical and
economic access to
food
Food Utilization
Stability of the other 3 dimensions over time
dimensions
SWAMINATHAN (1986) has stressed the need for shifting to the
concept of ‘Nutrition Security’, which he has defined as“physical, economic and social access to balanced diet, cleandrinking water, environmental hygiene, primary health care andnutritional literacy”
Poverty
HungerMalnutrition
29.5% of the India population lives below the poverty line (FAO)
210 MILLION OF WORLD HUNGRY PEOPLE ARE IN INDIA. (FAO)
42.3 per cent children under the age of five years are underweight, 58.8 per cent are stunted and 11.4 per cent are “wasted”. (FAO)
Food insecurity
Global losses in economicproductivity due toundernutrition andmicronutrient deficiencieshave been estimated at morethan 10 percent of lifetimeearnings and 2–3 percent ofglobal gross domestic product(GdP) (World bank, 2006a)
Reason for global food crisis
Food security at the national level refers to
availability in the country of sufficient stocks
of food to meet domestic demand through
domestic supply or imports
Crop 2011-12 2012-13
Rice 105.31 104.22
Wheat 94.88 93.62
Coarse cereals 42.04 39.52
Total cereals 242.23 237.3618
Pulses 17.09 18.00
Total food grains 259.32 255.36
Oilseeds 29.79 30.72
Sugar 24.60 26.00
Vegetables 156.325 156.445
Fruits 76.42 79.40
Milk 127.9 133.7
Source:-RBI Hand Book on India Economy 2011-12
(million tonnes)
Physical Availability of Food
Growth in production and yields of food grains, fruits and vegetables (%)
Rice WheatCoarse
CerealsPulses
Total food
grainsFruits Vegetables
Production
1950s 4.46 5.17 3.66 4.10 4.24 NA NA
1960s 1.19 6.82 1.51 -1.29 1.85 NA NA
1970s 1.90 4.31 1.11 -0.39 2.07 NA NA
1980s 3.62 3.58 0.35 1.49 2.73 NA NA
1990s 2.02 3.57 -0.01 0.86 2.10 5.25 5.15
2000s 2.16 1.78 3.46 3.00 2.29 6.48 5.53
Overall 2.59 4.78 1.00 0.59 2.50 4.27 4.41
Productivity
1950s 3.15 1.08 2.33 0.94 2.26 NA NA
1960s 3.36 4.46 0.91 0.03 1.32 NA NA
1970s 1.01 1.87 2.00 -0.98 1.60 NA NA
1980s 3.19 3.10 1.71 1.59 2.97 NA NA
1990s 1.34 1.82 2.14 1.27 2.17 1.83 3.26
2000s 1.62 0.80 3.59 1.96 1.69 0.55 1.57
Overall 1.90 2.82 1.90 0.41 2.23 -0.09 1.67
0
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,200,000,000
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11
Numbers
(in
m
illlio
nto
nn
e)
Population vs Food
Food grain
Rice
Wheat
Pulses
Population
Source: Economic Survey, 2011-12
Production of major livestock products
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Milk (million tonne)
Egg ('000 million no.)
Fish ('00 thousand tonne)
Products CGR (%)
Milk 4.11
Fish 5.77
Egg 3.44
Scope for increase in net sown area is limited
Land degradation in the form of depletion of soil fertility and erosion
Exposure of domestic agriculture to international competition has
resulted in a high price volatility
Steeper decline in per capita agricultural land availability
Shrinking of farm size
Land issues such as SEZs, land going to non-agriculture
Factors responsible for stagnating growth
Per capita availability of foodgrains
• Net availability declined if we compare till 1997 with 2010
• Increase in foodgrains production has not been able to keep pace
with the increase in population.
• 2010, per capita availability of foodgrains was only 439
grams/day - much lower than 510 grams/day in 1991
• Pulses - from1951 to 2010, per capita availability of has declined
significantly
• Per capita availability of sugar and edible oils has increased over
time
15
Year Cereal Pulses Total
1950-51 334.2 60.7 394.9
1960-61 399.7 69.0 468.7
1970-71 417.6 51.2 468.8
1980-81 417.3 37.5 454.8
1990-91 468.5 41.6 510.1
2000-01 366.2 30.0 416.2
2005-06 390.9 31.5 422.4
2006-07 412.1 32.5 444.5
2007-08 407.4 32.5 442.8
2008-09 374.6 41.8 436.0
2009-10 407.0 37.0 444.0
2010-11 407.0 31.6 438.6
Source: Indian Economy,Gaurav Datt and Ashwani Mahajan,2013
(in gram)
Per capita Net Availability Per Day
16
Commodity Per capita availability Minimum per capita requirement
Total cereals 528.70 400
Pulses 46.78 80
Total food grains 568.79 480
Oil 39.73 30
Sugar 54.79 20
Vegetables 348.47 300
Fruits 176.86 150
Milk 297.81 300
Source:-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
(in gram per day)
Per capita availability, 2012-13
NSS round 43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th
Year 1987-88 1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
RURAL
Cereals 26.14 23.8 22.16 17.38 17.02 16.51 16.07
Gram 0.24 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.15
Edible oil 4.98 4.37 3.74 4.44 4.08 3.92 4.31
Milk & milk products 8.62 9.33 8.75 8.17 8.16 8.09 7.79
Egg, fish and meat 3.23 3.29 3.32 3.21 3.89 3.5 3.41
Vegetables 5.21 5.94 6.17 5.88 6.07 6.19 6.28
Fruits & nuts 1.63 1.71 1.72 1.8 1.88 1.79 1.76
URBAN
Cereals 14.79 13.85 12.35 9.58 9.38 9.05 8.88
Gram 0.16 0.17 0.11 0.1 0.11 0.13 0.12
Edible oil 5.29 4.33 3.14 3.29 2.99 2.86 3.16
Milk & milk products 9.54 9.67 8.68 7.54 7.26 7.43 7.25
Egg, fish and meat 3.54 3.34 3.13 2.58 2.76 2.61 2.68
Vegetables 5.25 5.38 5.13 4.24 4.25 4.33 4.37
Fruits & nuts 2.51 2.63 2.42 2.14 2.18 2.13 2.11
Source: Household consumption expenditure in India, 2007-08, NSSO, Government of India
Table 5: Share of different food items in per capita expenditure over NSS rounds (%)
Changes in consumption patterns
Share of different food items in per capita expenditure of consumer (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th
Per
cen
tage
NSSO rounds
0
5
10
15
20
25
43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th
Per
cen
tage
NSSO rounds
0
10
20
30
43th 50th 55th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th
Pe
rce
nta
ge
NSSO rounds
Cereals, grams and edible oil
Milk, fish, egg and meat
Vegetables, nuts and fruits
Rural
Urban
According to NCAP report, India will require 280.6million tonnes of food grains by 2020. Demandfor pulses and oil seeds would increase by 140 percent and 243 per cent respectively. India wouldrequire about 130 million tonne of rice in 2020while requirement of wheat would reach 110million tonne in 2020.
Food Grain Requirement Projection
Source: Policy Brief on demand for foodgrains during2020,Ramesh Chand, NCAP, New Delhi
Projected Scenario of 2030
ICAR Vision Document 2030
Strategies to increase food production
• Defending the gainsconservation farming . ‘National Biosecurity System’ ,
“bright spots” and “hot spots” , Good Weather Code
• Extending the gains Indo-Gangetic plains , ‘Ganges Water Machine’
• Making new gains • post-harvest technology, agro-processing and value
addition to primary produce
STRATEGIES TO INCREASE AVAILABILTIY
• Community farming
• Emphasis on nutrient rich indigenous foods such asRagi (called food of the poor)
• Reduction in cost of production through R&Dinterventions
• Targeting increased productivity, Expand utilization ofpublic storage food facilities, and encourage privatesector investment in these facilities
PERFORMANCE IN ACCESS TO FOOD AND
NUTRITION
PERFORMANCE IN ACCESS TO FOOD AND NUTRITION
Individual level: food security means that all members of the
society have access to the food
Own production
The market
The government’s transfer mechanism
Two ways to ensuring the adequate purchasing power
1. Employment
2. Increase incomes and subsidize food through social
protection programmes
Employment Growth
Employment Income Purchasing power Access Consumption
Growth rates of employment: 1983 to 1994 and 1994 to 2005 (%)
Male Female Total
Rural
1983-1994 1.96 1.40 1.77
1994-2005 1.41 1.55 1.46
Urban
1983-1994 3.15 3.37 3.26
1994-2005 3.10 3.08 3.09
Total
1983-1994 2.25 1.65 2.08
1994-2005 1.87 1.78 1.84
Performance in terms of access to food
Source: Dev and Sharma (2010)
Performance in access to food
Food insecurity at the Household Level: Poverty Ratios
The incidence of poverty indicates the extent to which food is accessible to
households (Tendulkar committee)
Particulars Year Urban Rural
Population below poverty line (%)
2004-05 25.70 41.80
2010-11 20.90 33.80
Income criteria to say people below
poverty line (Rs/person /day)
2004-05 28.35 22.42
2010-11 32.00 26.00
Absolute number of poor in India
(crore)
2004-05 8.14 32.58
2010-11 7.64 27.82
2004-05 2007-08
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Tamil Nadu 80.0 49.8 65.2 87.8 65.7 76.4
Andhra Pradesh 62.5 31.6 54.0 81.1 41.8 70.2
Himachal Pradesh 52.0 15.1 46.6 69.1 41.6 65.4
Kerala 39.3 28.6 36.5 58.6 42.4 54.2
Karnataka 59.8 21.8 45.4 58.6 15.9 42.4
Jammu and Kashmir 33.6 47.3 37.5 37.5 50.2 41.0
Chattisgarh 24.4 14.2 22.1 46.8 18.7 40.2
Orissa 21.6 6.7 19.1 36.1 16.7 32.5
Uttarakhand 26.4 3.0 19.5 35.1 16.8 29.9
Madhya Pradesh 23.8 11.6 20.4 30.2 16.6 26.3
Maharashtra 30.5 7.9 20.3 34.6 6.2 21.4
West Bengal 15.1 6.6 12.4 25.8 9.5 20.7
Gujarat 32.6 7.9 23.0 26.7 6.9 18.2
Assam 9.2 2.5 8.0 20.2 1.8 17.0
Uttara Pradesh 6.5 3.0 5.7 18.3 5.5 15.4
Rajasthana 12.8 2.0 10.0 11.4 8.9 10.8
Haryana 4.1 5.3 4.5 12.1 5.0 9.7
Punjab 0.3 0.7 0.5 9.3 4.3 7.3
Jharkhand 5.9 3.4 5.3 8.2 1.7 6.5
Bihar 2.0 1.8 1.9 3.0 2.6 3.0
All India 26.6 14.7 23.0 35.0 19.4 30.1
Proportion of households reporting grain purchase from PDS (%)
Source: Himamshu and Sen (2011)
Food security at the Household Level: PDS
Proportion of households reporting grain purchase from PDS (%)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Rural Urban
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
2004-05 2007-08
Rotting Wheat in Godowns
Source:-http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-07/india/39090187_1_global-hunger-index-wheat-ghi-score
•The Food Corporation of India (FCI) has admitted in data accessed through
RTI that the amount of damaged wheat has increased from 2,010 tonnes
(T) in 2009-2010 to 2,401.61 tonnes (2011-2012).
•The country has already suffered a loss of 932.46 tonnes damaged
wheat this year till February(2013).
STRATEGIES
• Shorten the Supply Chain
• Farmer-friendly Marketing and Processing –
Producers Owned Companies
Value addition near to production
• Non-farm Interventions
• Strengthen the management and distribution of the food reserves through PPP
• Food Safety Net
• Innovative adoption of Food Coupons,
Food Stamps, Food Credit Cards
Direct Cash Transfer
Absorption/nutrition
Calories(kc) Protein (gms) Fats (gms)
Year NSSO Round Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban
1983 38 2,240 2,070 63.5 58.1 27.1 37.1
1987-88 43 2,233 2,095 63.2 58.6 28.3 39.3
1993-94 50 2,153 2,073 60.3 57.7 31.1 41.9
1999-2000 55 2,148 2,155 59.1 58.4 36.0 49.6
2000-01 56 2,083 2,027 56.8 55.3 34.6 46.1
2001-02 57 2,018 1,982 54.8 54.2 33.6 46.1
2002 58 2,025 2,014 55.4 54.9 34.7 47.0
2003 59 2,106 2,020 58.0 55.5 36.4 46.7
2004 60 2,087 2,036 56.9 55.9 35.5 46.8
2004-05 61 2,047 2,021 55.8 55.4 35.4 47.4
Source: Deaton and Dreze (2009)
Mean per capita consumption of calories, protein and fats (per day)
Performance in terms of nutrition indicators
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
2300
38 43 50 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
Cal
ori
es (
kc /
day
)
NSS rounds
Calories intakeRural
Urban
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
38 43 50 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
Pro
tein
s (g
ram
s/d
ay)
NSS round
Protein intakeRural
Urban
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
38 43 50 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
Fats
(G
ram
s/d
ay)
NSS round
Fat intake Rural
Urban
Mean per capita consumption of calories, protein and fats (per day)
Undernutrition in India (%)
Nutrition indicatorsNFHS I
(1998-99)
NFHS II
(2005-06)Per cent change
Stunting
(children < 3 age)51 45 -11.76
Underweight
(Children < 3 age)43 40 -6.98
Vitamin A deficiency
(Children < 5 age)NA 57 ---
Anemia
(Children 6-35 months)74 79 6.76
Women with Anemia 52 56 7.69
Men with Anemia --- 24 ---
Source: National Family Health Survey (2005-06)
Almost one in two Indian children is stunted and 40 percent are underweight.
One-third of all Indian women are underweight
Rates of micronutrient deficiencies are extremely high, with almost 80percent of children and 56 percent of women being anemic
• Consumption of nutrient rich indigenous foods such as Ragi
• Dissemination of food and nutrition information to consumers
• Assessment and monitoring of the nutritional status of schoolchildren and adolescents and create awareness on healthydiets
STRATEGIES
AGRICULTURE TOIMPROVE NUTRITION SECURITY?
Leveraging Existing Platforms
Improving Economic and Physical Access to High-Quality, Nutrient-Rich Diets
Improve access to nutrient-rich foods
Biofortification of staple crops
Leveraging Agriculture to Empower Women andStrengthen Their Capacity to Care for Themselvesand Young Children
COMPARISON BETWEEN INDIA AND BRAZIL
Three main policy pillar
• Bolsa Família
• Alimentação Escolar
• The Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar
SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES
In 2009 it was estimated that 20 million Brazilians climbed out of poverty following the implementation of this policy.
There were 15.4% of Brazilians living in poverty in 2009, compared to 27.8% in 1999. The country has thus attained the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty.
Food security has improved overall: in 2009, 30.2% of households were foodinsecure (34.8% in 2004). Early childhood malnutrition fell by 61% between2003 and 2009
LESSONS FROM BRAZIL
• Decentralize purchasing
• Procurement of coarse cereals and millets
• Convergence of social protection schemes with nationalflagship programme.
• A unified database similar to the Cadastro Único to promoteeffective and standardized targeting across schemes
• India can start an in-depth study of the mechanisms of cashtransfers, and pilot the program in willing, better connectedareas
Government strategies
Availability
Production
Access
Affordability
•Food reserve and stocks (>80 million ton) •500 thousand fair price shops
•Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Program •Direct Cash Transfer
•Subsidized food to people BPL •Food Security act (Right to Food)
•Food Security Mission • RKVY•Subsidy in fertilizer and irrigation •MSP and assured procurement
23-Aug-17 44
National Food Security Mission
•NFSM was launched in Aug,2007 by GOI with an aim ofachieving an additional production of 10,8 and 2million tonnes of paddy, wheat and pulses respectivelyby the end of 2011-12.•A sum of Rs. 3381 crore has been spent till 31March,2011.
Economic survey, 2013
Mid Day Meal Scheme•100 million schoolchildren are eligible forhot meal; 50 million aregetting the meals; ofwhich 27 million also getthe “4-in-one healthpackage.”
•The scheme does notprovide meals to thosewho does not attend theschool.
46
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Growth in GDP for Agriculture and allied Sectors (%), base year
2004-05
5.8 0.1 0.8 7.9 3.6
Source:-Economic Survey,2013
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
•Started in 2007-08 for incentivizing states to enhance publicinvestment to achieve 4% growth rate in agriculture andallied sectors during the 11th five year plan. During 2007-11an amount of Rs.14598 was released.
47
• 10th September, 2013 with the objective to provide for foodand nutritional security in human life cycle approach, byensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food ataffordable prices to people to live a life with dignity.
•50% of urban and 75% of rural population be covered underAct.•Guarantees providing 5 kg food grain per person per month at asubsidised rate to 67% of the country's population.•82 crore people in both urban and rural areas.•Food grains would include rice, wheat and millet at Rs.3, Rs.2and Rs.1 per kg, respectively.
National Food Security Act 2013
States with increased requirement as per NFSB (lakh tonne)
Present TDPS allocation (2010-11) Likely TDPS requirement (As per NFSB) Increase
Uttara Pradesh 63.41 93.92 30.51
Bihar 33.83 59.23 25.40
Madhya Pradesh 24.02 37.77 13.75
Rajasthana 17.83 29.08 11.25
Maharashtra 40.87 48.71 7.84
West Bengal 32.97 37.87 4.90
Karnataka 20.71 24.78 4.07
Jharkhand 12.41 16.34 3.93
Orissa 21.19 24.53 3.34
Haryana 6.14 8.75 2.61
Chattisgarh 10.92 13.39 2.47
Punjab 7.45 8.88 1.43
Gujarath 1.08 1.21 0.13
Total 309.93 428.87 118.94
Source: Kumar, 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Present TDPS As per NFSB
2011-12 (billion Rs.) 2012-13 (billion Rs.)
Without NFSB 957.87 1097.96
With NFSB 988.42 1122.20
Existing allotment under TDPS (2010-11) 42.79 mt
Storage
Total capacity with FCI (15/01/12) 33.40 mt
Storage capacity with state agencies(31/03/2011) 30.33 mt
Total storage capacity 63.73 mt
Proposed storage capacity 15.12 mt
Food subsidy
Storage capacity requirement under NFSB
Case study
• Role of Agricultural Extension in Improving Food Security of Rural Households of Hamedan Province, Iran
• Mehdi Mohamadian Jadval Ghadam (2012)• Food availability situation, most of the farmers (40.6) have
stated that the situation of food availability is in moderatelevel and only 12.8 percent have believed that it is completelyappropriate
• In regarding the role of agricultural education in improvingfood security of rural households, findings indicate that mostof the farmers (44.4 percent) have mentioned that agriculturaleducation has a moderate role in improving food security,while 34.2 percent has believed that it is little
Work from our division
• Livelihood security of rural area: a critical analysis by Smitha baby (2005).
• In this study, the food security was operationalised asavailability and access to balanced food at household level. Itwas studied as a component of livelihood security scale.
• Food security of the labor class was very poor as the majority(70%) household was found to be food insecure. 22 per centof the marginal farmers were having low food security index .
SUGGESTIONS• Small farms can be helped in increasing productivity by having access to
extension services and better water management. Sustainable agricultureshould be the focus of interventions.
• Local knowledge and local seeds can be used for biodiversity. Organicfarming can also be encouraged to protect the environment and generatehigher incomes for small farmers.
• Urban agriculture can improve food security in urban areas. Homegrownfood can also be encouraged as it would contribute to food security andnutrition as well as freeing incomes for non-food expenses such as healthand education. ate higher incomes for small farmers.
• Project GOAL empowers communities through health literacy andconnects rural communities with the government health and nutritionservices available.
• Focus on areas likely to be affected by climate change.
• Group approach to realize economies of scale in buying inputs andmarketing outputs. One important problem in India is marketing ofagricultural production.
• Using information technology for agricultural production and marketing.
• Purchasing locally grown food from low income and small holder farmersto benefit their families and communities.
• Micro nutrient programme is another area of intervention. For example,Vitamin A tablets alone have prevented many deaths. Vitamin A and foodfortification like salt iodization are an integral part of food securityprogrammes.
• In order to improve delivery systems in food based programmes there is aneed to strengthen programmes like ICDS with the covnvergence ofseveral departments. International agencies can help in this convergenceas a pilot project to improve the delivery systems.
WAY FORWAD
• Freedom from hunger is not only a basic human right: it is essential for the full enjoyment of other rights, such as health, education, information etc.
• Innovative strategic interventions are the needs of the hour to ensure food availability, food access and utilization of food
• India will not have problem of Cereals availability in the long run (2020-21) and will have shortage of Pulse and Oilseed production if adequate steps are not taken by the Government of India.
• Due to changes in consumption patterns, demand for non-cereal food has been increasing. So, need to focus on crop diversification and improve allied activities
There are many deficit areas in agriculture need to be focus
Investment on infrastructure
Soil and water management
Research
Market reforms
Nutrition component needs a multi-disciplinary approach covering
diet diversification including micronutrients, women’s
empowerment, education, health, safe drinking water, sanitation
and hygiene
Nutrition improvement should combine a rights based approach
and nutrition education.
“There are people in the world so hungry, that God cannot appear to them except in the form of bread.” Mahatma Gandhi